TOROUE BOOK FOR FASTENERSTable of Contents: Introduction to T= Kd Formula for Bolt and Machine Screw Tightening Table 1, K Factors Table 2, Thread Norninal Diameter and Tensile Stress Area Tables ~ Inch Teble 3, Thread Nominal Diameter and Tensile Stress Area Tables ~ Metric Table 4. Yield Strength ~ Inch Table 5, Yield Strength - Metric Nuts as They Relate to Tightening Verifying the Suitability of a Calculated Tightening Value Tightening Audit Procedure Determi ing Tightening for Tapping Screws ighteni 1g Values for Set Scrows Alternative Tightening Methods Additional Resources ‘T= KdP WorksheetsIntroduction to T = KdP formula for bolt and machine screw tightening ‘The proper tightening of mechanical fasteners is critical to their performance. This single document provides the classic tightening formula T = KAP and all of the variables needed for calculating tightening valves. The values derived from the formula are approximate tightening values based upon variables that may or may not be the optimum for any specific festening application ‘Therefore this document is for “information only” Allusers should verify the suitability of the derived values by experimentation using the exact fasteners and assembly components before adoption to assure optimum joint integrity, ‘The formula T = KdP has three versions. The correct one to use depends on the units of measurement {inch or metric) and size in the case of inch fasteners. The variables in the formula are as follows: torque .ctor (a non-dimensional indication of lubricity, see page 7) d= nominal diameter of the bolt or screw (see pages 8 and 9) P = Preload (75% of the yield strength of the bolt or screw material times the tensile stress area of the bolt or screw. See pages 8 and 9 for tensile stress area and pages 10 through 14 for yield strengtn values), Fastener Size Range Formula Torque Units. Inch screws under % inch nominal diameter T=KaP, Inch pounds (in.tb.) Inch screws or bolts % nominal diameter and larger_| T= (KAP) Foot pounds (ftlb.) Metric screws of al sizes: T=(KaP}/1000 | newton meters (Nm) See T= KdP worksheets in the back of this book to make recording the needed variables and calculations easy. All factor values (K, d, tensile stress area, and yield strength) needed for tightening calculations are ‘on pages 7 through 14 Examples: 1. #8-32 unhardened steel with zinc plating KaP K=0.22 d= 0.164 P = (75% X 36,000 psi X 0.014 sq in.) = 378 pounds force T=0.22X00 164 in X 378 pounds = 1364 = 14 inJb. (inch pounds) Cigntering value rounded tothe cosestinch pound) 2, 5/8 ~ 11 SAE J429, Grade 5, plain T= (KaP)/12 20 625 + P= (75% X 92,000 pounds X 0.2260 sq.in.) = 15,594 pounds force + T= (0.20 X 0.825 in. X 15,594 pounds) /12 = 162.43 = 162 ft.lb. (foot pounds) (ightening value rounded tothe closest inch pound) Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 43. M40 X 1.5 ISO 898-1, property class 10.9, Zncoat® with wax T= (KdPy1000 o Ke P=(0.75 X 900 MPa X 58.0 mm2) = 39 150 (Newtons) T= (0.13 X 10m X 39 150 N)/1000 = 51 Nm (newton meters) (tightening value rounces tothe closest rewton mater) Important Fastening Facts to be aware of when determining tightening values: property class of the externally threaded component and NOT. WY S 2. Nuts should be chosen that have a proof load rating equal to or greater than the tensile strength of the ‘mating extomally threaded component, 3. Regardless of the K factor associated with the externally threaded ‘component, when using all-metal zinc plated locknuts the K factor that should be used is 0.15 because they must be lubricated to func- tion, 4. Fastening effectiveness and consistency is improved when the turning component is seated cn a hardened plain or conical washer. 5. See section on Tightening Audit Procedure when the tight- ening of already-installed fasteners comes into question. 6. Impact wrenches do NOT have torque control, When using impact wrenches either use the wrench for ‘run-down’” only and finish tightening with a ‘click™ torque wrench, or use an appropriately rated “torque- stick” between the wrench and the drive socket or bit 7. When tightening flanges, always use a “crisscross patter” three or a more times tightening in equel increments based on the number of passes i used, finishing by applying the full target torque un Torque Book for Fasteners - 510. ‘As an example. ifthe target torque is 120 ft.lb, and three passes are used, tighten to 40 ML. on the first pass, 80 filb. on the second and finish on the final pass applying 120 tb. ‘The flange shown as en illustration is for a five bolt pattom. The number of holes can be any number, but the crisscross principle should be the same to provide even bolt loading around the flange. ‘The “coefticient of friction” (CoF) and the K factor are not the same. The CoF is an isolated factor of lubricity, whereas the K factor is an aggregate factor containing all elements in a joint related to friction ‘which affects tightening. The rough relationship of K factor to GoF is K factor = 1.33 CoF. As an example if only the CoF is known to be 0.12 the K factor to use in the formula T = KdP is 0.16 ‘Those wanting to perform more detailed calculations and/or tests relative to joint analysis and the de- termination of the coefficient of friction should refer to ISO 16047. Torque/clamp force testing. For the tightening of structural bolts, the use of torque is not a recommended practice. For information (on the recommended practices for tightening structural bolts refer to the Research Council on Struc- tural Connections (RCSC) Standard at wanw boltoouncil org. Torque Book for Fasteners - 8Table 1 - K Factor imi type tactr Finn type ee aaa 320 | 0 are Aree opp DEG a CET ore Ani Shes bead 078 | [wean 50 020 Blac Oxo 00 [ Pan 65 Cadre pein aE oe | wasn 73 oar DACROBLACKO Tor oa ag 00 078 DACROBLACKO 21 018 | [aan 1 o78 OACRONETS 08 20 || wean 98 O76 DACRONET 00 0 | |Westoncal an Gane Toei 038 DACRONETEL 078 | mechanic ass 5 Type 038 DAGRONETE ME O17 | | westanea Ze Gas ype 036 OACRONETE F oat |_| Wechenalzine Gla Type 038 BAcRONETE Xx 20 || Weck Ze Clan 6 Tpe 035 Deri Ki 00 base ca win Dota TOUT apna [0-7 | | Meanie, Class 5 Tye 338 Dt Foe KL TOO Dse cat win Deke VF aziopea [016 | | Meena zne, Clase I 098 Dat Pett 100 bos cou wih et Sea 028 | | Oren -Avod Cone O78 Det KCT00 ase coat win etiSeal SP Bask [018 | Onan CshorioF-con- Fespavana OTF De roiet Kc T00 ase coat win ete Sea GZ Sher [012 | | Passvaton RoHS Conpian -AS Tw Age) antaar [030 Ere Nel ES pPOpHON] 0.22 | | Peeve (oH Gonptent “ABTA 090 GEORLAGKS 17 320] Pessvaton (aH Compt 007-150 030 GEOBLAGKO 37 oT] Pospate& OF oe GE OaiASKO 00M 207 | [Sonn TO 028 GEORLACKE NI a7] [nny o GEOMETOSz1 za | [yan 5290 TEE O17 GeovETe 046] Ae & is (1-8 noche 007m [22 GEOMETE 7 ML ont] [re & ie 8) 0007 am 0 eowere a1 vi 076 | ae ove (68) 0901 sum 022 GEGMETASA XE O10] [Bred Yolen (ons) nonfeaen GOTT oom [02> GEOVETESODA 0 | ae rectanca) a Geer Gr 035 GEOVETS S00AT FLUSH 015 |_| Bre Cobak ested - 00027 990 GeovETa 5008 020 |_| Pe Neocon ich BC" Sm 20 GeovETe soo PLE 015] zreniteieecrneted rh aus ance Oom [025 GEOETO 720 018 |_| erence eecrvated tren ps camacecom [028 Galea on [iteitenetctah ph tenor Yo ‘ea dinate ato an a 328] act wh a8 ‘asin O1 0 | [eno won wa aa Torque Book for Fasteners - 7Table 2 - Thread Nominal Diameter and Tensile Stress Area Tables — Inch sue | Tyoeis] sees [panty im [arcatisare,| [88° | borin | S%* [ovaneterih im | wes at | [uN 60 coz 7 [une 1736 0763 a | [_we ora 2003 ew 195 0790 eon O78 acs 7] NF 1225 0885 @_[_s6_[_wne 016 008 7 [unc 1280 0909 | s«_[_one 086 2008 @ [ws 180 000 [4 [une 8 2.065 [uN 1260 1978 Ee ee 98 0.005 6) une 1375 1 [#0 [wo 112 0.008 @ | _w 1375 124 |e [_ one 42 0.007 72 [UNF 1375 135 [| ine 15 1.005 6 _|_on 1500 a3 [4 [une 5 .008 | _w +500 12 [32 [une 8 2.009 [un 1500 581 ce a 38 010 [unc 1.750 Tse | 32 | unc 154 a0%6 @ [wv 1.700 Zot0 w_| 30 | UNF 168 2015 2 [4s] une 2000 Bate wo [24 | uno 700) 018 7 [8 | w 2.000 270 #0 | 2 | UNF 190 0.000 zm [_45_| UNG 228) 3208 w2_| 2 [ne 216 028 ze | _6 [uN 2200 2580 w2_[ 20 | _ unr 216 02s zie | [wwe 2300 3988 ta | 20 | une 250 oom zn] —¢ [UN 2500 40 tia_| 28 | _OWF 20 0035 ze [_« [une 2750 500 aie [16 | unc 319 one zon [| ww 37 BaD ene [2 UNF 313 oan 3 [+] we 3000 3957 as [16 [une as oor 3 fs | w 3000 6510 ge [| _une 378 0000 sin [2 | we 3260 7088 76 [4 _[_unc 26 0308 3260 7690 720 | UNF Be O19 swe | + [we 3500 exe 12 [3 [unc S00 oz sie |e [wn 2500 e000 v2_[ 20 _[_ unr 00 0160 aan [1 | we 3750 3657 ene [2 unc = 062 saa [6 | ww 378 7.340 one_[ 18 _|_UnF 2 a5 2 [+ [we 4000 11.688 36 _[ | _unc ws 0720 «| * [ ow 4000 rita se [1¢ | une es 0266 wa [+ [ww 4250 2.610 aa_[10 [une 760 O06 wie [ + | ww 2500 14200 a4 [16 [UNF 70 0373 aoe] «|W 4750 15600 a a 76 one2 2 >) [ws 5000 17.600 7 [8 [UNF 75 0508 Sia [+ [uN 5250 19700 + [2] _wne +000 0606 sie [+ | _0N 3300 21700 [ur 1000, 089 sen] _« [oN 5750 72.400 + [ow [uss 1.008 2880 a 6000 25.000 Note: fe values inthe table come from ASME B14 ‘Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 8Table 3 — Thread Nominal Diameter and Tensile Stress Area Tables - Metric. vim] 2] same | SEE [cere | [oe |e | vow [ORE] we eee a Ga SHS SSeS SS Gee eee es a3 a = See ES] ER a When no thread pitch is designated the thread series is couse ‘The values in ths tale come trom ASME BI. 13M and are Kentical to those in ISO 896-1 Torque Book for Fasteners - 9Table 4 — Yield Strength — Inch wecis eas om ae ee one oa Cap Screws ASTM, “ass [am (4 and und 80,000 a es ews an aos a ese on aoe se eae a ao ae ea ne Sas ona ie east a a a eee = Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 10Table 4 - Yield Strength ~ Inch (Continued) = aa ae eee 5 oom fates a = ee a ere ee ea = Bees an a oa — Sap ae ene os a Su [oe [essen = Torque Book for Fasteners - 11Table 4 — Yield Strength — Inch (Continued) rot Organization | Standard Grate ee oerat Cap Saene Tin | ns [oa Bo PIA HD 5000, cap Sae00 rasta] Ants | Clee 2 BaENO and under 75.000 Gap Some AST [Aves | cas 28, BONE 2-1 Hv 7-1 5.000 Cap Screws Tat [aves [os 20, poowe 29 103) 5,000 cap seten stu] ~Ateo | iar 26-69 (Fond nse 5:00 cap cron asTu—| —atea [oss 20 BMS over 7 60.900 Cap Saw stu [ast 25000 Cap Sem asta —[ Ase0 [or 795000, cep Sam re ZY 105000 Cap Seer asta | aaro [78 a8.090 Cap Scres ast —| aso [ure 106070 cap Sten nr |asz0 [70 705010 Cop Screws mera [a2 [7 105000 Cop Seem as [Aaa [ve 705000. Gap Sem ast] anno [78 105.00. ep Seems asta [| a00 [a 105000 Cap Screws asta | a0 [um 20000 Cap Seow ast | ase ‘os000 cap S005 re EO CY 30000 Cap Soe Asta | A320 | Case 680 30000 Can Saree Ast | Aazo [ous Bo 20000 Cap Soren ST 3000 cap Save asta] A020 [Cass 88° 36,000 Cop Sas stm | _As20 | Gass eer 30.000 Cap Sa astm | ~At20 [Cues BALA 30.000 Cop stone asta | aea0 | Cave, BBM 34000 Cap Sr ASTM [A820 | Case 1A A 0000 Car Sees Ast [asco] uns 1A, BOCA 36,008 Cap Sores net [azz] care BoA 36.0 Cap Sov Astin | ~na20 | ass A 86°K 34,000 Can Sere AST | aszo|oass A wera 3.000 Cop Sores fast] ~Asat [Gans 1A 9814 31.000 Cop Stone stun | neo0 [cass BELNA 3.000 ap Sco ASTM | Ae20 [Sans BaMNA 34.006 Cap Ser Asi | Aszo | One 209 (8 and undo 100,00 Cap S00 Asti | na20 [cave 2a and 6.000 Cop Sowve TST | Rezo — [Gia 68 (18 ond 3.000 Cap Seve ASI | asaa [ose 08 (197 ond 02 e.co0 Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 12Table 4 - Yield Strength — Inch (Continued) Produc Organization | standara crate aie eon Asi | Aa | Cass 2 BEC ie ont ed 700-000 op Screws ast | A320] ous 2 BEC (re ara) 20000 Cap Serene fst | As20 | eos 2960 (118 ars TIM) 6.000 Can Screws ASTM | _Aa20 | ass? BEG (TSB ard 1) 000 Cap Screws AST | —haao | Gass 2 a8 (94 ardurden 7o0.000 Cap Serews Ast | Ate0 [ase 2 SEP 8 ara) 20.000 Can Serevs ston [A320 | Gass. BEP (1-18 and TR) 5.000 Cap Sere AST | Asa0 | Case 2 a8? (738 ara HA) 36,000 Cap Sew eva] A320 [Cues 2 B6F (8 ard unde 720.000 Cap Ses asta | A820 [Cass 2 BEF 78 ord 30000 Cap Sas ASTM | ASO | Gass 2 BEF (018 ad TT) 35.00 Cap Saws fast] A820 [ose 2 BEF (198 ans) 5000 ap Seen Asta | As20-—| Cas 2 BET (94 ard ue ‘oqan0 Can Sev Asta | Aae0 | Ouse? S6T TB ad 000 ap suave asta] A820 [ous 2 Ser (1-18 and WI) $5000 Cap Seeve fasta] Ast0 [owes 2 BET 38 and) 30000 Can Screws ASTM | Aaa0 [Gass 2 Ba (ean von 5.000 Cap Sees fast] _Aaa0 [mss 256M (78 nd) 0.000 Cap Seewe st] A820 [owes 2 Baw (v8 ard TT) e0c0 Can Sore rst] sto oss? BEM (Vana TI) 000 Suse 60 asta] ase [oem See naet Sructrel Bots mgr [A028 [v0 tw he) See Net Bots Cor a CEE 798.000 Bots Asa | fata [BC ere HA 3060 Bots star | Aste feb (v2.12) 730.000 Bots stu | A3te [oD owr2.12 wav 115.090 Cop SoS ast | Awe [4 2060 Cap sree ast] Ae@ [overt 00 Cap sows asta [Ano [lover 2 wud) 8.000 Sioa BS agra —| aa Teel Sec! Howd Cap Seow asta | Gg, [womnve 153.000 ‘Socket Head Cap Screws ASTM £874 | (over 5) 153,000 sacs) Cap Seva mata | rata [Gout Ow Ron Tm Se) cae Can Screws asta | F505 [Grout GW? G08 B17) oa Cap Sievs ASTu | Foes —[Gew2, ONT 15.1458) 0000 cap Sueve7 asta | fts[Gow2 One G15. 38-112) 0.989 Cop Se asta] Fava [owe 3, cn (21.58) coco Note 1: For the tightening of structural bolts, consutt the Research Council on Structural Connections (RCS) Standard at www bolicouneil org Torque Book for Fasteners - 13Table 4 — Yield Strength — Inch (Continued) Prowet es race Yeu sienah nam ia | es ae ae Cop Ste asta] rte | oroup 4 Wi 20.1458) 35.0 Cap Sree ara [Fa Gun 4 CWE 0,31 7.000 Can Saree asta | Fees [ormun 5. 1) Ta0ac0 cap Sarvs eva [Fata [ore 6. 17 490) ‘e000 Cap eve Ast [F585 [emin 7 AH 65) T5000 Sock! Suton Fla Read Se asta [Fase | and wranen OVS 120000 Soci! Bufo Flat Head Stews rasta | Fess [joer 12)00n 8 12000 Grok end Gxp Sire netu| Fae? | Gu 6 oa OT 25,00, Soot and Cap Sen Stu | Fear —[ Grup 2 OW, 16, 00-3 70.000 Socket Botor 8 Flat Read Se asta | rere [ow nee 8 16) 00% 78 2.000 pacer Bots ner | Frese | orado 36 3.00 never Bote asta | Frese [Gre 38 5.000 ocr Bots asta —[Frsse | Gree 105 e800 acine See nme | b1683 | Urhwrconed Sect 3.00 Hahine Gee ASME | 8188 [raed Se 5.000 ache Seve AWE | 87063 [90 Stamens 0.0 Nachne Sees Aawe | 61003 [ot umes 70.00 Table 5 — Yield Strength — Metric Froauct | Organon [| Sandare_[Propory Gnas | vos sungmi (V8) MPa ee so | _o-1 zn 320 Bete 8 Seve igo 408-1 8 0 Bats & Ses a EE ee 0 Bos 8 Sree iso] 20 Bat 8 Scere eo [108 20 i020 Bate # Seve so | 01] 50 210 Bas & Sev 10 [west] neo 20 Bots 8 Sev too [oe [80 20 Bate 8 Soe is 051 ae 70 70 Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 14Tightening Stainless Steel Fasteners The huge problem associated with tightening stainless steel thread- m~ Od fstonars i teas galing Thresdgalingis whenabottorscew — CY) seizes i the internal tvead. nut or threaded component, either during installaton before te bot or screw has been fuly tightened or wher disassembly is attempted after an assembly has been in service. Many @ People refer to the fasteners as weldad together. Once stainless steel fasteners gall together, there is usually no means of unscrewing them. They usuelly have to be cut apart using a cutting forch or some other means or the bolt must be drilled out There are two commonly suggested approaches for decreasing, if not elininating, the galling of stainless steel threaced fasteners during and after assembly 1. Anti-seize lubricant: The most common and most beneficial suggestion is to always apply an anti- seize lubricant to stainless bolts. There are many types and brands avaiable in the industial market that work very well. There are several different base compounds for anti-seize lubricants such as cop- per, nickel, and silver. These can be easily found doing an internet search by entering ‘thread ant- seize lubricants" Users should consider the various components in the intended assembly and their relationship to the base compound in the anti-seize lubricant to avoid problems related to galvanic corrosion. Galvanic corrosion can ocour when cissinilar materials are used together ina moist environment. This cen be investigated by looking at a galvanic corrosion table, mary of which can be found on the internet. Its suggested that an anti-seize lubricant be chosen that states its K factor in its technical data. The stated K factor, which is usually in the vicinity of 0.16, is what should be used in the tightening formula T= KdP. 2. Low driver RPM: Most assemblers want their assemblies to go together as quickly as possible. One of the ways to make assembly go fast is io use very high RPM drivers, such es impact wrenches. This seldom causes problems when driving steel or alloy steel fasteners, but when siainlose stee! fasteners are driven st high epeeds, they heat up very repidly and thread galing frequently occurs. itis recommended that when assembling stainiess steel fasteners not to exceed a speed of 150 RPM, If galling is experienced at that speed, try reducing the speed to a lower RPM. Never use stainless stee! all-metal lock nuts. All-metal lock nuts are designed to make the nut threads in- terfere with the bolt thread to provide prevailing torque. Thread interference between mating stainless ste! threads is a prescription for galling, fa resistance to loosening is desirable in a stainless steel application, the user should consider the use of nylon insert lock nuts or thread locking adhesives, Torque Book for Fasteners - 15ey Nuts as They Relate to Tightening ry ‘The style, type, and fish ofthe nut is eekdom considered when using the formula T = KOP in determining tightening values “The material strength ofthe bot or sorew multiplied by its tensile stress area are the determinants in calcu- Jating te P variable in the tightening forrula T= KaP.Itis assumed thatthe mating nut style and ype ate ere cuffciont strength to break the bok the bolt and nut combination are taken te faliure When a ont is properly designed, the proof load strongth of the nut is equal to or greater than the bol’s minimum ultimate tensile strength. Itis further assumed that the finish of the nut is the seme as the bolt thus the K factor ofthe boltis the value used in the formula T = KdP. “There are two exceptions when the nut's characteristics should be considered in calculating a tightening value: T Jamithin nuta: The thickness of inch jam nuts. referred to as thin nuts when they are metric, is approx nately 80% of the nominal ameter ( 5d) of the mating bolt, whereas hex rut thickness is normally 60% ar the bots nominal diameter ( Bd). As stated above, the formula T = KP assumes the nuts strength ‘6 sufigent to always break the bolt. Therefore, when the nut thickness is less than 8d, the strength value for P should be multiplied by 0625 to avo stripping the threads out of the nut when tightening ‘As an example, if the tightening value for a ¥20 SAE J429, Grade 6, zinc plated bolt is calculated to Oe {0 foct pounds using the formula T = KP, that value should be mutiplieg 0.626 if a jamtnin nut is tightened on the bolt. This lowers the tightening value to 8.25 foot pounds. It makes no difference fhe Jaarithin nuts used by iselforn conjunction with a hex nut. The janvthin nut should be tightened (0 he lower value to avoid thread stripping ‘Asan aside, a jam/thin nut used in conjunction with 2 hex nut is a very ineffective means of combating tcosenina, Ifloosening is a concern in an application, the user should investigate the use of one of the ‘many styles of lock nuts or one of the thread locking adhesives. 2. Locking nuts, all-metal: For all-metal lock nuts to successfully meet their clame load and prevaling torque requitements, they must be waxed. Most al metal lock nuts are zinc plated, The mos! commonly aoad K fattor for zine electroplating is 0.22. When the viax is added, as it must be for all-metal lock nus, the K factor in the formula T = KeP should be changed to 0.15 regardless of the bol’ finish, Accord ing to leacing lock nut suppliers, the 0.15 K factor Is required to stay consistently below the maximum tightening values required in the IF! 100/107 standard ‘Again, using the example of ¥4-20 SAE 1428, Grade 5, zinc plated bolt, the T = KAP formula yids 2 tightening value of 10 foot pounds (K=0.22), When that bolt ig mated with an al-metal lock nut with 2 zine and wax finish, the calculeted tighten. ing value is lowered to 7 foot pounds (K=0.15). When all-metal lock nuts are used and the calculated tightening value 's not lowered 2s suggested above, completely conforming bolts may break durng installation Note: Alkmetal stainless stee! lock nuts should never be used because oftheir tendency 'o gallon the mat” ing bot Users of staniess steel fasteners thal are concerned about leosening should consider the use of nylon insert lock nuts or thread locking adhesives, Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 16Veri ing the Suitability of a Tightening Calculation The tightening formule T= KdP is the most widely used method of determining tightening torque for over 50 years arcund the world, The values derived from this formula's use have obviously been adequate because ‘most assemblies stay together as intended That said, users ofthe formula should realze that this is a GENERAL formule derived from using standard hex head caps screws end hex nuts and estimated values for K factors. It seems to work ‘well enough for most applications. but itis not ideal for all applications, particularly when the epplication consists of fasten- ing components other than standard hex head cap screws and hex nuts. \tis recommended thet those using the T = KdP formula to calculate a tightening value perform at least a limited experrment using the actual components of the joint to verify the suitability of the values obtained from the formula. The more critical a partioular joint is to an assembly's integrtty, the more important itis to do the verification experiment testing on that particular joint. Experiments can range from highly sophisticated using all types of electronic and/or utrasonis sensors to a simple experiment using nothing more than a property selected and calibrated torque wrench. Those wish- ing the highly sophisticated analysis can get recommendations for independent laboratories by sending a message to techinfo@indfast org. Those wanting to do a very besic verification can do the following procedure: 1. Assemble at least 10 actual assemblies using all of the components that will be used in the production of the product without tightening the fasteners beyond “finger tight” or to a point where the fastener bearing surfaces just come in contact with the work surface of the assembly, 2. Using a properly calibrated indicating type torque wrench, of adequate size for tightening the assembly, tighten the 10 or more sample assemblies to the point at which the torque wrench continues to rotate. but the torque value stops increasing 3. Stop applying torque and record the torque value at which it stopped rising, YWhen the torque stops ns- ing, the joint components have gone into yield. 4. Average te torque values trom the sample assemblies and multiply that average value by 75% to derive at a tightening value, 5 The user should compare that experimentally derived torque value to the T= KAP torque value, If the torque values differ significantly the experimentally derived value is likely the best to use, but the user must select the one they determine is best suited for their particular application, Note: Users should refer to ISO 16047, Torqueiciamp force testing, ifa more detalied analysis andioy tast- ing provedute is desirable Torque Book for Fasteners - 17Tightening Audit Procedure When bolts are breaking during assembly the things that stould be done is to: frst. confirm the bolt is being tightened to the proper calculated value and second, perform a ‘tightening audit’ to determine if the bolts are being fightened to that appropriately calculated value 4. Goto the point of assembly in the customer's facility and locate some assemblies that have the subject parts installed in them, 2. Using a permanent marker, draw a mark on a corner of the bolt or nut. Marka line out onto the surface of the application which lines up with the center of the bolt head and the marked corner. 3. Loosen the subject bolt or nut at least enough to assure there is no tension on the festener in that joint location. Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 184, Make @ mark on the outside of an appropriate sized drive socket that corresponds with the line on the corner of the bolt or nut, 5. Affix the socket to torque wrench that has a greater capacity than the deter mined tightening torque value. 6. Run the bolt or nut down close to the application surface. Place the socket which is on the torque wrench on the part 50 that the mark on the outside of the socket matches the ‘marked corner on the fastener. 7. Apply torque with the torque wrench until the line on the outside of the socket ines up with the line marked on the surface of the application indicating the crigins| seated po- siton of the bok or nut ‘The value indicated on the torque wrench at the pointwnere the marks line up is very close to the value that was originally ap- plied to the bolt or nut when driven in the routine manner by the customer. | recommend that this procedure be repeated on several assemblies and compare the results. It Is not a good practice to ever stop with a test or evaluation of only one sample. In a vast majority of cases when this procedure Is employed, the results will prove that the installers tight- ening the suspect bolts at a torque value significantly greater than what they intended. Tightening bolts to torque values beyond the bott's ult mate strength during the assembly process is the most common source cf broken bolts. ‘Over the past 30 years | have been consulted on many customer complaints about fasteners field failure. I-can safely state that in at least 90% of all investigations, it has been proven that the fasteners met all of their specified requirements and the failures were the result of other component problems or inappropriate ‘ughtening practices being used by the installer. Torque Book for Fasteners - 19Determi 1g Tightening for Tapping Screws Determining the tightening of tapping screws is 2 litte different from determining bolt tightening for two reasons. First, all non-automotive ‘carbon steel tapping screws for use in metal applications are case- hardened therefore they are less ductle than totts end secondly, in i rs many ‘spring screw applications the rode of falure is the Screw uni ¥ eeg Stripping Out of the joint instead of screw tracture. ‘When trying to determine the proper tightening value for tapping screws use the following procedure: 1. Using the intended assembly, fist tighten the screws to 70% of the minimum torsional strength of the screw as shown in the included tables, Ifthe joint does NOT strip when the screw is, tion led, use thet velve for tightening in that particulate applica~ 2. IF the joint does strip before the screws reach approximately 70% of their torsional strength (see table ‘on the next page) do the following a Review the hole size in the application to verify that itis comect b._ Using the exaci application components, tighten 10 different screws into unused holes and re- cord the values at which each joint fails due to stripping, Average the stripping values, d_ Set the tightening torque at 60% of the average stripping value. Note: Sometimes the stripping failure can be raised by reducing the hole size and/or increasing the length Of the thread engagement. ‘Torque Book for Fasteners - 20Minimum Torsional Strength for Inch Tapping Screws. Sie Ta. m 3 [ASME Types AB ana 5 * @ [ASME Types AB ana 8 % ® ‘ASME Types AB ang 5 6 1% ‘ASME Types AB 6 7 [ASME Types AB and 8 7 [ASME Types AB ang B #0 o ASME Types AB and B wiz 2 ASME Types AB and B wa 00) "ASME Types AB and B 56 200 "ASME Types AB and 3 400 ‘ASME Types F.7,TRS ‘ASME Types FT. TRS "ASME Types FT. TRS. "ASME Typos FT. TRS. 7 We, e % "ASME Types F7.TRS. % 13 6 ® ASME Types F.7.TRS 30 "ASME Types FT. TRS, #0 0 ‘ASME Types FT. TRS. #2 30 "ASME Types FT TRS. Ta 100) ‘ASME Types FIRS. 516 200 ‘ASME Types FT TRS 38 500 Nolo Values come from ASME BIB 3 Minimum Torsional Strength for Metric Tapping Screws Metric Types: Sie) Wm 1S0 Types C andr sT22 oS (OTypee Cand F sT28 +0 180 Types 0 and F S35 20 1SO Types C and F ST42 30) 180 Types 0 and F S148 40 180 Typse C and F S155 z (SO Tyas C and sT83 10 ISO Types C andr se 20 180 Types C and 3195 20) Wevie Thread roling screws na, os TWetic Thread roling screws was ‘Wetc Thread rong screws NS. 48 ‘Wobie Thread rong eorows Mae 2 Were Taread roling screws Ma 35 ‘Nevic Thread roling screws NS, 7 Neti Thread roling screws Ne. 2 Matic Thread rling screws we. 30 Netric Thread roling screws Mio 0 "Note. Values for Types C anc F come fom|SO 2702 end te threac roling values Game fom SAE J1247 Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 21Tightening Values for Set Screws ‘The mechanical means of providing tightening using set screws is entirely different from tightening with @ bolt or screw. When tightening a bolt or screw into a nut or threaded component, the bearing surface of the bolt or screw compresses assembly components together by generating a stretching action in the bolt or screw. When tightening a set screw, a thrusting force Is generated on the point of the screw causing it to ‘embed into or distort the component it is thrusting against to lock the component into position. ‘The T = KAP formula is not applicable when determining set screw tightening. Below are suggested tighten- ing values previously published by various set screw producers, The values in the tables below are based ‘on the “cup point design. Other point designs may require different tightening values to achieve optimal performance. These tightening values provide the user a siarting place, but the final tightening values Should be determined through experimentation by the end user using their exact application(s). Inch Steel Square Head Set Screw Tightening Tonal sie | Teed ren | Tore 7 = 7 r 2 7 ae @ 35 8 r <2 i 1 13 1 e 7 as @ ae ra 7 I a © a 7 a i060 1 o 7ae8 ae 7 7 7 7 28 13 5 ze Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 22Inch Socket Set Screw Tightening ‘Threads Porinch Alioy Steet 308 Stainless Steel URE | uNRe | _inib. fb, in. fb, 0 10 72 18 = a 18. 6 5 , 5 3 pi : % a slelelelslelala|e 720) 230 340 600 200 280) 4700 3.000) “4000 3.500 7.700 7700 9100) Metric Socket Set Screw Tightening nominal ] pen ‘Alloy Sigel] 304 Stainiess Stee! size in = Mis: 035 008 on ua. 0) 021 oz Nas 048 057 os us, 05, 82, 07, ma or, 22 18 us 08 40 32 ws 19. 72 58 ue, 125 170. 138 mio 1 380 264 2 175 540 432 Mi 20. Ta) 107, 20 25 27 190) 2 30 440 32 Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 23Alternative Tightening Methods Tightening based on 2 torque value isthe most commonly used method of tightening, but itis nat he only means of determining tightness. Following are some other methods or products for determining the tight: ness of fasteners. 4, Turn-of-nut: Match Marking The urnot nut tightening method is one most Commonly used insted constuction, The idea iematonce aoltis “snug fan? where al com ononie are drawn fogether he adltional ot tions of the nut or boit head causes the bolt to stretch relative to the ite ofthe bolt’ thread The degrees of rotation after tight fit are deter- Tred by the longih cf the bolt relative to ts diameter. The degrees of rotation are a flows SE, | corcenor | venues | gouruencn [reauneo | ouueion, | recurso pameren | aig" | “tums” | ovensovoan | “rufns’ | ovexeo ro rz | rum iz Z aaa | ae en [ae [2 ot 25 voum [as Tun [sere] 28 3H 2 eum [a0 eum [stor 280 7 35 ee oe tawn | reo 2eum T jen | see gum] ates | aot ne 8 eee ase eum [stow e | aa ioe = Touma | een | rere | 20 Te aa For 13 Tutn (120 degrees) + 80 degrees For 1/2 Turn (180 degrees) + 30 degrees For 2/3 Tur (240 degrees) + 45 degrees 2. Tension Controi Bolts: Tension control bots are bolts that have a spline on the bol's threaded end, Where the spine joins the bot there is a transtion neck (groove) is very precisely controlled in manufacturing “Tension control bolts are instalied using special driving tools that hold the nut and rotate the bolt using the spline until the spline shears off al the neck. The neck diameter is cal culated so the torque required to shear through the neck is Such that the bolt is properly tightened at the point of neck shearing Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 243. Direct Tension Indicators (DTI): Direct tension indicators ere very precisely made wash- ers having indentations on one side of the washer and corresponding protrusions on the other. The direct tension indicator is placed under the bot head with the protrusions against the under side of the bolt head. As the nut is tightened, the protrusions collapse 4 predictable amount based on the tension generated in the bolt. When more than half, but not all, of the pro- trusions have collapsed leaving a gap height of 0.005, inchas or fess tightening stops because the bolt is prop- erly tightened. 4, Torque — Angle Tightening: ‘Torque-angie tightening is a more sophis- ticated version of the turn—of-nut meth- od. Fasteners tightened using this meth- od are usually installed using electronic torque end angle sensors to control tight- ening. The torque sensor indicates when the fastener has achieved approximately 10% of the desired tightness and then the angle of rotation sensor takes over to rotate the fastener a predetermined amount to achieve the optimum tighten- ing. Tension Indicating Bolt: ‘Tension indicating bolts are those having some mechanism incorporated into their design such that a the bolt is tightened, the indicating component provides some type of signal when the bolt has reached the desired tension level. Tergue - Angie Graph 4 ‘Torque Book for Fasteners ~ 25Additional Resources: What Every Engineer Should Know About Threaded Fasteners by Alexander Blake ‘An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, third edition, by John Bickford, Torque Book for Fasteners - 26T = KdP Worksheets Fastener Size Range Formula Torque Units Inch screws under 1/4 inch nominal diameter T= KaP ‘inch pounds (in...) Inch screw or bolts 1/4 nominal diameter and larger_| T= KdP/12 Foot pounds (ft.1b.) Metric screws of all sizes T= KaP/1000___ [newton meters (Nm) Bescriplion K (Tablet) [ a (Table 2 or 3) [TSA (Table? or 3) [VS (Table Aer6)| 076 | Dwider | Torque 172.13, SAEG¢S,zinc dear | 0.22 05 ore 2000 o7 | 12 | corm, 075 075 o7s o7s 07s 075 075 075 075 075 o7s 075 ‘Stared heminevauriay fou obo rdorasen al wn roeperder mf helaaerig equreners bY hepatica sppiaion spp amamnus in tonsgy en ata DVCONTANED HERE FREED VINCUTANY ANTES FAY ERO HELLOMYAREAITES OF Ai che ey een a ce ei fe Torque Book for Fasteners - 27