Stoichiometry: Avogadro’s number & Molecular Stoichiometric Calculations: Identify a

Calculations compound using gravimetric analysis

1. Atoms and molecules are way too small to
be seen, even with a microscope, so how
can we count how many there are?
➢ You can count them by mass.
7. Balance the equation:
1 XCl2 (aq) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → 1 X(NO3)2 (aq)
+ 2 AgCl(s)

2. Which has the most particles? (sand grains,

8. Atoms and molecules are way too small to
water molecules and iron atoms)
be seen, even with a microscope, so how
➢ There are roughly the same amount
can we count how many there are?
of particles on each picture.
➢ You can count them by mass.

3. How many atoms are in 14 moles of

9. Which has the most particles? (sand grains,
Cadmium?
water molecules and iron atoms)
23
6.02214 x 10 atoms ➢ There are roughly the same amount
14 mol x = 8.4 x 1024 atoms
1 mol
of particles on each picture.
➢ 8.4 x 1 atoms
24

10. Why is it important to use demineralized

4. Formula guide: water?
➢ Because demineralized water
n = mol m = grams M = g/mol
doesn’t contain minerals.
n = m/M m = n(M) M = m/n

11. In order for the gravimetric analysis to be

valid, we want all of the chloride ions to
5. How many moles are in 40.0 grams of
precipitate. How can we ensure this?
water? Molar mass of water is 18.1 g/mol.
➢ By ensuring silver ions are in excess
40.0 g
n= = 2.21 mol
18.1 g/mol
12. (Refer to the equation in No. 7) How does
➢ n = 2.21 mol the number of moles of AgNO3 correlate to
the number of moles of the alkaline earth
6. How much would 3.7 moles of Na2O weigh metal chloride?
in grams? Molar mass of Na2O is 62 g/mol. ➢ There should be twice as many
62 g
3.7 mol x = 229.4 g moles of AgNO3 as XCl2.
1 mol

➢ m = 229.4 g

Nicole Van Imer Genavia

 13. How many moles of AgNO3 should we use 20. Which of the elements you tested doesn’t
to be sure that we have excess, no matter have a characteristic metallic experience?
which of the three compounds it is? ➢ Phosphorus
➢ 0.100 mol
21. What causes the different colors that we
14. How does the number of moles of AgCl can see in the flame test?
formed correlates to the number of moles of ➢ Electrons that were excited by the
AgNO3 consumed? heat falling back to their original
➢ The number of moles are the same shell.

15. Which of the compounds it is? 22. How many valence electrons does Na have
➢ MgCl2 when forming an ionic bond with Cl?
➢ 8
16. Which of the following answers is NOT a
valid reason for the percentage yield of the 23. What do Cs and Cl react to form?
reaction being below 100%? ➢ CsCl
➢ The product is not completely dry
24. Which group of elements has a full octet of
electrons?
Periodic Table of Elements: Get the table ➢ Noble gases
organized in time!

17. Which of the three main chemical classes 25. What is a likely oxidation state of chlorine?

does Mercury (Hg) belong? ➢ -1

➢ Metals
26. What do you think is the reason for an

18. What kind of experiment would help you increasing atomic radius within one group?

categorize some of the elements? ➢ Increasing number of electron shells.

➢ All of the above. (measure electrical

conductivity, test ductility, and 27. What is the reason for a decreasing atomic

observe their shininess) radius within one period?

➢ Increasing number of protons

19. Which of the elements is clearly not a

metal? 28. When moving from left to right across a

➢ Neon period, ionization energy is increasing. By

which other trend is this caused?
➢ Decrease of atomic radius

Nicole Van Imer Genavia

 29. What does the atomic number represent?
➢ Number of protons
30. What does green color represent in the
periodic table?
➢ Non-metals
31. What’s up with the other elements that are
in the same group as Krypton?
➢ They have the same number of
valence electrons.
32. Which is the element that has the lowest
electronegativity?
➢ Francium
Basic Chemistry Thermodynamics: Solve the
challenge of storing renewable energy
33. How is the energy for this process stored?
➢ Electricity is used to pump the water
from the sea to the reservoir. Water
flowing back down drives a
generator which makes electricity.
34. Why this was of storing energy is not ideal
for our solar power plant?
➢ Because the solar power plant is
located in a desert, far from large
bodies of water.
35. Lithium-ion batteries are not used for long
term storage of energy. Why do you think
that is?
➢ Because they lose charge over time
36. How do we determine how much energy is
stored in a chemical compound?
➢ Burn it and measure how much heat
it releases.
37. The unit of enthalpy is J (Joules). What is J
a measure of?
➢ Energy.
38. Which part of the equation stays constant in
the experiment?
➢ Volume (V)
39. What happens to the equation ∆H = ∆V +
V∆p if the change in pressure is very small?
➢ Then ∆V >> V∆p, so we can assume
∆H = ∆V
40. Which of these statement regarding the
storage materials is false?
➢ LP gas and gasoline have the same
specific energy and thus are equally
well suited as fuels for a vehicle.
41. The combustion of octane is an exothermic
reaction. Which statement is true for an
exothermic reaction?
➢ It releases heart because the
reactants have a higher energy than
the products.
42. We saw in the calorimeter experiment that
the combustion of a fuel is exothermic.
What can you say about the formation of a
fuel?
➢ The reaction for formation of the fuel
is the opposite, so it is endothermic.
Nicole Van Imer Genavia
43. What is entropy?
➢ Entropy is a measure of the disorder
of a system.
44. Which of these reactions leads to an
increase in the entropy of the system?
➢ Ice melting
45. What is the unit of Gibbs free energy?
➢ The unit for ∆G is Joules.
46. The reaction at the holo-table is
spontaneous. It has a negative ∆H and a
positive ∆S. What will be the sign for a
spontaneous reaction?
➢ We subtract a positive value from a
negative value, so ∆G will be
negative.
47. What happens to the equation ∆G = ∆H -
T∆S when the temperature is 0 Kelvin?
➢ When T = 0, then ∆G = ∆H
48. Where do you think the process of melting
of ice belongs?
➢ Endothermic and increases entropy
49. An endothermic reaction is not spontaneous
at T = 0. What happens when you increase
the temperature?
➢ ∆G will change sign when T gets
high enough.
50. At what temperature does the melting of ice
start to be spontaneous?
➢ At 273 K (0 °C)
51. Where do you think the process of
photosynthesis belongs?
➢ Endothermic and decreases entropy
52. No matter how high the temperature gets,
photosynthesis is never a spontaneous
reaction, it requires a lot of energy to occur.
What happens then?
➢ ∆G will stay positive.
53. Where do you think the burning of a fuel
(reaction from the calorimeter) belongs?
➢ Exothermic and increases entropy
54. Exothermic reaction will be spontaneous at
T = 0, but will it stay that way?
➢ ∆G stays negative.
55. Where do you think the process of rusting of
iron belongs?
➢ Exothermic and decreases entropy
56. At what temperature does the rusting of iron
stop being spontaneous?
➢ At 1499 K (1226 °C)
57. Which corresponds to the making of a
hydrocarbon fuel from CO2 and water?
➢ ∆H > 0 and ∆S < 0 (life
photosynthesis)
Reaction Kinetics: The Essentials
58. For the SquaDrone, we are going to utilize
the products of the hydrogen peroxide
Nicole Van Imer Genavia
 decomposition reaction. What are the 66. Can you figure out how having a higher
products of that reaction? potential energy for the reactant affects the
➢ Oxygen and water activation energy?
➢ It decreases the activation energy.
59. What does the control O2 graph show?
➢ Oxygen concentration increased 67. What do you notice when changing the
over time. effect of the catalyst?
➢ Reactions with a catalyst have a
60. Which formula can we use to express the lower activation energy.
reaction rate?
∆ [x] 68. Which of the following statements is
➢ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
∆t
correct?
➢ The lower the activation energy, the
61. What can you say about the consumption of
faster the reaction rate.
hydrogen peroxide compared to the
production of oxygen?
69. What can you observe for the energy of the
➢ Rate of consumption of H2O2 = 2 x
reaction system, when the potential energy
rate of production of O2
of the reactants is greater than that of the
products?
62. What happens if we lower the temperature
➢ As the reaction proceeds, energy is
of the reaction environment?
released.
➢ The molecules have a lower kinetic
energy.

Intermolecular Forces: Rediscover the forces to

63. What do we call the minimum energy
save the world!
required to initiate a chemical reaction?
➢ Activation energy 70. Where can we expect to find strong Vander
Waals dispersion forces?
64. After adding a catalyst, what did you notice ➢ Between neighboring molecules with
about the reaction rate? large electron clouds
➢ It increased.
71. Why is I2 a solid at room temperature?
65. Which of the statement below are most ➢ The large electron cloud around the
current for the reaction rate of our molecules produces strong
experiment? temporary dipoles.
➢ Water as solvent results in the
highest reaction rates.

Nicole Van Imer Genavia

 72. When will a diatomic molecule have the
most pronounced relative shift of electrons
towards one of its atoms?
➢ When one atom is highly
electronegative, and the other is not.
73. Which of the following is the best
description of this special intermolecular
force involving hydrogen?
➢ A permanent dipole-dipole force
originating from hydrogen (H) atoms
covalently bound to N, O, or F.
74. What do you think would happen to water
and DNA if we exchanged all hydrogen
bounds with other permanent dipole-dipole
forces?
➢ DNA would become less stable.
Water would boil at a lower
temperature.
75. What would happen to the base pairing of
DNA if we removed the Vander Waals
dispersion forces?
➢ There would be no significant
change.
Electrolysis
76. What industrial application could a similar
electrolytic cell be used for?
➢ Extraction of metal from metal ore
77. Identify the reaction that takes place at the
cathode.
➢ 2H + 2e → H2
+ -
78. What application in industry might a similar
electrolysis setup be used for?
➢ The production of useful chemicals
79. Identify the reaction that takes place at the
cathode.
➢ Au+ + e- → Au
80. What does the power source do?
➢ Gives electrons to the cathode.
81. What is the purpose of electrolyte?
➢ To carry charge between the
electrodes.
82. Why is this electrode called the cathode?
➢ Because it attracts cations and
draws electrons from the power
source.
Chemical Nomenclature: Learn the importance
of inorganic compounds in life!
83. Which of the listed elements is a metal?
➢ Neither of them.
84. What type of ion does phosphorus form?
➢ An anion because it is a nonmetal
85. What is the IUPAC name of the ion formed
by phosphorus?
➢ Phosphide
86. What is the IUPAC name for the compound
with the formula: LiF ?
➢ Lithium fluoride
Nicole Van Imer Genavia
87. In aqueous solution, what is the IUPAC Materials Science with Neutrons: Observe what
name of the compound with the formula: happens inside a battery!
HI ?
95. What is the use of a neutron research
➢ Hydroiodic acid
facility?
➢ It is a research facility where
88. What is the IUPAC name for the binary
materials are investigated using
compound with the formula: H2O ?
neutron techniques.
➢ Dihydrogen monoxide

96. How is the neutron wavelength and velocity

89. What is the IUPAC name of the oxyacid
connected?
formed from chlorite?
➢ The wavelength and velocity of a
➢ Chlorous acid
neutron are inversely propositional
to each other.
90. What is the IUPAC name of the oxyacid with
the formulas: HClO4
97. What is the relation between the neutron
➢ Perchloric acid
wavelength and the time of flight over a
particular distance L?
91. What is the IUPAC name of the oxyanion
➢ They are proportional to each other
with the formula: SO42- ?
➢ Sulfate
98. Which properties of the neutrons are
registered when they hit the detector?
92. How many oxygens are bound to sulfur in
➢ The position and time of arrival
the compound, sulfite?
➢ 3
99. Imagine you have a polymer plastic block of
an unknown shape sealed inside a lead box
93. How many oxygens are bound to the central
and you want to find the shape of the block.
atom of an oxyanion with a per- prefix?
What imaging method should you use?
➢ Sometimes 4
➢ Neutron transmission imaging since
it easily penetrates lead and is
94. What is the IUPAC name for the compound
scattered by plastic.
with this formula: H3PO3 ?
➢ Phosphorous acid
100. Why is the neutron transmission
highest through the Aluminum layer?
➢ Aluminum layer has a small total
neutron cross-section which gives a
low attenuation coefficient.

Nicole Van Imer Genavia

101. The transmission of neutrons is
clearly the smallest through the polymer
separator which contains a lot of hydrogen.
Why is that?
➢ Hydrogen has a large incoherent
neutron cross-section and thus low
transmission.
108.
102. In which layers can you see a
change in neutron transmission when the
battery is discharged?
➢ The graphite and the lithium salt
layers.
107. Why is the LiC6, (stage 1), diffraction
Bragg peaks found at a lower scattering
angle than the C diffraction Bragg peak?
➢ The average distance between the
carbon layers is larger in LiC6 than in
C.
What do your results tell you about
the discharge process in the battery at low
temperature?
➢ Diffraction peaks from LiC6 and LiC12
remains; the discharge process isn’t
complete.

103. Why did the transmission in the
anode increase during discharge?
➢ Since Lithium has a large total
cross-section, it must have moved
out of the anode.
104. What is the principal difference
between transmission imaging and
diffraction?
➢ Diffraction records the scattered
neutrons and not those passing
through the sample.
105. How does the distance (d) between
the Li-ion layers in the battery anode relate
to the scattering angle of a neutron with a
certain wavelength λ ?
➢ d = λ / (2 * sin (θ) )
106. Why do we need to put the sample
in a cryostat?
➢ To be able to cool the sample in a
controlled way.
109. Below which activity level are you
allowed to manipulate your sample?
➢ 100 µ Sv/h
110. What is the main difference between
a neutron diffraction experiment and quasi-
elastic neutron scattering experiment?
➢ Diffraction measures periodic
distances, QENS measures dynamic
processes.
111. What part of the QENS peak tells us
about the relaxation time of the polymers?
➢ The width of the QENS peak
112. So, the peak got narrower as we
cool the sample down, what does that mean
for the polymer relaxation time?
➢ It got larger.
113. At low temperatures, how do you
explain the change in conductivity and thus
the bad performance of the battery from
Nicole Van Imer Genavia
 your QENS results are shown at the wall
display?
➢ The relaxation time of the polymers
is larger so the Li-conductivity in the
separator is smaller.
Principles of Molecular Resonance: Electrons
like to travel
114. Why do you think a double-headed
arrow is used between the two benzene
Concrete Materials Testing: Learn the key
resonance forms?
properties of durable concrete
➢ It is a resonance arrow to show a
reaction is no taking place, just
electrons moving around the
structure.
115. What is a conjugated double bond?
➢ A conjugated double bond is
separated from another double bond
by a single bond.
116. Can atoms with p-orbitals containing
a lone pair of electrons participate in a
conjugated system?
➢ Yes it can, because the conjugation
is allowed by extended p-orbital
hybridization.
117. With the stable resonance begin with
the oxygen lone pair or the pi electrons in
the ring?
➢ The lone pair on the oxygen atom
will donate its electrons to drive the
movement of electrons within the
ring.
118. Can the electrons delocalize into the
conjugated double bonds in the carbon
chain when rotation occurs?
➢ Not it can’t because p-orbitals no
longer align.
119. Which of these will contribute to the
phenyl conjugated system?
➢ E
120. Should the total amount of
aggregates measured in the beginning be
the same with the total amount of
aggregates retained?
➢ Yes, it should be the same.
121. Sample 2 is considered a fine sand
because of its low fineness modulus.
Assuming you use this sample to prepare
the concrete, how would this affect the
workability of the concrete?
➢ This material would reduce the
workability of concrete.
122. How suitable are the coarse
aggregates of Sample 2 for making
concrete?
➢ They are not suitable. They are
single-sized and will lead to voids in
concrete.
123. What is the total percentage of
aggregates passing the 2.36 mm sieve?
Nicole Van Imer Genavia
 ➢ 88% beams, columns, and walls, without the aids
124. What is the percentage of of vibration?
aggregates retained on 2.36 mm sieve for ➢ 80-155
the fine aggregates of Sample 1?
➢ 28% 129. Which formula would you use to
calculate the compressive strength?
125. Which recommendations would you ➢ 𝜎 = F/A
give to the builders for the construction
based on the material they have at the 130. How could you determine 1
disposal? megapascal (MPa) of compressive
➢ All of the mentioned strength?
recommendations. (Use fine ➢ 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
aggregates from Sample 1 because
of desirable particle size 131. Would you recommend this concrete
distribution, Add in the mixture the to the builders to start building the new
well-graded coarse aggregates from walls?
Sample 1, & Don’t add in the mixture ➢ Yes, concrete used in walls and
the poorly graded coarse aggregates slabs should have strength of at
from Sample 2) least 20 MPa.

126. Why would you add superplasticizer

in the concrete mixture?
➢ All of the mentioned reasons. (To
release the entrapped water for
cement hydration, To assist the
pouring of the concrete, & To
increase the workability)

127. Which of the following two mixtures

would you recommend the builders to use
for the construction given the slump test you
just performed?
➢ Both of these mixtures are fine for
construction.

128. What workability of concrete is

suitable for concrete in normally reinforced
Nicole Van Imer Genavia