S 01

THI MN TR TU NHN TO

Gio vin ra

Cu 1: Cho khng gian bi ton tm ng i ngn nht trn bn nh hnh v di (gi tr nh gi ghi trn nh cc trng thi). p dng thut ton tm kim kinh nghim tt nht u tin tm ng i tt nht t A n B [Best first search] 20 A 16 C 8 12 15 18

10

+ Danh sch L lu cc trng thi c sinh ra v ang ch xt, hm Father( ) lu li cha ca mi nh trn ng i (Father(v) = u nu u l cha ca v). Chn nh pht trin l nh tt nht c xc nh bi gi tr nh gi ghi trn nh cc trng thi, nh ny c th mc hin ti hoc cc mc trn. + Khi to danh sch L cha nh A l nh xut pht: L={A} . + Xt nh A u danh sch L, loi nh A khi danh sch; cc nh k vi A l: C, D, E; a 3 nh ny vo danh sch sao cho danh sch c sp xp theo th t tng dn ca gi tr nh gi => L = {D, C, E} v gn Father(D) = Father(C) = Father(E) = A. 15,16,18 + Xt nh D u danh sch L, loi nh D khi danh sch; khng c nh no k D => L = {C, E}. + Xt nh C u danh sch L, loi C khi danh sch; cc nh k vi C l: F, I; a 2 nh ny vo danh sch theo lut nh trn => L = {F, I, E} v gn Father(F) = Father(I) = C. 8 12 15 + Xt nh F u danh sch L, loi F khi danh sch; cc nh k vi F l: M; a nh ny vo danh sch theo lut nh trn => L = {M, I, E} v gn Father(M) = F. 4 12 18 + Xt nh M u danh sch L, loi M khi danh sch; cc nh k vi M l: B; a nh ny vo danh sch theo lut nh trn => L = {B, I, E} v gn Father(B) = M. + Xt nh B u danh sch L, c B l nh kt thc => ng i tt nht t A n B c ln ngc t hm Father( ) l: A => C => F => M => B. Cu 2: Cho c s tri thc: R1: Q^R => S R2: U => R R3: H => Q R4: H R5: U p dng thut ton chng minh bc b bng lut phn gii trong logic mnh chng minh S l

h qu logic ca CSTT trn. Tr li: R1: Q^R => S <=>Q ^ R S Q R2: U => R U R (7) R3: H => Q H Q (8) Thm S (9) vo b gi thit : Res(8,4) => Q (10) Res(10,6) R S (11) Res( 7,5) => R (12) Res(12,11) => S (13) Res(13,9) => Vy S sai hay S ng (dpcm) Cu 3: Cho c s tri thc: 1. Brother(X,Y)^Married(Y,Z) Sister_in_law(X,Z). 2. Sister(mary,suzan). 3. Brother(harold,larry). 4. Married(john,mary). 5. Married(larry,sue) p dng thut ton suy din li chng minh: Sister_in_law(harold,sue) Tr li: + Gi thit ban u; Sister_in_law(harold, sue) hp nht vi kt lun ca lut 1 bi php th: = [X | harold, Y | sue] => tp gi thit mi: Brother(harold, Y)^Married(Y, sue) (6). + Hp nht Unify(6, 3, = [Y | larry] ) => Marry(larry, sue) trng vi s kin 5 trong tp s kin cho. + Vy Sister_in_law(harold, sue) l ng. Thi gian lm bi: 60 pht Khng nh du vo thi THI MN TR TU NHN TO Gio vin ra R S (6)

S 02

Cu 1: p dng thut ton tm kim c i th Minimax tm nc i cho qun A:

Max

min

-3

max

-2

min

-3

+ A nm tng Max => I nm tng Max => Gi tr ca nh I = max(B,H,R) = max(4,-3,5) = 5. + C tng Min => C = min( F,I) = min(-2,5) = -2. + E tng Min => E = min(G,K) = min(5,3) = 3. + E tng Max =>A = max(C,D,E) = max(-2,-3,3) = 3=> E l nc i tip theo tt nht t A. Vy nc i ca qun A theo thut ton tm kim c i th Minimax l A=>E. Cu 2: Cho c s tri thc: R1: P^Q^R => S R2: U => R R3: G => P R4: Q R5: G R6: U p dng th chng minh bc b bng lut phn gii trong logic mnh chng minh S l h qu logic ca CSTT trn. Tr li: + Thm cu R7: S + R1 P^Q^R v S P v Q v R v S (R8). + R2 U v R (R9). + R3 G v P (R10). + Th tc phn gii: Res(): A v B v C v B th => A v C hay Res(A v B; C v B ) => A v C. + Res(R8, R9) => P v Q v U v S (R11). + Res(R11, R10) => G v Q v U v S (R12). + Res(R12, R4) => G v U v S (R13). + Res(R13, R5) => U v S (R14). + Res(R14, R6) => S (R15). + Res(R15, R7) => => R7 l sai => S l ng. Cu 3: Cho c s tri thc:

1. Cat(X)^Mother(X,Y)^Beauty(Y) Good(X). 2. Cat(mimi). 3. Cat(lili). 4. Cat(kiki). 5. Mother(mimi,kiki). 6. Mother(kiki,titi). 7. Beauty(titi). 8. Beauty(kiki). p dng thut ton suy li vo c s tri thc trn chng minh: Good(kiki). Tr li: + Gi thit ban u; Good(kiki) hp nht vi kt lun ca lut 1 bi php th: = [X | kiki] => tp gi thit mi: Cat(kiki)^Mother(kiki,Y)^Beauty(Y) (9) + Hp nht: Unify(9, 4, = [] ) => tp gi thit mi: Mother(kiki,Y)^Beauty(Y) (10) + Hp nht: Unify(10,6, = [Y | titi] => tp gi thit mi: Beauty(titi) trng vi s kin 7 trong tp cc s kin cho. + Vy Good(kiki) l ng. Thi gian lm bi: 60 pht Khng nh du vo thi

S 03

THI MN TR TU NHN TO

Gio vin ra

Cu 1: Cho khng gian bi ton tm ng i ngn nht trn bn nh hnh v di (gi tr nh gi ghi trn nh cc trng thi). p dng thut ton tm kim kinh nghim leo i tm ng i tt nht t A n B: 19 A 17 16 15 C E D 8 F 12 I 6 G K 10

* L phng php tm kim theo su c hng dn bi hm nh gi nhng khc ch khi ta pht trin mt nh u th bc tip theo, ta chn trong s cc nh con ca u, nh c nhiu ha hn nht pht trin, nh ny c xc nh bi hm nh gi. * S dng danh sch S lu cc trng thi c sinh ra v ang ch xt, danh sch Sk lu gi tm thi cc trng thi k vi nh u ang xt v hm Father( ) lu li cha ca mi nh trn ng i (Father(v) = u nu u l cha ca v). + Xut pht t nh A: S = {A} Chi ph L(A) = 0 Cc trng thi k A : Sk = { D,E,C} Father(D) = Father(E) = Father(C) = A Chi ph tng ng L = { 15,16,17) = > D s c pht trin + Xt D: S = {D, E, C} Chi ph L(D) = 15 Cc trng thi k D : Sk = {} => tip theo E s c pht trin + Xt E : S = {E, C} Chi ph L(E) = 16 Cc trng thi k E: Sk = {G, K} Father(G) = Father(K) = E Chi ph tng ng: L = {6, 10} => G s c pht trin + Xt G: S = {G, K, C}

Chi ph L(G) = 6 Cc trng thi k G: Sk = {R} Father(R) = G Chi ph tng ng: L = {5} => R s c pht trin + Xt R: S = {R, K, C} Chi ph L(R) = 5 Cc trng thi k G: Sk = {B} Father(B) = R Chi ph tng ng: L = {0} => B s c pht trin + Xt B: B l trng thi kt thc => Tm kim thnh cng * Vy ng i ngn nht ln ngc theo hm Father() l: A => E => G => R => B Cu 2: Cho c s tri thc: 1. Father(X,Y) Child(Y,X). 2. Husband(X,Z) Wife(Z,X). 3. Wife(Z,X)^Child(Y,X) Mother(Z,Y). 4. Father(nam,lan). 5. Husband(nam,huong). p dng thut ton suy din tin chng minh: Mother(huong,lan). Tr li: + Hp nht: Unify(1, 4, = [ X | nam, Y | lan ] ) => Child( lan, nam) (6) + Hp nht: Unify(2, 5, = [ X | nam, Z | huong ] )=> Wife(huong, nam) (7) + Hp nht: Unify(6, 3, = [ X | nam, Y | lan ] => Wife( Z, nam) Mother(Z, lan) (8) + Hp nht: Unify(7, 8, [ Z | huong ] ) => Mother(huong, lan) iu phi chng minh. Cu 3: Cho c s tri thc: R1: Q^R => S R2: U => R R3: G^S => M R4: H => Q R5: U^N=>K R6: H R7: G R8: U p dng thut ton suy din li chng minh M l h qu logic ca CSTT trn. Tr li: + Gi s M ng Th M vo v phi ca R3 ta suy ra c v tri: G^S + Th R1 vo (9) c: Q^R^G (10) + Th R2 vo (10) c: Q^U^G (11) + Th R4 vo (11) c: H^U^G (12) + Th R6,R7,R8 vo (12) lun ng Vy M l h qu logic ca CSTT trn. (9)

Thi gian lm bi: 60 pht Khng nh du vo thi S 04 THI MN TR TU NHN TO V H CHUYN GIA Gio vin ra

Cu 1: p dng thut ton tm kim c i th Minimax tm nc i cho qun A A Max

Min

-1

Max

Min

-3

Tr li: * Gii thutMin max nh sau: + Khi n lt ta i, ta s pht trin trng thi sao cho im s t max cn ngc li i th s pht trin trng thi sao cho im s t min. + Ta pht trin gi tr max trong s cc gi tr min ca i th, ngc li i th s pht trin gi tr min trong s cc gi tr max ca ta. + Do cc mc Max v Min an xen nhau v tnh gi tr ca Max da vo Min, tnh gi tr ca Min da vo Max nn ta phi gi tham kho trc, ngha l vi cy tr chi trn ta s i t cc nt l. * Th t tnh ton nh sau: + F mc Max => im s ca F = max(I,J,K) = max(4,-3,5) = 5 + B mc Min => im s ca B = min(E,F) = min(6,5) =5 + D mc Min => im s ca D = min(G,H) = min(2,3) = 2 + A mc Max => im s ca A = max( B,C, D) = max(5,-1,2) = 5, tc l t A chn pht trin n nh B. Vy nc i ca qun A theo thut ton tm kim c i th Minimax l A => B Cu 2: Cho c s tri thc: R1: Father(X,Y)^Father(Y,X) Grandfather(X,Z). R2: Son(X,Y) Father(Y,X). R3: Son(dan,peter). R4: Son(john,dan). p dng th tc chng minh bc b bng lut phn gii trong logic v t cp I chng minh: Grandfather(peter,john). Thm vo Grandfather(peter,john) (*) vo b gi thit

AD lut phn gii v th dan|X, peter|Y vo 2 & 3 => Father(peter,dan) (5) AD lut phn gii v th john|X, dan|Y vo 2 & 4 => Father(dan,john) (6) AD lut phn gii v th peter|X, dan|Y, john|Z vo 5&6 &1 => Grandfather(peter,john) (8) AD lut phn gii cho (*) v (8) => Vy Grandfather(peter,john) ng (dpcm) Cu 3: Cho c s tri thc: Tp lut: 1. a k 2. d^k e 3. b d 4. a^b f 5. a^h i 6. e^f g Tp s kin: FB={a,b} p dng thut ton suy din li vo c s tri thc trn chng minh: g Gi s g ng th vo v phi ca gi thit (6)=>e ^f (7) (7a) : e (7b) : f Th (7b) vo (4) =>a ^b (8) Th (7a) vo v phi 2=>d^k(9) (9a): d (9b): k Th (9a) vo (3) =.> b Th (9b) vo (1) => a V {a,b} l tp s kin nn kt lun g ng(dpcm) Tr li: + Gi s g ng, th g vo v phi (kt lun) ca lut 6 => e ^ f (7) + Th 1 vo 2 ta c: d ^ a e (8) + Th 3 vo 8 ta c: a ^ b e (9) + Th 4 vo 7 ta c: e ^ a ^ b (10) + Th 9 vo 10 ta c : a ^ b. M a v b li thuc tp cc s kin FB = {a,b} nn kt lun g l ng ( g l h qu logic ca CSTT trn).

S 05

THI MN TR TU NHN TO

Gio vin ra

Cu 1: Cho th khng gian trng thi vi hm nh gi trng thi h(u) ghi trn cc nh, gi phi tr k(a, b) a trng thi a n trng thi b ghi trn cc cung. p dng thut ton tm kim ti u A* tm ng i ngn nht t trng thi A n trng thi B.

19

10 17 C 8 8 F 6 4 M 6 5 0 12 11 H 5 6 B Tr li: * Thut ton A*: R I 4 3 3 15 13 D 6

7 E 16 6 K 10

3 G

+ p dng k thut tm kim tt nht u tin vi hm nh gi f(u). + Vt cn: khng phi nh kt thc th quay lui hay duyt cc trng thi cn li trong hng i + Hot ng tt nht vi hm nh gi m gi tr min l ti u. + Cn xc nh cc hm nh gi sau: - g(u): di ng i ngn nht t U0 -> U. - h(u): di ng i ngn nht t U -> n im kt thc. - f(u) = g(u) + h(u). + S dng danh sch L lu cc trng thi c sinh ra v ang ch xt. + S dng hm Father( ) lu li cha ca mi nh trn ng i (Father(v) = u nu u l cha ca v). * Cc bc: + Khi to: L = {A} + u tin pht trin nh A sinh ra cc nh con l: C, D, E c: g(C) = 10, f(C) = g(C) + h(C) = 10 + 17 = 27 g(D) = 13, f(D) = g(D) + h(D) = 13 + 15 = 28 g(E) = 7, f(E) = g(E) + h(E) = 7 + 16 = 23 Father(E) = Father(C) = Father(D) = A L = {E, C, D} 23 27 28 + nh tt nht l nh E v f(E) = 23 l nh nht. Pht trin E nhn c cc nh con l: G, K c: g(G) = g(E) + k(E,G) = 23 + 3 = 26, f(G) = g(G) + h(G) = 26 + 6 = 32 g(K) = g(E) + k(E, K) = 23 + 6 = 29, f(K) = g(K) + h(K) = 29 + 10 = 39 Father(G) = Father(K) = E L = {C, D, G, K} 27,28,32,39 + nh tt nht l nh C v f(C) = 27 l nh nht. Pht trin C nhn c cc nh con l: F, I c: g(F)= g(C) + k(C, F) = 27 + 8 = 35, f(F) = g(F) + h(F) = 35 + 8 = 43 g(I) = g(C) + k(C, I) = 27 + 3 = 30, f(I) = g(I) + h(I) = 30 + 12 = 42

Father(F) = Father(I) = C L = {D, G, K, I, F} 28,32,39,42,43 + nh tt nht l nh D v f(D) = 28 l nh nht, nh D khng c nh k L = {G, K, I, F} 32,39,42,43 + nh tt nht l nh G v f(G) = 32 l nh nht. Pht trin G nhn c cc nh con l: R c: g(R) = g(G) + k(G,R) = 32 + 3 = 35, f(R) = g(R) + h(R) = 35 + 5 = 40 Father(R) = G L = {K, R, I, F} 39,40,42,43 + nh tt nht l nh K v f(K) = 39 l nh nht. Pht trin K nhn c cc nh con l: R, B c: g(R) = g(K) + k(K,R) = 39 + 9 = 48, f(R) = g(R) + h(R) = 48 + 5 = 53 g(B) = g(K) + k(K, B) = 39 + 6 = 45, f(B) = g(B) + h(B) = 45 + 0 = 45 Father(R) = Father(B) = K L = {I, F, B, R} 42,43,45,53 + nh tt nht l nh I v f(I) = 42 l nh nht. Pht trin I nhn c cc nh con l: H, R c: g(H) = g(I) + k(I, H) = 42 + 11 = 53, f(H) = g(H) + h(H) = 53 + 6 = 59 g(R) = g(I) + k(I, R) = 42 + 4 = 46, f(R) = g(R) + h(R) = 46 + 5 = 51 Father(H) = Father(R) = I L = {F, B, R, H} 43,45,51,59 +nh tt nht l nh F v f(F) = 43 l nh nht. Pht trin F nhn c cc nh con l: M c: g(M) = g(F) + k(F,M) = 43 + 6 = 49, f(G) = g(G) + h(G) = 49 + 4 = 53 Father(M) = F L = {B, R, M, H} 45,51,53,59 + nh tt nht l nh B v f(B) = 45 l nh nht. B l nh kt thc => Tm kim thnh cng: - ng i ngn nht l: B <= K <= E <= A - Tng chi ph l f(B) = 45.

Thi gian lm bi: 60 pht Khng nh du vo thi