1)Defines:- Epidemiology

1-Epidemiolgy:- is the study of health in populations to understand the causes and patterns
of health and illness
2-Host:- refers to the human who can get the disease
3-Environment:- refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for
exposure
4-Diagnosis:- Diagnosis, or identifying the health problem, is done by taking a patient’s
history, conducting an examination, and pursuing further specific investigation as needed.
6-Health:- a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity
7-Good health:- is a high level of wellbeing
8-Bad health:- is a lower level of wellbeing
9-Disease:- is an abnormal condition that affects a person and causes a disorder of a
structure or function.
10-Agent:- an infectious microorganism or pathogen, such as a virus, bacterium, or parasite
11-Reservoir:- is the habitat in which it normally lives, grows, and multiplies. Reservoirs
include humans, animals, and the environment.
12-Human Reservoir:- Diseases that are transmitted from person to person without
intermediaries include the sexually transmitted diseases, measles, mumps, streptococcal
infection, and many respiratory pathogens
13-Carriers:- persons who are infectious but have subclinical disease
14-Animal Reservoirs:- Many of these diseases are transmitted from animal to animal, with
humans as incidental hosts
15-Zoonosis:- an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from
vertebrate animals to humans.
16-Asymptomatic Carriers:- are those who never experience symptoms despite being
infected.
17-Incubatory Carriers:- are those who can transmit the agent during the incubation period
before clinical illness begins
18-Convalescent Carriers:- are those who have recovered from their illness but remain
capable of transmitting the illness to others
19-Chronic Carriers:- are those who continue to harbor a pathogen such as hepatitis B
virus or Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, for months or even years
after their initial infection.
20-Environmental Reservoir:- Plants, soil, and water are also reservoirs for some
infectious agents
21-Portal of Exit:- A portal of exit is the path by which a pathogen leaves its host.
22-Vehicles:- that may indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic
products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical
scalpels)
23-Vectors:- are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans
and from animals to humans
24-Mechanical Transmission:- are files carrying Shigella on their appendages and fleas
carrying Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, in their gut.
25-Biological Transmission:- the vector may support growth or changes in the agent.
26-Portal of Entry:- the manner in which a pathogen enters a susceptible host. The portal of
entry must provide access to tissues in which the pathogen can multiply or a toxin can act.
27-Specific Immunity:- protective antibodies that are directed against a specific agent.
Such antibodies may develop in response to infection, vaccination, or toxoid
28-Physical environment:- Safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, and safe houses,
communities, and roads all contribute to good health.
29-Primary prevention:- Preventing the development of disease by reducing exposure to
disease-causes agents or by immunization denotes intervention before disease developed.
30-Secondary prevention:- Detecting disease at an early stage, such as by screening,
takes place during the preclinical phase of an illness, that is, after the disease has
developed, but before clinical signs and symptoms have appeared.
31-Tertiary Prevention:- Treating clinically ill individuals to prevent complications of the
illness, including death of the patient.
32-Rehabilitation:- Assisting the handicapped person who was not completely cured
improves their quality of life.
33-Health promotion:- is the process of empowering people to increase control over their
health and its determinants to improve their health.
34-Sporadic:- a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.
35-Endemic:- the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious
agent in a population within a geographic area.
36-Epidemic:- an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what
is normally expected in that population in that area.
37-Outbreak:- carries the same definition of epidemic but is often used for a more limited
geographic area.
38-Pandemic:- an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually
affecting a large number of people
39-Emerging diseases:- a disease that occurs for the first time in a certain country.
40-Re- emerging diseases:- a disease that was eliminated in a certain country and then
reappears
41-Incidence rate:- the estimated rate of disease occurrence (newly diagnosed problems)
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝
for a given year and specific location = ×1,000
𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐩𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐤
42-Prevalence rate:- The estimated rate of all diseased cases (newly diagnosed and those
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
under treatment) for a given year and specific location = ×1,000 .
𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐤
43-Morbidity Rate:- The rates that measure disease
44-Mortality Rate:- The rates that measure death
45-Diphtheria:-is an upper respiratory tract illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria
infection
46- Hepatitis:-infection of the liver with specific viruses such as hepatitis A , B , C virus.
47-Total Fertility Rate:- gives a figure for the average number of children that would be
born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children
according to a given fertility rate at each age—age-specific fertility rates.
48-Public Health Surveillance:- Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic
collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public
health decision making and action.
49-Evaluation:- is process of determining, as systematically and objectively as possible, the
relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of activities with respect to established goals
50-Effectiveness:- the ability of a program to produce the intended or expected results in
the field
51-Efficiency:- the ability of the program to produce the intended results with a minimum
expenditure of time and resources
52-Linkages:-
53-Attributable risk:- How much of the disease that occurs that can be attributed to a
certain exposure. The amount or proportion of disease incidence (or disease risk) that can
be attributed to a specific exposure
55-Demography:- is the science that deals with population characteristics or distribution.
“Demos” means people, while “graphy” means to write or describe.
56-A census:- is an accurate method for determining size & characteristics of a population.
57-The base width of population pyramid:- gives an idea about the proportion of young
individuals in a population.
58-The height of the pyramid:- that people live longer, while a short height means that the
average life in a population is short.
59-The top width of PP:- indicates the size of the population in the old age group.
60-The symmetry of the pyramid:- the left side of the pyramid is similar to the right side;
that is, the age distribution among males is similar to that of females
2)Give an short account on:-
1-The population pyramid characteristics?
A)The base width gives an idea about the proportion of young individuals in a population.
In Egypt the base is wide, which indicates a large proportion of children.
B)The top width indicates the size of the population in the old age group. In Egypt, the
width is narrow (tapering end of pyramid), which means that the proportion of the elderly in
the population is small. In other countries, the top is relatively wide, which means that the
elderly make up a large proportion of the population.
C)The height of the pyramid means that people live longer, while a short height means that
the average life in a population is short. The Egyptian pyramid is short.
D)The symmetry means that the left side of the pyramid is similar to the right side; that is,
the age distribution among males is similar to that of females. This case is present in Egypt.
E)The shape sides usually narrow smoothly as age advances because of continuous death.
However, the sides may have depressions because of an unusually high number of deaths,
2-Core epidemiologic functions?
1-Public Health Surveillance:-Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic
collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public
health decision making and action.
2-Field Investigation:-As noted above, surveillance provides information for action. One of
the first actions that results from a surveillance case report or report of a cluster is
investigation by the public health department.
3-Analytic Studies:-Surveillance and field investigations are usually sufficient to identify
causes, modes of transmission, and appropriate control and prevention measures. But
sometimes analytic studies employing more rigorous methods are needed. and analytic
studies evaluating the credibility of those hypotheses.
4-Evaluation:-is the process of determining, as systematically & objectively as possible, the
relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, & impact of activities with respect to established goals.
a)Effectiveness:- refers to the ability of a program to produce the intended or expected
results in the field; effectiveness differs from efficacy, which is the ability to produce results
under ideal conditions. b)Efficiency:- refers to the ability of the program to produce the
intended results with a minimum expenditure of time and resources.
5-Linkages:-field epidemiology is often said to be a “team sport.” During an investigation, an
epidemiologist usually participates as either a member or the leader of a multidisciplinary
team. Other team members may be laboratories, sanitarians, infection control personnel,
nurses or other clinical staff, and, increasingly, computer information specialists. To promote
current and future collaboration, the epidemiologists need to maintain relationships with staff
of other agencies and institutions.
6-Policy Development:-The definition of epidemiology ends with the following phrase:
“…and the application of this study to the control of health problems.” Epidemiologists who
understand a problem and the population in which it occurs are often in a uniquely qualified
position to recommend appropriate interventions.
3-The Health Promotion activities?
1-Policies and interventions to address tobacco, alcohol, physical activity, and diet
2-Dietary and nutritional intervention to appropriately tackle malnutrition, defned as a
condition that arises from eating a diet in which certain nutrients are lacking or in the wrong
proportions or intake is too high
3-Policies and health services interventions to address mental health and substance abuse
4-Strategies to promote sexual and reproductive health, including through health education
and increased access to sexual and reproductive health and family planning services
5-Strategies to tackle domestic violence, including public awareness campaigns; treatment
and protection of victims; and linkage with law enforcement and social services
4-Secondary prevention activities?
1-Population-based screening programs for early detection of diseases
2-Provision of maternal and child health programs, including screening and prevention
of congenital malformations
3-Provision of medicines to control risk factors, such as hypertension
5-Natural history of a disease or health problem?
A)No disease
B)Preclinical phase (biological onset of disease = pathological phase)
C)Clinical phase
1-Symptoms (individual feeling) 2-Signs (physician diagnoses)
3-Treatment (physician recommends treatment, such as drugs, surgery, or other therapies)
D)Outcome phase
1-Complete recovery (cure) 2-Death
2-Recovery, but with remaining pathology or handicap.
-Three factors determine the disease/health problem process (epidemiological determinants)
and make up the epidemiological triad:
1-Host 2-Causative agent 3-Environmental factors
6-Types of prevention?
A)Primary prevention:-Preventing development of disease by reducing exposure to
disease-causing agents or by immunization denotes intervention before disease developed.
B)Secondary prevention:- Detecting disease at an early stage, such as by screening, takes
place during the preclinical phase of an illness, that is, after the disease has developed, but
before clinical signs and symptoms have appeared.
C)Tertiary prevention:- Treating clinically ill individuals to prevent complications of the
illness, including death of the patient.
D)Rehabilitation:- Assisting the handicapped person who was not completely cured
improves their quality of life
7-The measurements of mortality rate?
1-The crude death rate for a given year and specific location is calculated as follows:
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔
Crude death rate= ×1,000
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌
2- A cause-specific death rate is important to show the disease’s behavior, time, place, &
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆−𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔
the people at risk Cause-specific death rate= ×1000
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌
3- Age-specific death rates are useful to draw the attention to certain age groups:
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑
Age-specific death rate= ×1000
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌
4- The most useable health care indicator infant mortality rate in a given year in a specific
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆
location: infant mortality = 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒃𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒔
×1000

8-Evidence of the impact of urbanization on health can be seen?

1-Urban housing problems (ventilation and illumination)
2-City environment and noncommunicable diseases (pollution)
3-Communicable diseases (crowdedness)
4-Road accidents and injuries (trafc problems)
5-Psychosocial disorders (misbehavior of neighbors)
6-Sustainable urban development (water and sewerage capacity)
7-Urban wastes (breeding of insects and rodents)
8-Health services (capacity and accessibility)
9-Primary prevention activities?
1-Vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis of children, adults, and the elderly
2-Provision of information on behavioral and medical health risks, and measures to reduce
risks at the individual and population levels
3-Inclusion of disease prevention programs at primary and specialized health care levels,
such as access to preventive services or counseling
4-Nutritional and food supplementation
5-Dental hygiene education and oral health services
3)Complete:-
1-Three factors determine the disease/health problem process and make up the
epidemiological triad are Host ,Causative agent and Environmental factors.
2-An infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by Direct
contact or Droplet spread
3-The determinants of health include The social and economic environment , The physical
environment and An individual person’s characteristics and behaviors
4-The process of health process include
a) Exposure to the cause.
B)After exposure, symptoms and signs may appear (disease occurs)
c)Proper health management, good diagnosis, and specific treatment should follow
d)The last stage of a health problem is recovery or death.
5-Antibodies develop in response to infection, vaccination, or toxoid
6-When the incidence rate is high it indicates one of the following:-
a)Seasonal increase when the condition:-such as influenza or diarrhea-is occurring in certain
seasons of the year b)Failure of primary prevention of the condition
c)Epidemic when incidence rate increases more than usual (expected) for the time & place
7-The main types of viruses that infect the liver in Egypt are the following:
Hepatitis virus A (HAV) , Hepatitis virus B (HBV) and Hepatitis virus C (HCV)
8-The estimated rate of disease occurrence (newly diagnosed problems) for a given
year and specific location is incidence rate.
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅
9-Incidence rate= ×1,000
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌
𝑵𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒈𝒆
10-Age-specific death = × 1,000
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒂 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔
11-Prevalence rate = ×1,000
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌
12-Maternal mortality =
𝑵𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒚,𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒓,𝒑𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎
×1,000
𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒃𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒕𝒉
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆
13-Infant mortality = ×1,000
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒃𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒔
15-Good health is a high level of physical wellbeing, Mental. wellbeing, and Social
wellbeing
16-Natural history of a disease include the following phases No disease , Preclinical
phase , Clinical phase and Outcome phase.
17- Host , Causative agent and Environmental factors make up the epidemiological triad
18-Environmental factors: physical factors , Biological factors and Socioeconomic.
19-Types of carriers are Asymptomatic, passive, or healthy , Incubatory , Convalescent
and Chronic carriers
20-The five major tasks of epidemiology in public health practice are: public health
surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, and linkages.
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆−𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔
21- Cause-specific death rate= ×1,000
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌
22-When the incidence rate is low, it indicates that primary prevention had an effect.
23-When the prevalence rate is high, it means one of the following:
a)New cases are increasing in number (incidence rate is high).
b)The disease lasts a long time before recovery (number of old cases is high).
24-When the prevalence rate is low, it may indicate one or more of the following:
a)The number of new cases decreased (low incidence rate).
b)The illness is of short duration (few old cases).
c)Some of the affected persons (hosts) died because the disease may be highly fatal
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒉
25-General fertility rate= ×1,000
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏,𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝟏𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟒𝟗 𝒚𝒂𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝑁𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒔,𝟏𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟗 𝒚𝒂𝒆𝒓𝒔
26-Age-specific fertility rate= ×1,000
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏,𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝟏𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟗 𝒚𝒂𝒆𝒓𝒔
27-The arithmetical method of population estimation=Population at the start of year 1 +
Registered births during yer 1 - Registered deaths during yer 1 = Population at start of yer 2
28-Rate of natural increase= birth rate – death rate
29-Factors affecting health of individuals and communities are Income and social status
, Education , Physical environment , Culture , Genetics , Gender and Health services
30-The exposure that results in health problems are due to Biological factors , Chemical
factors , Physical factors and Social factors
31-Interruption of direct transmission may be accomplished by isolating someone with
infection or by counseling persons to avoid the specific type of contact associated with
transmission.
32-Interruption vehicle borne transmission by elimination or decontamination of vehicle.
33-Interruption of fecal- oral transmission by efforts often focus on rearranging the
environment to reduce the risk of contamination in the future and on changing behaviors,
such as promoting hand washing
34-Risk factor associated with Hepatitis C Virus Disease are Non-schistosomiasis
Injections, Dental interventions, Surgical intervention , Schistosomiasis injections, Blood
transfusion
35-The condition (disease –health problem) is described as Probable condition
according to specific symptoms and signs
36-The condition (disease – health problem) is described as confirmed condition When
investigations like laboratory investigations, x- ray examination and so forth are done
4)True or false:-
1-The term “environment” refers to intrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity
for exposure. ( F )
2-Chronic carriers are those who can transmit the agent during the incubation period
before clinical illness begins. ( F )
3-Convalescent carriers are those who can transmit the agent during the incubation period
before clinical illness begins. ( F )
4-Mechanical transmission means insects such as mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry
an infectious agent through purely mechanical means. ( T )
5- Endemic refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above
what is normally expected in that population in that area. ( F )
6-The estimated rate of disease occurrence (newly diagnosed problems) for a given year
and specific location is the prevalence rate. ( F )
7-Incubatory carriers are those who have recovered from their illness but remain capable
of transmitting the illness to others. ( F )
8-Primary prevention Treating clinically ill individuals to prevent complications of the illness,
including death of the patient. ( F)
9-Secondary prevention involves identifying people in whom a disease process has
already begun but the clinical signs & symptoms of the illness have not yet developed. ( T )
10-Control measures are usually directed against the segment in the infection chain that is
the most susceptible to intervention. ( T )
11-Emerging refers to a disease that was eliminated in a certain country & then reappears.
( F)
12-The estimated rate of all diseased cases (newly diagnosed and those under treatment)
for a given year and specific location is the prevalence rate. ( T )
13-Confirmed case –Same signs and symptoms as a suspected case accompanied by an
increase of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) liver function enzyme of more than three
times the normal level. ( F )
14-A census is an accurate method for determining the size and characteristics of a
population. ( T )
15-The lower the infant mortality rate is, the better health care in the country or area
generally is. ( T )
16-The general fertility rate is less informative than the crude birth rate. ( F )
17-The Total Fertility Rate is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the crude
birth rate. ( T )
18-External migration and emigration are of the factors decreasing population size. ( T )
19-Rate of natural increase is used in geometric method of population estimation. ( T )
20-Two possible approaches to prevention are a population-based approach and a high-
risk approach. ( T )
21-Primary prevention reduce exposure to disease cause agents or by immunization ( T )
22-Tertiary prevention aim to detecting disease at early stage (F)
23-Secondary prevention is treating clinically ill individuals to prevent complication ( F )
24-Rehabilitation is assisting the handicapped person who wasn’t completely cured ( T )
25-Endemic refer to disease that occurs for the first time in a certain country ( F )
26-Sporadic refer to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularity ( T )
27-Pandemic refers to epidemic that has spread over several countries (T)
28-Outbreak carries the same definition of epidemic but is often used for a more limited
geographic area ( T )
29-Emerging refers to disease that eliminated in a certain country & then reappears ( F )
30-Epidemic refers to the constant presence and or usual prevalence of a disease ( F )
31-Morbidity rates that measures death ( F )
32-Mortality rates that measures death ( T )
33-Specific symptoms and signs are known as the probable condition ( T )
34-The confirmed condition can be identified by sign and symptoms ( F )
35-Incidence rate is estimated disease occurrence for a given year & specific location( T )
36-Crude death is estimated of all diseased cases for a given yer & specific location ( F )
37-When prevalence rate is low it may indicate number of new cases decreased ( T )
38-When the incidence rate is high it indicate success of primary prevention of the
condition ( F )
39-The lower infant mortality indicate better health care in the country (T)
40- A cause specific death is useful to detect a health problem in certain age groups ( F )
5)MCQ:-
1-The types of carriers include:
1-Healthy carriers 2-Incubatory carriers 3-Convalescent carriers 4-All of the above
2-Tertiary prevention services include the next :
3-Provision of medicines to prevent complications
3-When Prevalence rate is high, IT MEANS :
3-The disease lasts a long time before recovery
4- To calculate the General fertility rate, you must know:
2-Midyear female population ages 15 to 49 years
5-The distribution of any disease or health problem is dependent on studying
1-The person 2-The place 3-The time
6-The term “zoonosis” refers to an infectious disease that is transmissible under
natural conditions from: 1-Vertebrate animals to humans.
7-Reservoirs include: 1-Humans 2-Animals 3-The environment
8- Insects transmit infections by:
1-Mechanical transmission 2-Biologic transmission 3-Both 1,and 2
9-Primary prevention services and activities include all the following except:
1-Nutritional and food supplementation 2-Dental hygiene education
3-Provision of medicines to control risk factors 4-Vaccination 5-None of the above
10-Secondary prevention includes the following activities except:
1-Population-based screening programs
2-Vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis
3-Provision of medicines to control risk factors
4-Provision of maternal and child health programs
11-When the incidence rate is high it indicates the following except:
1-Seasonal increase 2-Epidemic 3-Failure of primary prevention
4-Primary prevention had an effect
12-When the prevalence rate is low, it may indicate one or more of the following:
1-The number of new cases decreased. 2-The illness is of short duration (few old cases).
3-Some of the affected persons died 4-New cases are increasing in number
13-Core epidemiologic functions include:
1-Public health surveillance 2-Field Investigation 3-Analytic studies
4-Evaluation 5-All of the above
14-Evidence of the impact of urbanization on health can be seen in topics such as:
1-Communicable diseases ( crowdedness )
2-Road accidents and injuries (traffic problems )
3-Urban housing problems ( ventilation & illumination)
4-Non communicable diseases (pollution)
15-All of the following are physical Factors Except:
1-Geology 2-Geography 3-Climate 4-Insects
16-A person Who Show No Symptoms and is capable of transmitting the Pathogen
is:1-Reservoir 2-Host 3-Carrier 4-Agent
17-All of the following are the types of reservoir Except:
1-Human 2-Animal 3-Environment 4-Bacteria
18- The following infectious diseases have human reservoir Except:
1-Measles 2-Mumps 3-Small Pox 4-Anthrax
19-The following infectious diseases have animal reservoir Except:
1-Plague 2-Brucellosis 3-Anthrax 4-Measles
20-The following are examples of indirect transmission of an infectious agent from
a reservoir to host Except: 1-Vehicles 2-Direct contact 3-Vectors
21-The following are examples of protective antibodies from specific immunity
Except: 1-Vaccination 2-Infection 3-Placental Trans 4-Skin
22-All of the following are factors improve health Except:
1-High Income 2-Safe Environment 3-Smoking 4-Accessibility of health services
23-A carrier who continue to harbor a pathogen for months or even years is
1-Incubatory Carrier 2-Convalescent carrier 3-Chronic carrier 4-Passive carrier
24-A disease transmitted from animal to person is:
1-Zoonosis 2-Communicable Disease 3-Non communicable Disease
1)Epidemiology (3) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.”
2) Carrier (7)Carries the same definition of epidemic but is often used for a more limited
geographic area.
3)Health (1)The study of health in populations to understand the causes and patterns of
health and illness.
4) ILI case (4)Outpatient clinic person suffering a fever (38°C or more) and cough with no
Definition other cause (like a chest infection).

5)Secondary (2)Person who show no symptoms or have undiagnosed infections may be able to
Prevention transmit infection to others.

6)Host (5) Involves identifying people in whom a disease process has already begun but
the clinical signs and symptoms of the illness have not yet developed.
7)Outbreak (6)Refers to the human who can get the disease.
8)surveillance (8)Is ongoing systematic, collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of
health data to help guide public health decision making and action

1)Public health (7)The estimated rate of disease occurrence \(newly diagnosed problems) for a given
surveillance year and specific location
2)Environmental (6)Refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious
factors include agent in a population within a geographic area.
3)Convalescent (1)Is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, & dissemination of
Carriers health data to help guide public health decision making & action.
4)Primary (3)Are those who have recovered from their illness but remain capable of transmitting
Prevention the illness to others
5)Confirmed (2)Physical factors such as geology, Biological factors such as insects, and
Case Socioeconomic factors, such as crowding
6)Endemic (4)Preventing the development of disease by reducing exposure to disease-causing
agents or by immunization denotes intervention before disease has developed.
7)the incidence (5)In addition to evidence pointing to a suspected or probable case, a laboratory
rate finding that provides the evidence of infection
1)Attributable Risk (3)Is dependent on studying the person, place, and time.
2)Environment (4)Are those who never experience symptoms despite being infected.
3)The distribution (7) Refers to a disease that was eliminated in a certain country and then
of any disease reappears.
4)healthy Carriers (1)How much of the disease that occurs can be attributed to a certain exposure
5)The determinants (2)Refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for
of health exposure.
6)A census (5)Include: The social and economic environment, the physical environment and
an individual person’s characteristics and behaviors
7)Re-Emerging (6)Is an accurate method for determining size & characteristics of a population.

‫ محمد أبو الفضل‬/ ‫مع تحيات مستر سيف‬

‫شكرا بجد لكل إلي تعب معانا وساعدنا ورمضان كريم وكل سنة وانتوا طيبين‬
‫وبالنجاح إن شاء هللا‬