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MATH403 PS1 Solutions
MATH403 PS1 Solutions
MATH403 PS1 Solutions
Problem 16.1 Let R be a ring with unity 1. Show that (−1)a = −a for all a ∈ R.
1 · a + (−1) · a = 0
and therefore we have a+(−1)a = 0. We also have a+(−a) = 0. Thus, a+(−1)a = a+(−a).
The ring R under addition is a group. The cancellation law in that group implies that
−a = (−1)a
Problem 16.7 Let F be a field and let a, b ∈ F . Assume that a 6= 0, Show that there
exists an element x ∈ F satisfying the equation ax + b = 0.
SOLUTION: Since F is a field and a 6= 0, there exists an element a−1 in F such that
aa−1 = 1. Let c = −b. Let x = a−1 c. Then x ∈ F since both a−1 and c are in F . We have
ax + b − = a(a−1 c) + b = (aa−1 )c + b = 1c + b = c + b = 0 .
Problem 16.11 Find all units, zero-divisors, and nilpotent elements in the rings
Z ⊕ Z, Z3 ⊕ Z3 , and Z4 ⊕ Z6 .
Problem 16.13, part (a) Show that the multiplicative identity in a ring with unity R
is unique.
SOLUTION: Suppose that e ∈ R and that ea = a = ae for all a ∈ R. Suppose also that
f ∈ R and that f a = a = af for all a ∈ R. Then we have
f = ef = e
Therefore, e = f . Thus, there can only be one element in R satisfying the requirements for
the multiplicative identity of the ring R.
Problem 16.13, part (b) Suppose that R is a ring with unity and that a ∈ R is a unit
of R. Show that the multiplicative inverse of a is unique.
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS:
sr + tr = rs + rt = sr + rt
Thus, we have the equation sr+tr = sr+rt. Applying the cancellation law for the underlying
additive group of R to that equation, it follows that tr = rt for all r ∈ R. Therefore, t ∈ S.
That is, −s ∈ S. This completes the verification that S is a subgroup of R under the
operation of addition.
To complete the proof that S is a subring of R, we must show that if s1 and s2 are in
S, then so is s1 s2 . So, assume that s1 , s2 ∈ S. Then, for all r ∈ R, we have s1 r = rs1
and s2 r = rs2 . Consider s1 s2 , which is an element of R. Using the associative law for
multiplication in R many times, it follows that
SOLUTION: Let R = Z × Z, the direct product of the ring Z with itself. The additive
identity element of R is (0, 0). Suppose that a = (1, 0) and b = (0, 1). Then a and b are
elements of R, and neither is equal to the additive identity element 0R = (0, 0). However,
ab = (1, 0)(0, 1) = (0, 0) = 0R . Hence a and b are zero-divisors in the ring R. Thus, the
implication ab = 0R =⇒ a = 0R or b = 0R is not satisfied by the ring R. The above choice
of a and b is a counterexample. This implies that R is not an integral domain.
C: Let R = Z10 . We know that R is a commutative ring with unity. Show that R is not
an integral domain. Let S = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}. Show that S is an integral domain. Show that
S is a field.
SOLUTION: The fact that R is not an integral domain follows by observing that 2 · 5 = 0
in the ring R. The elements 2 and 5 are nonzero elements of R, but their product is 0.
Now we consider S = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}. The fact that S is a subring of R is rather obvious.
Under addition, S is just the cyclic subgroup of R generated by the element 2. Hence S is
indeed a subgroup of R. It remains to point out that S is closed under multiplication. Note
that if a, b ∈ Z are even, then so is ab. But 10 is also even. Hence ab + 10k is even for all
k ∈ Z. In particular, the remainder that ab gives when divided by 10 must be even. This
shows that the set S is indeed closed under multiplication.
The ring S is obviously commutative. Also, the ring S has a multiplicative identity, namely
the element 6. . This is verified by noticing that
6 · 0 = 0, 6 · 2 = 2, 6 · 4 = 4, 6 · 6 = 6, 6·8=8 .
2 · 8 = 6, 4 · 4 = 6, 6 · 6 = 6, 8·2=6 .
To verify that S is an integral domain, we make the useful observation that every field
is an integral domain. To see this, suppose that F is a field. Then F is a commutative ring
with unity 1F and 1F 6= 0F . Furthermore, every nonzero element of F is invertible. Now
suppose that a and b are nonzero elements. Then a and b are units in F . Thus, a, b ∈ U (F ).
As proved in class, it follows that ab ∈ U (F ). But 0F 6∈ U (F ) because 0F · c = 0F for all
c ∈ F and hence 0F · c 6= 1F for all c ∈ F . We have proved that if a and b are nonzero
elements of F , then ab is also a nonzero element of F . Therefore, F is indeed an integral
domain.
Since S is a field, the above useful observation implies that S is also an integral domain.
SOLUTION: To determine the center of the ring M2 (R), we will first find all 2×2 matrices
with real entries that commute with the matrix
1 0
E11 = .
0 0
We have
a b 1 0 a 0 1 0 a b a b
= , =
c d 0 0 c 0 0 0 c d 0 0
A necessary and sufficient condition for these two products to be equal is that b = c = 0.
Thus, the set of 2 × 2 matrices that commute with E11 is
a 0
a, d ∈ R
0 d
Now suppose that A is an element of the center of the ring M2 (R). Then AB = BA for
all B ∈ M2 (R). In particular, we have AE11 = E11 A and AE21 = E21 A, where
0 0
E21 = .
1 0
As shown above, the fact that AE11 = E11 A implies that A has the form
a 0
A =
0 d
That is, the center of the ring M2 (R) is the subring {aI2 | a ∈ R }.