English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement shows truism and if not, write FALSE and change
the underline word or group of words. (2 points each)

1. Academic text is defined as critical, objective, specialized text written by experts or

professionals in a given field using formal and deprived language.

2. Formal language is totally different from daily conversations.

3. Academic text is objective because the academic text is based on facts and academic text is
technical because there are specific words or vocabulary which are only suited for a specific
discipline.

4. In order to be good at academic writing. you should know the specific styles and structure
of your discipline.

5. A well-structured text enables the reader to follow the argument and navigate the text.

6. The flow of the text is based on the structure of essays such as introduction, body, and
abstraction.
7. Introduction and the conclusion should be shorter than the body of the text.

8. Introduction and the conclusion should be larger than the body of the text.

9. Introduction and the body should be shorter than the body of the text.

10. For shorter essays, one or two paragraphs for each of these sections can be appropriate.

Directions. Choose the correct verb that agrees with the subject. (2 points each)
1. Emily and Greg (comes, come) to my house every Friday for lunch.
2. There (is, are) time to watch the movie.
3. My friends who are in the band (wants, want) me to play a musical instrument.
4. My father or my brothers (is, are) coming with me to play a musical instrument.
5. Everyone (needs, need) time to relax.
6. That bag of oranges (looks, look) fresh
7. The lacrosse team (hopes, hope) to the tournament next week.
8. Your trousers (needs, need) to be cleaned.
9. Some of the books on the shelf (is, are) dusty.
10 Even though the students like the class, a few (thinks, think) that it is too complicated.

Directions. Draw the specific graphic organizer to be used in the given text structure. (5
points each)
1. Compare-contrast
2. Judgemental/Critique
3. Cause-Effect
4. Sequence
5. Definition
6. Proposition-Support

Directions. Provide your responses to the given question. You may provide concrete
examples to strengthen your explanation. Your explanation or responses must be at least 3
sentences. (2 points each)
1. What are the differences between slang and pronunciation?
Slang is distinguished by its vocabulary. Pronunciation is distinguished by its utterance.

2. What are the differences between explicitness and caution?

Explicitness focuses on the clarity, accurate, and precise. Caution is a careful attention of the
writer not to make any hasty generalization.
3. What are the differences between style and tone?
Style is the strategy/technique of the writer writing the text. Tone is the attitude/emotion of
the writer towards the topic
4. What are the differences between purpose and subject?
Purpose is the main objective/goal of the writer. Subject is the topic of the text.
5. What are the differences between academic text and academic writing?
Academic text is more on information that is that is critical, objective, logical and organized.
Academic writing is the way of writing an academic text that follows technicalities and well-
written text

Directions. Write the correct answer to complete the sentences. (1 point only)
1. I use your oven? I make you a pizza. (may.can)
2. Sit an adult when travelling. it is safer, it is more enjoyable.
(beside, besides)
3. My mother's is to read more to improve my vocabulary and many of my
teachers me the same thing. (advise, advice)
4. We need to ________ __ to the changes in our environment. We can a program
presented by A1 Gore in his Climate Reality Leadership Corps held in the Philippines. (adopt,
adapt)
5. The investigator is trying to inputs from the suspect so the police will be able
to capture his accomplice in job. (elicit, illicit)
 CORE02: KOMUNIKASYON AT PANANALIKSIK SA WIKA AT KULTURANG PILIPINO

Test 1
Panuto: Basahin at unawain ang mga katanungan sa ibaba. Isulat ang wastong sagot nito sa
nakalaang linya bawat bilang.

1. Ang barayti ng wika sa personal na kakanyahan ng tagapagsalita.

2. Ang tawag sa pagpapatupad ng iisang wika sa isang bansa tulad ng isinasagawa sa

mgabansang England, Pransya, South Korea, Hapon, at iba pa.

3. Gamit ng wika na ang tungkulin nito ay nakikita sa paraan ng pakikipag-ugnayan ng tao sa

kanyang kapwa.

4. Gamit ng wika na nagpapahayag ng malikhaing kaisipan.

5. Wikang nagsimula bilang pidgin ay naging likas na wika o unang wika ng batang isinilang
sa komunidad ng pidgin.

6. Wikang natatanging kumakatawan sa pambansang pagkakakilanlan ng isang lahi/ o bansa.

7. Ang tawag sa isang taong mahusay magsalita o gumamit ng wika.

8. Nagmula sa panggagaya ng mga sinaunang tao sa mga tunog na nilikha ng hayop o

kalikasan.

9. Gamit ng wika na kung saan ang halimbawa nito ay pagsulat ng talaarawan.

10. Dito matatagpuan ang naging estorya sa bibliya patungkol sa Tore ng Babel.

11. Wikang panturo na ginamit sa kindergarteen hanggang Grade 3.

12. Wikang ginagamit ng partikular na pangkat ng mga tao mula sa isang partikular na lugar
tulad ng lalawigan, rehiyon o bayan.

13. Wikang naging batayan sa pagpili ng Wikang Pambansa.

14. Ang tawag sa wikang kinagisnan mula pagsilang at unang itinuro sa isang tao.

15. Umusbong na bagong wika o tinatawag sa Ingles na nobody's native language.

16. Gamit ng wika sa pagbibigay at pagpapalitan ng katotohanan at impormasyon.

17. Teoryang naniniwala na nagmula ang wika sa mga ritwal.

18. Ang tawag sa maalam na pagsasalita ng dalawa o higit pang wika, anuman ang antas ng
kakayahan.

20.Ang wikang nakukuha mula sa eksposyur sa telebisyon o maging sa mga magulang mismo.

21. Ang tungkulin ng wikang tumutukoy sa pagkontrol sa ugali o asal ng tao.

22. Teoryang naniniwala na may koneksyon ang kumpas o galaw ng kamay ng tao sa
paggalaw ng dila.
23. Ang barayti ng wika kung saan naiaangkop ng isang nagsasalita ang uri ng wikang
ginagamit niya sa sitwasyon at sa kausap.

24. Ang tungkulin ng wikang tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan ng tao gaya ng pakikipag
ugnayan sa iba.

25. Teoryang naniniwala na ang tao ay natutong magsalita bunga diumano ng kanyang
pwersang pisikal.

Test II

1-3 Wikang Panturo sa makabagong kurikulum

4-5 Wikang Opisyal ng Pilipinas

6-10 Magbigay ng limang (5) teorya patungkol sa wika

Philosophy
Lesson 1; Doing Philosophy
PYTHAGORAS – (ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING)
Philosophy comes from the two Greek Words PHILO and SOPHIA
PHILO – “means LOVE”
SOPHIA – “means WISDOM”

Philosophy originally means “love of wisdom”, and Philosopher is somebody who ‘loves
wisdom’. Going back to the idea of the Ancient Greeks it is said the Pythagoras considered
himself as the one who coined philosophy as the love of wisdom and considered himself as
first philosopher “philosophos” lover of wisdom”. Knowing what wisdom is all about is the
goal of philosophy. Moreover, Philosophy deals with truth, investigation and reality.

What is wisdom?
Knowledge is all about knowing something. Wisdom involves what we know
and what we do. Being wise is something can be connected to wisdom although Pythagoras
never considered himself as wise but instead he considered himself as the one who valued
wisdom. Plato believed that to be a philosopher must be someone who was “between wise
and ignorant”. In order words, to acknowledge that philosopher is the lover of wisdom means
being wise and knowing that they were also ignorant.

“I know Nothing”
“To be wise and knowing that you are ignorant”. During the time of Socrates
many considered him as the wise man although Socrates saw himself as the most ignorant
man in the land. To prove this, Socrates toured Athens asking anything from wisest to the
most capable people but always end up saying “I know Nothing”. Being wise in Socrates
point of view is knowing what someone doesn’t know and keep on asking question. What
Socrates believed that the “the more you know, the more you do not know.” Therefore,
Philosophy is the knowledge of all thing and the philosopher is the one who knows what he
does not know.

Aristotle
Philosophy is the study of the ultimate causes and principles in the light of human
reason alone. To understand this definition Aristotle links this study in his Metaphysics.
Metaphysics is the study of Being and Existence. As we take a look at the world around us we
can notice that everything must have a beginning. Man is like a child being taught about the
world but to deal with the ultimate cause one must learn to ask “What was before the
beginning?” when we learn to ask this question one is already asking about the Ultimate cause
of everything that exist. By asking about the beginning of every existence we are already in
the search for an answer Who created? or Who is the ultimate cause of everything that Exist
and this question can only be discussed and understood in the light of human reasoning alone.

Karl Jasper (The Notion of Questioning)

To know the origin of existence one must learn to understand that everything
starts from being aware and conscious about the things in the world. “Man is a Philosopher by
nature” since man is capable of knowledge it is apparent that knowledge starts from the things
we do not know. To know things, one must start with a Question. Karl Jasper believed that
philosophy is not about possessing the truth but rather it is all about searching for the truth. In
order to understand what is life one must start asking what does it mean to live? And what is
the meaning of life. With this Karl Jasper believed that the basic understanding of philosophy
is all about Questioning. In studying philosophy, question is more important than answer and
in every answer has a questions follow. This process cannot give us exact answer but rather
we see the importance of questioning in order to formulate more answers and can proceed to
another question. Asking question can lead into infinity since the intellect cannot stop and
unable to find an answer. Therefore, Philosophy starts with a question and ends with a
question. As Richard Feynman used to say “I would rather have questions that can’t be
answered than answers that can’t be questioned.”

Lesson 2: The Branches of Philosophy

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Logic – the science of correct thinking and reasoning.

Ethics (Moral Philosophy) – the science of the morality of human action. It answers the
question what does it mean to become moral and ethical.
Morality refers to our way of thinking, valuing and living. Ethics is a critical and
systematic examination of the moral quality of our lives and standards of our way of living.

ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS
A.Ethical subjectivism – an act is determined as either good or bad in accordance to
one’s belief.
B. Ethical emotivism – an act is good if it excites the emotional pleasure of the
person.
C. Ethical culturalism – (traditional) an act is determined as either good or bad in
confrontation of cultural norms.
D. Utilitarian ethics – an act is good if it is validated as beneficial to the majority.
E. Deontological ethics – an act is morally permissible if the action can become a
maxim which we can at the same time will become a universal law.
F. Conservative virtue ethics – an act is good if it supports the human project of
making a person virtuous. An act is bad if it makes a person unvirtuous.
G. Divine law ethics – an act is good if it conforms to the Divine laws of God.

Epistemology - deals with the study about the nature and origin of human knowledge. It
answers the question what can I know and how can I know.
Metaphysics – it deals with human reality, system of human thought that seeks to explain the
fundamental concept of man. It answers the question what is being and existence.
Cosmology – deals with the study about the existence of the world, it answers the question
what are things made of and what is the source of all things.
Aesthetics – the study of arts and beauty. It answers the question what makes a thing
beautiful.
Political Philosophy – deals with the study about the ultimate foundation of the state /
government. It answers the question how the government is formed and what is the
foundation of ideal government.
Theodicy – deals with the study about the Supreme being (God). It concerns about God and
the existence of evil in the world.

Lesson 3: Methods of Philosophizing

Why Philosophize?
Philosophy involves critical inquiry, analysis and assessment, with this, man uses his
reasoning faculty in order to understand the things around us. The act of philosophizing is not
an easy task since it involves enigmatic approach and different methods to apply in order to
test the validity of one’s judgment. The importance of philosophizing is to help us understand
ourselves, others, the world and nature and existence.
Elenchus- Inquire or Cross examine.
DIALECTIC METHOD
A. SOCRATIC METHOD
Socrates used the Dialectic Method in which for him is the surest way to attain
reliable knowledge. This method is an invitation to intellectual conversation. Socratic Method
uses dialogue in order to understand man’s capacity to attain absolute knowledge.

To start this method, one must claim ignorance of knowledge (I know nothing) and try to
draw out from the other person the fullest possible knowledge about certain claim.
-True knowledge according to Socrates is an examination of facts using the power of mind
to ask question until it reaches the absolute knowledge of reality.

The Sophists are the main focus of Socratic Method as he presented his own doctrine of
knowing thyself as an attempt to attack the Sophist. Socrates claimed that the Sophist cannot
live a good life for their claim is more on deception. To begin with, he started claiming that
to live a good life involves knowing and doing since man is good by nature and that the end
of every action is good. “to know the good is to do the good”. Moreover, Socrates hired a
group of people called Socratic midwifery with main goal is to help him introduce the new
born study and this new born study is knowing thyself, believing that the unexamined life is
not worth living.

APPLICATION ON THE METHODS OF QUESTIONING

THE TRIPLE FILTER TEST

“On the Spread of Gossip”
- aims at having an effective conversation with a person.
-It is a method to step back and think before saying anything.

Filter 1: Truth
Is what you are about to say true?
Is it a rumor, a gossip, a hoax, or is it true?

Filter 2: Goodness
Is what you are about to say good?
Is it positive, constructive, empathetic?

Filter 3: Usefulness
Is what you are about to say useful?
Is it necessary to communicate what you have in mind?

LOGICAL METHOD
Logic comes from the Greek word “logike” means technique. It is basically defined
as the science of correct thinking and reasoning. This method involves understanding of
Ideas, concept and terms followed by judgment.

The main objective of this method is to study inference in order to test the validity of one’s
thought. To understand inference as a way to attain truth can lead into an understanding of
fallacy. Below are the fallacies applicable in every argumentation and debate in order to come
up into logical perspective.

Principles of Logic

1. The Principle of Identity

“What is, is and what is not, is not”
 Example: A car has four wheels, but your vehicle has two wheels. Therefore, it is not
a car. If student A is enrolled in the Act, then he must be an Asianista. If an animal
barks, then it must be a dog.

2. The Principle of Non-contradiction

Something cannot be true or false at the same time under the same condition.
Example: Brico is in Cebu and Brico is not in Cebu This means that is the first
statement is true, then the second statement is false. Since it cannot be the case that
Brico is both “in Cebu” and “not in Cebu”.

3. The Principle of Excluded Middle

Something can either be true or false
Example: Socrates is mortal. This case is there is a middle statement that Socrates can
either be mortal or non-mortal. This statement either mortal or ono-mortal is excluded
by logic but can either be true or false

4. The Principle of Sufficient Cause

Statement must have sufficient reason in the forms of proof.
Example: If it rained last night, then the ground must be wet. To say that “the ground
must be wet” so “it must have rained last night” Where is the mistake? It does not
always follow that the cause of the wet ground is the rain. So to affirm the consequent
is not logical. To say, If A is infected with the virus, then A must be sick.” A is sick
but that does not mean it is a viral infection.

To know the truth, it is very important to go back to what is basic. Logic is critical
thinking making a clear judgment. For example, the above tells us that a person can’t be
“lying” and “not lying” at the same time. Someone must be telling the truth and another must
be hiding or even inventing it. The truth has no bias or color. It does not appeal to authority. It
is about plain and simple logic.

THE ACT OF PHILOSOPHIZING

1. Holistic Understanding – suspension of biases and prejudices
2. Philosophy raises radical questions – “Radical” comes from the Latin Word “Radices”
which means root.

Lesson 4: Brief History of Philosophy

History of Philosophy

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (PRE-SOCRATIC PERIOD) 500 BCE

Philosophy starts during 6 th Century BCE (Before Common Era) in the year 500
BCE. The birthplace of the Greek philosophy was the seaport town of Miletus, located across
the Aegean Sea from Athens, the western shore of Ionia (Modern day called Turkey) in Asia
Minor. The first Greek Philosophers were looking for an answer to the question, what is the
source of all things? and what are all things like?

FOUR PERIODS OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Ancient Period (Pre-Socratic)
which focuses on cosmological studies (cosmocentric).
Cosmocentricism is study of the origin of the world, looking for “ARCHE” which means
“Beginning.”
Medieval period (theocentric)
it is also called Middle ages, with God / Religion and morality as the center.
Modern Period (anthropocentric)
which focuses on human person. According to this man is the center of nature and god.
Postmodern Period (Contemporary)- focuses on Analytic philosophy.

The Milesians
Milesian philosophers began their philosophical work around 585 BCE, Miletus has
been considered as the center of cosmopolitan ideas. The main discussion during this period
is all about the origin of the world(cosmos)

THALES OF MILETUS (BETWEEN 624 – 546 BCE)

Every history of Greek philosophy starts with Thales. He was considered as the first
philosopher. Thales left no writings and what we know about him is rather anecdotal in nature.
He was the first person to answer the two questions, what is the source of all things? And
what are all things like? To start his discussion Thales presented to statement which according
to him is true. First, All things have source and second, the source of all things is ONE thing.
To him, this ONE thing is WATER.

Unfortunately, there no records kept in the history about why Thales came into conclusion
that water is the source of all things, Aristotle tries to support Thales claims that he derived it
from observation. Aristotle believes that the nutrient of all things is moist and water is the
origin of the nature of things. According to Thales, Water is an ancient symbol of life.

ANAXIMANDER (ABOUT 610 – 546 BCE)

Anaximander is the student of Thales. For him, he believes that all things have source
but to say that all things come from ONE thing is not true. Anaximander said that water could
be one of them but not water alone. The world as what Anaximander said the it is composed
of millions of elements that in the course of time and because of motion the various specific
elements came into being and separated into original substance. Anaximander considered the
indeterminate boundless as the source of everything., he believed that the actual things
change into something but their origin is undetermined. To support the idea of his teacher
Thales, Anaximander believed that all lives came from the sea that in the course of time,
living things came out of the sea to dry land.

ANAXIMENES (ABOUT 585 – 528 BCE)

Anaximenes was the student of Anaximander, to present his own study he supported
the claim of Thales that all things have source and that the source of all things is ONE thing.
However, this time he doesn’t believed that water is the source of all things, according to him
to say also that the source of all things is the indeterminate boundless is not reliable. Dealing
with Anaximander’s claim is very abstract and has no specific meaning. Anaximenes believed
that the source of all things is AIR and it is the primary substance from which all things
come. Air is the underlying principle of the universe. As air changes its physical state, being
the result of condensation, it becomes wind, cloud, water, earth and stone and rarefication as
it can become fire.

Although, these Melitian philosophers proceeded with scientific concerns, they did not form
their hypothesis the way modern scientists would. Their ideas are supported by dogmatic
quality but the question about the limit of knowledge had not been raised in this era.
Whatever may be the source water, boundless and air the important thing is they for the first
time raised the question about nature, existence and the ultimate cause.

THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF ALL THINGS

PYTHAGORAS (570 – 497 BCE)

Across the Aegean Sea there’s an island called Samos which was the birthplace of
truly an extraordinary and wise man, Pythagoras . Dissatisfied with philosophical
conditions in Samos and Ionian City Pythagoras migrated to southern Italy dated 525 – 500
BCE. He was the first to advance that study of mathematics and brought up in it the thought
of being the first principle of all things. Pythagoras started his philosophy by saying that
“things consist of numbers”. For him, believed that things are composed of size and
measurement, he also believes on purification and immortality and for this reason Pythagoras
claims that numbers are the best purifiers of souls. Once the soul is purified the soul will
perform its three functions.
Three Functions of Soul
1. Nous – intuition
2. Thymous / blood – soul which found in other creatures
3. Phren - pure reason (the immortal part of human person).
The importance of the soul is later introduced by Plato in his concept of forms.

ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN CHANGE

HERACLITUS (540 – 480 BCE)

This philosopher shifted his attention to new problem. He started his claims by saying
“All things are in constant flux” to support this claim he added that “we cannot step into the
same river twice”. According to Heraclitus, this concept of change applies not only to rivers
but to all things including human soul. To describe change Heraclitus assumed that one must
believe that things change and there must be something which is the cause of change. He
added that, if water is the source it is all because water undergoes the process o change so as
air and the undetermined elements. if there is change Heraclitus acknowledge that there must
be something that operates change and this something is called FIRE. He added that is
Anaximenes claims that the world is composed of millions of elements transform into
something therefore the world is constantly changing and if fire is the source of change it is
self evident that the world is an everlasting fire and fire is God. But when we speak of God
according to him it is identical with other element and he ended that there is only ONE basic
reality and that is FIRE.

PARMENIDES (ABOUT 510BCE)

Parmenides was a younger contemporary of Heraclitus, he lived most of his life in
Elea (Greek refugee in the southwest Italy). Parmenides presented a different kind of
philosophy that influenced the mind of the western philosophy. He started by opposing
Heraclitus claims about flux, he believed that “Nothing changes everything is unchangeable.”
He claims that the entire universe in composed of only ONE thing, which is never changes,
has no parts and can never be destroyed. In his fragmented book entitled OF NATURE, he
presented a distinction between the world of truth (Althea) and the world of Opinion (doxa).
He added that the world of opinion is unreliable, changeable, unconstant and corrigible
while in the world of Truth is reliable, unchangeable, constant and incorrigible. Parmenides
considered the use of senses (experience) as something part of the world of opinion and
illusion and the use of ideas is part of the nature of the one which is the absolute (something is,
is and something is not, is not)

Parmenides argued that the world is consist of one indivisible thing and it is motionless and
perfect. He considered the ONE as the true reality because opinion cannot create exact
presentation of what is true and reliable, he added that appearance cannot produce more than
opinion, whereas reality (ONE) is the basis of truth. Reason (ONE) can discern the truth about
things and if there is a single substance of which is everything is consists, then it must be
ONE thing.

THE SOPHISTS

Sophists (sophos) “I am wise” are considered as professional teachers during the time
of Socrates. They use rhetoric in order to introduce their different perspective and in order to
win in every argument. The three most outstanding Sophists are Protagoras, Gorgias and
Thrasymachus. They specify themselves as “intellectuals to travel to Athens as teachers.

Protagoras
One of the most influential sophists, he started his claim by saying “man is the
measure of all things.” It means that man is the ultimate standard of all judgments that
whatever knowledge he might achieved about anything in the world would be limited to his
own capacities. Knowledge according to Protagoras is limited only to various perception and
it will defer with each person. If we observe certain object the sensation (judgment) is
different in relation to a certain thing. Therefore, to say that man is the measure of all things it
means that man’s knowledge can be measured on he perceived certain thing and there is no
standard whether one person is right and the other one is wrong.

Gorgias
Gorgias perspective is differed from Protagoras, if Protagoras claimed that truth must
defend on one’s perspective, Gorgias claimed that “nothing exists that is something exists, it
cannot be understood, and even if something can be understood it still cannot be
communicated.” This proposition proposed that knowledge is unreliable and there is no
certain truth in one’s perception. Gorgias developed the technique of deception and employ
the art of persuasion for whatever practical result he will going to choose.

Thrasymachus
Thrasymachus focuses his idea the notion of justice. Injustice is not a defect of
character it is said that unjust person is positively superior in character and intelligence, since
it makes the person lead into perfection and make himself masters of nations. Justice can lead
into weakness since person can pursued their own interest in unlimited form of self-assertion.

GREAT THINKERS OF ATHENS

SOCRATES
Leaving sophistry, Socrates engaged himself into certain philosophy that focuses on
truth and considered it as his mission to attain certain knowledge. Socrates contradicts
sophists claim about human person he attempted to discover the foundation of good life. His
doctrine was used in order to attack the sophists. He believed that sophists cannot live a good
life, according to Socrates, living a good life involves knowing and doing “to know the good
is to do the good.” This doctrine is considered as practical concept of truth and goodness.
Socrates stresses the value of soul, in the sense of the thinking and willing subject in making
decisions in order to attain wisdom. Socrates left no writings, his teaching can be found in
Plato’s Dialogue and Symposium.

PLATO
The student of Socrates and considered as one of Socrates’ intellectuals. His
philosophical works can be understood in his Republic, Dialogue and symposiums.
Knowledge according to Plato is not about sense – perception, he stated that man has
absolute knowledge of everything and the source of all knowledge is recollection. Like
Socrates, Plato believed that virtue is knowledge and knowledge is virtue. Knowledge is not
theoretical but practical “to know the good is to do the good.” Plato considered man as
knower his main contribution to philosophy is his Theory of Knowledge.

ARISTOTLE
Unlike his teacher, Aristotle claim that in order to attain knowledge one must learn to
consider sense perception as the source of all knowledge. he believed that there is nothing in
the mind that does not pass through our senses. His discussion of knowledge is best presented
in his book Metaphysics. If Plato believe that absolute knowledge comes prior to experience,
Aristotle insists that the source of all knowledge is experience using or sense-perception,
that reality is consist of material and formal elements in order to attain knowledge.
Aristotle defined man as rational animal and man uses his intellect in order to justify his
knowledge by means of sense-perception.