Teaching: refer to the profession concerned with classroom instruction at the

elementary and secondary levels.

Teachers : refer to all persons engaged in teaching in the elementary or secondary
levels,
(R.A 7836: Philippine teachers professionalization act of 1994)
Professionalism – The competence or skill expected of a professional
Professional – a member of a profession or any person who earns their living from a
specified professional activity.
Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (R.A 4670) on Professionalization of
Teachers
- It is the policy of the state to promote and improve the social and economic
status of the public school teachers,
Dimensions of the Teaching Profession
1. Knowledge Dimension
2. Social Dimension
3. Ethical Dimension
4. Professional Dimension
Elements of Teaching and Learning Process
1. The Learners – the core of the teaching- learning process
2. The Teachers – plays varied roles in the classroom, he is the manager,
counselor, motivator, leader,
3. The Learning Environment – venue for social interactional classroom, home,
community
4. The Curriculum – the blueprint or master plan of selected and organize
learning content
5. Materials of Instruction – The various resources available to the teachers
and learners which help facilitate instruction and learning.
6. The Administration – Directs, coordinates and control resources

Historical Foundation of Education

PRIMITIVE EDUCATION
AIM : Security
TYPE : Practical and Theoretical
CONTENT : Physical training, Rituals and Ceremonies, apprenticeship
AGENCIES : The family
Methods : imitation, simple telling and demonstration trial and error
ORGANIZATION: Random and Incidental

EGYPTIAN EDUCATION
AIM: Cultural and Utilitarian
TYPE : Domestic training, religious, vocational and professional, Literary
education
AGENCIES: Dictation, memorization, copying of texts, imitation, repetition,
apprenticeship

GREEK EDUCATION – ATHENIAN

AIM: to develop individual excellence, full-rounded development of mind and
body
TYPE: Civic training, physical training, moral training, intellectual
training
GREEK EDUCATION – SPARTAN
AIM: Training a powerful body, ideals of citizenship, to develop the nation
TYPE: Physical education and military training
Content: military exercises, practice essential to life of devotion and
service to the state
AGENCIES: State
METHODS: Training rather the school instruction
ROMAN EDUCATION
 AIM: Development of the vir bonus
TYPES : Vocational education, intellectual training
CONTENT : Practical and Moral
AGENCIES : dominated by the family
METHODS: memorizing and imitation, punishment was severe, literary discourse,
moral habits

TRADITIONAL SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY

IDEALISM
• A traditional philosophy asserting that because the physical world is always
changing, ideas are the only reliable form of reality.
• Plato

EXISTENTIALISM
• A Philosopy suggesting that humanity is not part of an orderly universe;
rather individuals create their realities.
• Jean-Paul Sartre

REALISM
• A traditional philosophy suggesting that the features of the universe exist
whether or not a human being is there to perceive them. There are important ideas
and facts that must be understood and that they can only be understood by studying
the material world.
• Aristotle
PRAGMATISM
• A Philosophy that rejects the idea of absolute, unchanging truth, instead
asserting that truth is “what works”
• Learning how to learn, direct experiences, problem solving, integration.
• John Dewey
CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES
PERENNIALISM
Basic Essence
• Perennialism believes that the basic principles of education are changeless,
permanent or perennial
Basic Principles
• Since nature is constant, the nature of education remains constant too.

• Education is not replica of life but preparation of it. Children should not
be taught basic subjects that would acquaint them with the words permanencies, both
spiritual and physical.
ESSENTIALISM
• An educational philosophy suggesting that a critical core of knowledge and
skills exists that all people should possess.
• Back to the Basic movement
HUMANISM
• Humans have potential/innate goodness
• Intellect distinguishes humans from animals
PROGRESSIVISM
• Theory based on the truth makes up reality
• Educational progressivism is the belief that education must be based on the
principle that humans are social animals who learn best in real life activities
with other people.
RECONSTRUCTIONISM
• A philosophy that center on the idea of constant change.

RATIONALISM
• Human reason is the sole determiner whether things or action are acceptable
or not
• Any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification
FOUR PILLARS OF LEARNING

1. Learning to know – lays the foundation of life long learning and learning to
learn

2. Learning to do – it is about personal initiative and the ambition to innovate

- refers to the acquisition of practical skills, social and psychological skills
3. Learning to Live Together- refers to understanding of others through dialogue-
leading to empathy, respect
and appreciation.
And if we understand others, we must first know ourselves
4. Learning to Be- the end of education is to discover and open the talents which
are hidden like a treasure within every person
- It is about the broadening of care for each aspect of the personality.