Statics

Statics is the analysis of forces acting on objects that are in equilibrium. When the lines of action of the various
forces that act on an object intersect at a common point, they do not tend to set the object in rotation. Such forces are said
to be concurrent (non-parallel) forces. If the lines of action of the various forces do not intersect, the forces are non-
concurrent (parallel) forces, and the object may be set into rotation even though the vector sum of the forces may be
equal.

Center of Gravity
The most common force acting on a body is its weight. For everybody, no matter how irregular its shape, there
exist a point such that the entire weight may be considered as concentrated at that point. This point is called the center of
gravity (COG) of the body. Knowledge of the position of the center of gravity is very useful in problems of equilibrium, for
that is the point of application of the vector representing its weight.

Types of Equilibrium:
a. Stable equilibrium: a small displacement raises the COG, will return to its original position if tipped over a little.
b. Unstable equilibrium: a small displacement lowers the COG; the object does not go back to its original position
when tipped.
c. Neutral Equilibrium a small displacement neither raises nor lowers the COG, the object stays in equilibrium in its
new position after tipped without tending either to move further or tend to return to where it was before.

First Condition of Equilibrium

The first condition of equilibrium states that the forces that act on object have a vector sum of zero. When this
condition is satisfied, an object will have zero acceleration and is said to be in translational equilibrium. Such object need
not be at rest but maybe moving along a straight path at constant velocity. If the body is at rest, it is said to be in
equilibrium. If it is moving at constant velocity it is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.
∑F = 0
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0

Second Condition of Equilibrium

The second condition of equilibrium states that the sum of the (τ) torques about any point must be zero.
∑τ = 0 ; where τ is torque or moment of force
Torque
How does force create rotation?
 A torque is an action that causes objects to rotate.
 Torque is not the same thing as force.
 For rotational motion, the torque is what is most directly related to the motion, not the force.
 Motion in which an entire object moves is called translation.
 Motion in which an object spins is called rotation.
 The point or line about which an object turns is its center of rotation.
 An object can rotate and translate.

 Torque is created when the line of action of a force does not pass through the center of rotation.
 The line of action is an imaginary line that follows the direction of a force and passes through its point of
application.
 To get the maximum torque, the force should be applied in a direction that creates the greatest lever arm.
 The lever arm is the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and the center of rotation
 τ=rxF

where τ = torque (N.m); r = lever arm (m) ; F = force (N)

Example:
 A force of 50 N is applied to a wrench that is 30 centimeters long. Calculate the torque if the force is applied
perpendicular to the wrench so the lever arm is 30 cm.

Rotational Equilibrium
 When an object is in rotational equilibrium, the net torque applied to it is zero.
 Rotational equilibrium is often used to determine unknown forces.

Example:
 What are the forces (FA, FB) holding the bridge up at either end?

Calculate using equilibrium

 A boy and his cat sit on a seesaw. The cat has a mass of 4 kg and sits 2 m from the center of rotation. If the boy
has a mass of 50 kg, where should he sit so that the see-saw will balance?

When the force and lever arm are NOT perpendicular

Calculate a torque
 A 20-centimeter wrench is used to loosen a bolt. The force is applied 0.20 m from the bolt. It takes 50 N to loosen
the bolt when the force is applied perpendicular to the wrench. How much force would it take if the force was
applied at a 30-degree angle from perpendicular?

Work, Energy and Power

Work - it is concerned with the application of a force to an object and the distance the object moves as a result of the
force.
- It is defined as the magnitude of the applied force multiplied by the parallel distance through which the force
acts.
Work = force x distance = F.d
W = F Cos θ.d

Units: MKS – N.m = Joule

CGS – dyne.com = erg
FPS – ft. lb

 Work is positive when the force is in the same direction to the direction of the motion.
 Work is negative when the force is in opposite to the direction of the motion.
  Work is zero when the force is in perpendicular to the direction of the motion.

Examples:
1. How much work is needed to lift a 5.0 kg backpack to a shelf 1.0 m above the floor?
2. How much work is required to lift a 50 lb box vertically a distance of 2 ft?
3. In the figure below, a box is being dragged along a horizontal surface by a worker applying a constant force F that
makes a constant angle θ with the direction of motion. The other forces on the box are its weight W, the upward
normal force N exerted by the surface, and the friction force f. What is the work done by each force when the box
moves a distance s along the surface to the right?
Let F = 50 N, f = 15 N, θ = 36.9o, and s = 20 m.

N F

m F Cos θ
F
w
4. A 22-lb block is pulled up a frictionless plane inclined at 30 o to the horizontal by a force P of 18 lb acting parallel to
the plane. If the block travels 15 ft along the incline, calculate,
a. the work done by the force P,
b. the work done by the gravity force,
c. the work done by the normal force, and
d. the total work done on the block.

Energy - is defined as the ability to do work.

Basic Forms:
1. Potential Energy – energy due to position
2. Kinetic Energy – energy due to motion
3. Mass Energy – energy due to mass.
4. Mechanical Energy – this energy is due to motion or arrangement
5. Chemical Energy – this energy is involved in chemical reactions. It is released in the chemical reaction called
oxidation.
6. Radiant Energy – is the energy that travels through space. Most people think of light or sunlight when considering
this form of energy.
7. Electrical Energy – is another form of energy from electromagnetic interactions. It travels through wires to your
home from a power plant.

Two Forms of Mechanical Energy:

1. Kinetic Energy
KE = ½ mv2
where: m = mass
v = velocity
Examples:
1) A 1000 kg car is travelling at 60kph on a level road. What is the kinetic energy of the car?
2) A 7.0 kg bowling ball is moving in a bowling lane with a velocity of 5.0 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the ball?

2. Potential Energy
PE = mgy - gravitational potential energy
PE = ½ kx2 - elastic potential energy
where: g = gravitational acceleration
y = height
k = spring constant
x = elongation or compression
Examples:
1) What is the potential energy of a 2.0 lb book that is on a bookshelf 4.0 ft above the floor?
2) How much work can a 5.0 kg mass do if it is 5.0 m above the ground?

Work-Energy Relation

Work and Kinetic Energy

W = ΔK = K2 - K1 = ½ mv22 - ½ mv12

 Work is positive when the final kinetic energy is greater than the initial kinetic energy; the kinetic energy increases
 Work is negative when the final kinetic energy is less than the initial kinetic energy; the kinetic energy decreases
 Work is zero when the final kinetic energy is equal to the initial kinetic energy; the kinetic energy remains constant
Examples:
1. Consider again the box in the sample problem in work. We found that the total work done by the forces was
500 N.m = 500 J. Suppose the initial speed is v 1 is 4 m/s and the mass of the box is 10 kg. What is the final
speed?
2. An object of mass 2 kg moves in a straight line on a frictionless horizontal surface. It has an initial speed of 10
m/s and then is pulled 4 m by a force of magnitude 25 N and in the direction of the initial velocity. What is the
objects final velocity? Use the work energy relation.

Work and Gravitational Potential Energy

W = -ΔU = U1 – U2 = mgy1 – mgy2

 The gravitational force does a positive work when the body moves downward; y decreases; potential energy
decreases.
 The gravitational force does a negative work when the body moves upward; y increases; potential energy
increases.

Types of Potential Energy:

1. Gravitational potential energy
2. Elastic potential energy
3. Electrical potential energy

Conservation of Energy
W=0
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2
½ mv12 + mgy1 = ½ mv22 + mgy2 - gravitational potential energy
½ mv12 + ½ kx12 = ½ mv22 + ½ kx22 - elastic potential energy
½ mv12 + kq1q2/r1 = ½ mv22 + kq1q2/r2 - electrical potential energy

Power – the time rate at which work is done or energy transferred.

P = W/t and P = Fv where: W – work

t – time
F – force
v - velocity
Units:
1 hp = 550 ft.lb/s = 33,000 ft.lb/min = 746 watt = 0.746 kW
1 kW-hr = 3.6 x 10 6 J = 3.6 MJ

Examples:
1. An elevator car has a mass of 1 600 kg and is carrying passengers having a combined mass of 200 kg. A
constant friction force of 4 000 N retards its motion upward, as shown in Figure 1a. a) What power delivered by
the motor is required to lift the elevator car at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s? b) What power must the motor
deliver at the instant the speed of the elevator is v if the motor is designed to provide the elevator car with an
upward acceleration of 1.00 m/s2?

Figure 1
 2. The electric motor of a model train accelerates the train from rest to 0.620 m/s in 21.0 ms. The total mass of the
train is 875 g. Find the average power delivered to the train during the acceleration.
3. A 700-N Marine in basic training climbs a 10.0-m vertical rope at a constant speed in 8.00 s. What is his power
output?

Momentum

Linear Momentum refers to the tendency of a moving object to continue moving and to the difficulty encountered in
reducing that motion. It is the amount of motion possessed by a body. It is defined as the product of mass m and velocity
v, and is a vector quantity. It is usually called as the momentum p. The direction of the momentum is the same as the
direction of the velocity. The magnitude is given by
p = mv
The units for measuring momentum are kg-m/s (MKS), gm-cm/s (CGS) and slug-ft/s (FPS).

Example:
Compare the momentum of boat of mass 10 6 kg moving at 0.10 m/s with that of a 2 x 10 3
kg truck moving at 30
m/s.

Linear Impulse (I) is the product of force (F) and the time (t) during which this force acts. F may be the average force
if the value of the force is not constant, as in the collisions and explosions.
I = Ft

Relationship between Impulse and Momentum

The change in linear momentum of an object is equal to the linear impulse exerted on an object. Impulse is equal to
the change of momentum.

I = p2 – p1
Ft = mv2 – mv1

where: p2 = final momentum

p1 = initial momentum

Examples:
1. A 100-gram mass moving with a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a wall and is brought to a stop in 0.15 seconds. a)
Find the impulse due to the force exerted on the body by the wall. b) Calculate the average stopping force on
the body.
2. A particle of mass 2 kg moves along the x-axis with an initial velocity of 3 m/s. a force F = -6 N (i.e., in the
negative x-direction) for a period of 3 s. find the final velocity.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

The idea or concept of momentum is important in collisions and explosions (where the force of interaction is not
constant and the time involved is very small) because it is a quantity that is conserved.

The Law of conservation of momentum may be stated as:

“If there are no external forces acting on an object or a system of objects, then the linear momentum before a collision
or explosion is equal to the total linear momentum after the collision or explosion. The total linear momentum does not
change; it remains constant.”
Σ pbefore = Σ pafter

Examples:
1. Figure 1 shows two gliders moving toward each other on a linear air track. The resultant vertical force on each
body is zero; the resultant force on each glider is the force exerted on it by the other glider, and the total
momentum of the system is constant in magnitude and direction. Suppose that, after the gliders collide, B moves
away with a final velocity of +2m/s. What is the final velocity of A?
VA1 = 2 m/s vB1 = - 2 m/s

A B Figure 1

2. A 0.100-kg ball is thrown straight up into the air with an initial speed of 15.0 m/s. Find the momentum of the ball
(a) at its maximum height and (b) halfway up to its maximum height.

Collisions
Types of Collision:
1. Inelastic collision – a collision in which the total kinetic energy after the collision is less than before collision. The
colliding bodies stick together and move as a unit after the collision.
 vA2 = vB2 = v2

Conservation of momentum:
mAvA1 + mBvB1 = (mA + mB) v2

Conservation of kinetic energy:

½ mAvA12 + ½ mBvB12 = ½ (mA + mB) v22

Example:
Suppose that in the collision in Figure 1 the two bodies stick together after the collision; the masses and initial
velocities are as shown. Find the final velocity of the gliders.

2. Elastic collision – the total kinetic energy of the system is the same after the collision as before. The colliding
bodies separate after the collision.

Conservation of momentum:
mAvA1 + mBvB1 =mAvA2 + mB vB2

Conservation of kinetic energy:

½ mAvA12 + ½ mBvB12 = ½ mAvA22 + ½ mBvB22

Relative velocity equation:

vB2 – vA1 = - (vB1 – vA1)

Example Problem:
Suppose the collision shown in Figure 1 is completely elastic. What are the velocities of A and B after the
collision?

Coefficient of Restitution (e) measures how elastic a collision is. It is the negative ratio of the relative velocity after
collision vB2 – vA2 to the relative velocity before collision v B1 – vA1. For perfectly elastic collision, the value of e = 1. For
perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0. Generally, however, the value of e is between 1 and 0.
e = - (vB2 – vA2) / (vB1 – vA1)

Problems:
1. Compute the momentum of a golf ball, which has a mass of 60 gm and is moving with a velocity of 70 m/s.
2. A 0.142-kg baseball that moves with a speed of 45 m/s is struck by a swinging bat so as to exactly reverse its
direction (there is no change in magnitude). If the duration of impact is 0.005 sec, what is the average force
exerted?
3. A 1-kg ball moving at 5 m/s collides with a 2-kg ball moving in the opposite direction at 4 m/s. if the coefficient of
restitution is 0.7, find the velocities of the two balls after the impact.
4. A ball is thrown vertically downward with a speed of 3 m/s and strikes the floor 1.6 m below. The coefficient of
restitution between the floor and the ball is 0.70. Find a) the velocity of the ball as it hits the floor, b) the velocity of
the ball after impact with the floor, and c) the maximum height attained by the ball after the second bounce.
5. A 2-kg body moving with a velocity of 4 m/s along the positive x-axis collides in a perfectly elastic collision with a
1-kg body lies initially at rest. After the collision, the 2-kg body is observed to be traveling at 30 o with its original
direction. Find a) the direction and magnitude of the velocity of the 1-kg body, and b) the magnitude of the velocity
of the 2-kg body.
6. A 100-gm block is sliding on a smooth, level surface with a velocity of 10 cm/s. it makes a perfectly elastic
collision with another block of mass m, initially at rest. After the collision, the velocity of the 100-gm block is 2 cm/s
in the same direction as its initial velocity. What is a) the mass m, and b) the velocity of the other block after the
collision?