CC Act 1 QFR

qfr1
Plain Test Tube
15x100 mm
-utilized for biochemistry test
H Dhage (n.d.). Glassware Used in Hematology.

https://www.biologydiscussion.com/hematology-2/laboratory-hematology-2/glassware-used-in-
hematology-equipments-laboratory-hematology/80351
Plain Test Tube
13x100 mm
-utilized for undiluted plasma preparation

Plain Test Tube
12x75 mm
-utilized for testing procedures and centrifugation

Evacuated Test Tubes
Red Top (plain)
-used in departments: chemistry for collection of serum.

McCall, Ruth E. & Tankersley, Cathee M. (2012). Phlebotomy Essentials 5th Edition. Williams
and Wilkins.
Blue Top
-used in chemistry to collect serum
and Wilkins.
Gray
-used in chemistry to preserve glucose in whole blood
and Wilkins.
Green
-used in chemistry for the collection of heparinized plasma for routine chemistry tests
and Wilkins.
Yellow
-used for collection of whole blood for special tests.
and Wilkins.
Lavender etc.
-used for molecular tests.

and Wilkins.
3Centrifuge tubes
A. plain
Centrifuge tubes are used to contain liquids during centrifugation, which separates the
sample into its components by rapidly rotating it around a fixed axis.
Anonymous (n.d.). Centrifuge tubes Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

https://www.fishersci.com/us/en/products/I9C8L7UU/centrifuge-
tubes.html#:~:text=Centrifuge%20tubes%20are%20used%20to,of%20the%20sample
%20being%20centrifuged.
Graduated centrifuge
Withstands temperature extremes of -80°C to +121°C. Includes blue thread-design plug-

seal cap with ribbed edge for safe and easy opening and closing. Conical bottom for total
sample recovery. Easy-to-read graduations are pre- printed as follows: 15 ml tubes are
graduated in 0.5 ml subdivisions from 2 to 15 ml 50 ml tubes are graduated in 2.5 ml
subdivisions from 5 to 50 ml. Sterile tubes are irradiated by ionizing beta radiation.
Designed for sample collection or transportation.
Anonymous (n.d.). GRADUATED CONICAL CENTRIFUGE TUBES. Retrieved on 13

October 2022, from https://www.kartelllabware.com/en/products/dispolab/disposable-
test-tubes/graduated-conical-centrifuge-tubes/
Bun tube
A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test is used to determine how well your kidneys are
working. It does this by measuring the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea
nitrogen is a waste product that's created in the liver when the body breaks down
proteins.
Carissa Stephens (2018 September 29). Blood Urea Nitrogen

(BUN Test). Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from
https://www.healthline.com/health/bun#:~:text=A%20blood%20urea%20nitrogen
%20(BUN,the%20body%20breaks%20down%20proteins.
NPN TUBE
The determination of nonprotein nitrogenous substances in the blood has traditionally

been used to monitor renal function.- The term nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) originated in
the early days of clinical chemi stry when analytical methodology required that protein be
removed from the sample before analysis.
Keon Torbett (2015). CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (MLT 301) NONPROTEIN NITROGEN

(NPN) LECTURE ONE. Retrieved on 13 OCTOBER 2022 FROM
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4216120/
Folin Wu Tubes were early instruments used to measure glucose.
Anonymous (n.d.). Folin Wu Tubes. Retrieved on 13 OCTOBER 2022 FROM

https://augusta.openrepository.com/handle/10675.2/623740#:~:text=Folin%20Wu
%20Tubes%20were%20early%20instruments%20used%20to%20measure%20glucose.
Glass cuvettes are only suitable for the visible region, whereas quartz may be used in both the
UV and visible region.
Anonymous (n.d.). Glass Cuvettes For Spectrophotometer. Retrieved on 13 OCTOBER
2022, FROM https://www.thomassci.com/scientific-supplies/Glass-Cuvettes-For-
Spectrophotometer
Plastic cuvettes are used in the visible range for colorimetric assays and the UV range for DNA,
RNA, and protein analysis.
Anonymous (n.d.). pLASTIC Cuvettes For Spectrophotometer. Retrieved on 13 OCTOBER

2022, FROM https://www.biocompare.com/Lab-Equipment/26773-Plastic-Cuvettes/
The serological pipette is frequently used in the laboratory for transferring milliliter volumes
of liquid, from less than 1 ml to up to 50 ml. The pipettes can be sterile, plastic, and
disposable or sterilizable, glass and reusable.
Anonymous (2014 June 3). Introduction to Serological Pipettes and Pipettors. Retrieved on 13
october 2022, from https://www.socmucimm.org/news-media/introduction-to-serological-
pipettes-and-pipettors/#:~:text=The%20serological%20pipette%20is%20frequently,or
%20sterilizable%2C%20glass%20and%20reusable.
A Mohr Pipet is a graduated pipet that is designd to deliver small portions of a liquid or
solution
Anonymous (n.d.). Mohr Pipet. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

https://www.chemedx.org/JCESoft/jcesoftSubscriber/ChemPagesLab/modules/pipetmohr/
mohrdesc.htm
Volumetric pipettes are designed to be highly accurate for a specific volume. They can be
used to transfer that volume of liquid for use in creating a solution or dilution.
Anonymous (n.d.). Volumetric pipette. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_967#:~:text=Volumetric
%20pipettes%20are%20designed%20to,creating%20a%20solution%20or%20dilution.
Prabesh Raj Jamkatel (2014 October 26). Lecture 3. Retieevd on 13 October 2022, from
https://www.slideshare.net/prabeshrajjk/lecture-3-40727524
Pasteur Pipettes, also known as droppers or eye droppers, are laboratory liquid handling
tools that are used to transfer small quantities of liquids.
Anonymous (n.d.).

Pasteur Pipettes | Glass Pasteur Pipettes & Plastic Pasteur Pipettes. Retrieved on 13
October 2022, from https://www.pipette.com/Pasteur-Pipettes#:~:text=Pasteur%20Pipettes
%2C%20also%20known%20as,transfer%20small%20quantities%20of%20liquids.
Anonymous (n.d.).

How to use an automatic pipette? Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from https://amaze-
solutions.com/blogs/news/how-to-use-an-automatic-pipette
A volumetric flask / measuring flask / graduated flask is a kind of laboratory flask,

calibrated to hold an accurate specific volume at a specific temperature. Volumetric flasks are
used for accurate dilutions and preparation of solutions and any other liquids needed at the
laboratory workflow.
It is mostly used in the preparation of standard solutions.
Sneha Roy (2021 July 23). List of Chemistry lab Apparatus and its uses | Chemistry Lab
Equipment | Labkafe. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from
https://www.labkafe.com/blog/a-list-of-chemistry-laboratory-apparatus-and-their-uses
Anonymous (n.d.).

Glass Volumetric Flasks. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from
https://alexred.co.il/en/home/glassware/glass-volumetric-flasks#:~:text=A%20volumetric
%20flask%20%2F%20measuring%20flask,needed%20at%20the%20laboratory
%20workflow.
Erlenmeyer flasks are used to contain liquids and for mixing, heating, cooling, incubation,
filtration, storage, and other liquid-handling processes.
Anonymous (n.d.).

Erlenmeyer Flasks. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from
https://www.fishersci.ca/ca/en/products/I9C8KCS4/erlenmeyer-
flasks.html#:~:text=Erlenmeyer%20flasks%20are%20used%20to,titrations%20and
%20for%20boiling%20liquids.
Oh Miss (2011 February 21). Lab equipment. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from
https://www.slideshare.net/OhMiss/lab-equipment-7003346
the primary function dealing with proper measurement of a specific volume of liquid with precision.
It is mostly used in the preparation of standard solutions.
https://www.labkafe.com/blog/a-list-
the thermometer becomes very necessary to measure the temperature of the required solution
before moving forward with further reaction procedure
https://www.labkafe.com/blog/a-list-
Amber glass absorbs the most comprehensive range of light waves of the light spectrum.
Anonymous (n.d.). What are the Properties of Amber Glass Bottles for Cosmetics?
.Retrieved on 13 Oct9ober 2022, from https://www.lifestylepackaging.com/useful-
resources/aromatherapy-and-essential-oils/what-are-the-properties-of-amber-glass-bottles-
for-cosmetics/#:~:text=Amber%20glass%20absorbs%20the%20most,the%20product
%20safe%20and%20unchanged.
Transparent reagent bottles are used to store general reagents, while brown reagent bottles
are used to store reagents that need to be protected from light, such as nitric acid and silver
nitrate.
Anonymous (2011 November 29). What are the functions of reagent bottles? Retrieved on
13 Oct9ober 2022, from https://www.servicebio.com/What-are-the-functions-of-reagent-
bottles-id3779198.html#:~:text=Transparent%20reagent%20bottles%20are%20used,nitric
%20acid%20and%20silver%20nitrate.
Hypodermic syringe plastic or glass
-used for injecting or withdrawing liquids.
Abraham, N. (2016). What is a hypodermic needle? Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

https://www.medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com/what-is-hypodermic-needle/
A Cotton Ball is a soft fiber ball made from cotton. Cotton balls have multiple uses in the
medical field including cleaning out wounds with hydrogen peroxide or iodine, applying
antiseptics or topical ointments, cleaning minor cuts and skin irritations, and stopping blood after
an injection is given or blood withdrawn. Surgical procedures also require their use for soaking
up internal blood. Cotton balls are also used to pad a wound before it is bandaged.
Anonymous (n.d.). Cotton Balls. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from
https://www.stayguardwoundcare.com/cotton-balls/
Arm support
An armrest assembly includes an armrest platform with hand and elbow extensions which is mounted to
a swivel base unit that tilts, turns and rotates under the control of a single load control knob to permit
placement of a patient's arm in several positions as needed to draw blood.
Anonymous (n.d.).
Phlebotomy armrest assembly and method of using same
. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US7055910B2/en
Labelling material masking
A properly labeled sample is essential so that the results of the test match the patient.
The key elements in labeling are:
● Patient's surname, first and middle.

● Patient's ID number.
● NOTE: Both of the above MUST match the same on the requisition form.
● Date, time and initials of the phlebotomist must be on the label of EACH tube.
Automated systems may include labels with bar codes.
Anonymous (n.d.). Phlebotomy. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

https://webpath.med.utah.edu/TUTORIAL/PHLEB/PHLEB.html
Microtubes
The gold standard for handling small volumes of liquids in a lab setting. Applications
include sample storage and spinning down samples.
Anonymous (n.d.). Microcentrifuge tubes. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from
https://www.sterilab.co.uk/sample-collection-and-storage/microcentrifuge-tubes
Disposable pipette tips
Pipette Tips are disposable, autoclavable attachments for the uptake and dispensing of liquids using a
pipette. Micropipettes are used in a number of laboratories. A research/diagnostic lab can use pipette tips
to dispense liquids into a well plate for PCR assays
(2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

https://www.labcompare.com/General-Laboratory-Equipment/6102-Pipette-Tips-Micropipette-Tips/
#:~:text=Pipette%20Tips%20are%20disposable%2C%20autoclavable,well%20plate%20for%20PCR
%20assays.
A wash bottle is a squeeze bottle with a nozzle, used to rinse various pieces of laboratory glassware,
such as test tubes and round bottom flasks. Wash bottles are sealed with a screw-top lid.
Srsvidyamahapitha.org. (2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

http://www.srsvidyamahapitha.org/images/uploads/Laboratory%20Equipments.pdf.
Test tube racks are laboratory equipment used to hold upright multiple test tubes at the same time.

Filter paper is a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow. It is used to
separate fine substances from liquids or air. It is used in science labs to remove solids from liquids

RUBBER PIPETTOL
Flexible, variable-capacity bulbs used to create a vacuum or apply pressure to the liquid contents of
serological, volumetric, or transfer pipets to collect, transfer, and dispense liquids.
Anonymous (2022). Pipette Bulbs. Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

https://www.fishersci.co.uk/gb/en/browse/90140051/Pipette-Bulbs.
TIMING DEVICE
Laboratory Digital Timers precisely measure time for procedures and lab work that require precise
operations. With time-sensitive products, having a faulty or inefficient timer can make all the difference in
the final product.
Laboratory Timers | Countdown Timers | Digital Timers. Pipette.com. (2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022,
from https://www.pipette.com/Laboratory-Timers#:~:text=Laboratory%20Digital%20Timers%20precisely
%20measure,difference%20in%20the%20final%20product.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
- general use in the Clinical Chemistry Lab:
- A spectrophotometer is used for the quantitation of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
- It determines the concentration of color and colorless compounds by measuring the absorbance
of the solution. It can also determine the concentration of biological materials like nucleic acid and
proteins.
- Reference: Shrestha, A. (2022, August 19). Spectrophotometer: Principle, parts, types, and
uses. Microbe Online. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from
https://microbeonline.com/spectrophotometer-principle-parts-types-uses/
DIGITAL SPECTROPHOTOMETER
ANALOG
- On an analog spectrophotometer, there will be a screen with a needle that moves based
on the intensity of light detection. When the blank is in, you should see the needle move
to the right.
Reference:
Meredith Juncker, PhD (2022 September 19). How to Do Spectrophotometric Analysis.

Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from
www.wikihow.com/Do-Spectrophotometric-Analysis
CENTRIFUGE
Benchtop Centrifuge
- Benchtop centrifuge is a compact centrifuge that is commonly used in clinical and research
laboratories. It is driven by an electric motor where the tubes are rotated about a fixed axis,
resulting in force perpendicular to the tubes. Because these are very compact, they are useful in
smaller laboratories with smaller spaces. Different variations of benchtop centrifuges are
available in the market for various purposes. A benchtop centrifuge has a rotor with racks for the
sample tubes and a lid that closes the working unit of the centrifuge.
Swinging Bucket
- Swinging bucket rotors hold the tubes at an angle of 90° as the rotor swings as the process is
started. In this rotor, the tubes are suspended in the racks that allow the tubes to be moved
enough to acquire the horizontal position.In this type of rotors, the particles are present along the
direction or the path of the force that allows the particles to be moved away from the rotor
towards the bottom of the tubes. Because the tubes remain horizontal, the supernatant remains
as a flat surface allowing the deposited particles to be separated from the supernatant.
Fixed Head Rotor
- These rotors hold the sample tubes at an angle of 45° in relation to the axis of the rotor. In this
type of rotor, the particles strike the opposite side of the tube where the particles finally slide
down and are collected at the bottom. These are faster than other types of rotors as the
pathlength of the tubes increases. However, as the direction of the force is different from the
position of the tube, some particles might remain at the sides of the tubes.
Reference:
Sapkota, A., & Bridgit. (2021, July 26). Types of centrifuge and centrifugation (definition, principle,
uses). Microbe Notes. Retrieved October 19, 2022, from https://microbenotes.com/centrifuge-and-
centrifugation/#1-fixed-angle-rotors
WATER BATH
- A water bath is laboratory equipment made from a container filled with heated
water. It is used to incubate samples in water at a constant temperature over a
long period of time.
Reference:
Anonymous (n.d.). What is the function of a laboratory water bath?. Retrieved on 13
October 2022, from www.labrotovap.com/what-is-the-function-of-laboratory-water-
bath-2/
BALANCES
4.a. Analytical
- a class of balance designed to measure small mass in the sub-milligram range. The
measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1 mg resolution or better) is inside a
transparent enclosure with doors so that dust does not collect and so any air currents in
the room do not affect the balance's operation.
Reference:
Anonymous (n.d.) Analytical Balance(0.1mg). Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

https://www.drawellanalytical.com/laboratory-balance-scale/analytical-balance-0-1mg/
Rough balances O Rough balances are several types. Some of them use sliding scale, some have
a single or double pan (s) and others utilize dial - operated fractions.
O While operating, they do not require mains electricity or battery power and are currently less
expensive than analytical balances of the similar sensitivity. O Some rough balances weigh
accurately to 0.1 gm of a substance. O For routine laboratory purposes the sensitivity of a balance
can be considered to be the smallest weigh that it will measure accurately O It is used: O To weigh
large amounts (up to several kilo grams) O When a high degree of accuracy is not required.
Example: 20.5 gm, 36. 5 gm, etc..
Essential Lab instruments (1). Balances O Balances are essential laboratory instruments that are widely
used for weighing of various substances powders, - ppt download. Slideplayer.com. (2022). Retrieved 19
October 2022, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/8869066/#:~:text=O%20Some%20rough%20balances
%20weigh,of%20accuracy%20is%20not%20required.
Hot Air Oven Sterilizer

Hot air ovens are electrical devices which use dry heat to sterilize. They were originally developed by
Pasteur. Generally, they can be operated from 50 to 300 °C, using a thermostat to control the
temperature. Their double walled insulation keeps the heat in and conserves energy, the inner layer being
a poor conductor and outer layer being metallic. There is also an air filled space in between to aid
insulation. An air circulating fan helps in uniform distribution of the heat. These are fitted with the
adjustable wire mesh plated trays or aluminium trays and may have an on/off rocker switch, as well as
indicators and controls for temperature and holding time. The capacities of these ovens vary. Power
supply needs vary from country to country, depending on the voltage and frequency (hertz) used.
Temperature sensitive tapes or biological indicators using bacterial spores can be used as controls, to
test for the efficacy of the device during use.
Hot Air Oven Sterilizer | Lab Scientific Equipment | Medical and Laboratory Supplies | Philippines . MMS
Medical and Laboratory Supplies. (2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from
https://www.mmsmedlab.com/product/hot-air-oven-sterilizer/.
Washers, Pipette
Definition : Washers designed for the automatic removal of dirt and/or stains (i.e., washing) from pipettes
(e.g., serological pipettes). These washers typically consist of a stainless steel or plastic (e.g., high-
density polyethylene) washing compartment that is resistant to high water temperatures and corrosive
chemicals, as well as appropriate containers and holders for the pipettes. Pipette washers perform cycles
of operations that typically include water prewash, enzyme treatment, detergent wash, chemical wash,
and cold and/or heated rinse; the process usually includes mechanical removal of contaminants by
scrubbing and/or other procedures such as intermittent siphoning to produce a turbulent fill-and-empty
cycle in the pipettes; some washers include drying capabilities. Pipette washers are used mainly in clinical
laboratories; they are available for a variety of pipette lengths (e.g., [38, 61, or 81 cm] 15, 24, and 32]).
Multipurpose labware washers may also be used to wash pipettes, but their use is usually limited to
pipettes a maximum length of a few inches.
washers-pipette. Medicalproductguide.com. (2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

http://www.medicalproductguide.com/term/1796/washers-pipette.
2. Proper care and handling of:
A . Glassware
i. Cuvette
Cuvettes in regular use should be stored either:

a) in a box lined with a suitably soft material (possibly one supplied by the manufacturer);
b) immersed in distilled water;
c) immersed in 1% v/v nitric acid.
Before use, cuvettes should be cleaned to remove any accumulated residue.

If the cuvettes appear clean, simply rinse several times with distilled water, then once with
acetone (to prevent watermarks) and leave to air-dry in an inverted position (eg on a tissue)
before use.
Repeat the same process after use, and if maintained in this manner, then drastic cleaning
measures ought to be prevented.
If cuvettes do become heavily soiled, then the following solutions are recommended for
soaking:
a) Distilled water
b) Mild, non-alkaline detergents (used at concentrations specified by the manufacturer)
c) Ten percent acetic acid
d) Cold concentrated nitric acid
Cleaning with any of the above solutions can be improved by doing so in an ultrasonic bath,
but make sure the cuvettes are supported to prevent rubbing against other surfaces or other
cuvettes, as they could be scratched.
Never use strong alkaline solutions, such as laboratory glassware detergent.
When using cuvettes, do not touch the optical windows. All cuvettes have two opaque
surfaces for handling purposes.
Do not wipe the windows with paper tissues. Tissues are abrasive and may scratch the
cuvette window, as well as leaving behind fibres and brightening agents (which will reduce
transmission).
If the cuvettes must be wiped, then ‘Kimwipes’ or equivalent lens tissues are preferred.
Never clean and re-use plastic disposable cuvettes.
Anonymous (n.d.). CARE AND HANDLING OF CUVETTES. Retrieved on 10 October 2022,

from https://www.vintessential.com.au/care-and-handling-of-cuvettes/?
fbclid=IwAR1YXeZgd7EpMMx8jyVh759ILh8-OAc7zY2HPwgBIBEJ79QfoaWxI_bjh-M

A . Glassware
ii. Serological pipet
Storage
● Store pipettes vertically to avoid contamination.
● Store pipettes dialed to highest volume setting.
● Store away from heat and moisture.
● Pipette tips should be removed prior to storage.
● Keep pipettes clean and free of contaminants
● When cleaning pipettes with bleach solution, do not saturate as fluid can make its
way to the piston and cause corrosion.
How to handle the pipette Unpack the pipette from the upper end to keep the tip sterile as long as
possible. Attach the pipette to a pipet helper and immerse the tip into the liquid. Aspirate and
dispense liquid 2-3 times to pre-wet the inside of the pipette. Aspirate the desired liquid volume
and hold the pipette at eye level. The meniscus must be right on the desired graduation mark.
Dispense the complete liquid into the target vessel with contact to the vessel wall. Perform a
blow-out to ensure complete liquid delivery
Isobel Maciver (2018 June 8). How to Take Care of Your Pipettes. Retrieved on 10 October
2022, from https://www.promegaconnections.com/how-to-take-care-of-your-pipettes/?
fbclid=IwAR13oEG2Jv6DiYdreTCVTOwpUDRcWzVPLERquJd31APh_RytMDwGOfUoicw
Anonymous (n.d.). Serological Pipets. Retrieved on 10 October 2022, from
https://www.eppendorf.com/product-media/doc/en/308915/Liquid-Handling_Poster_Serological-
Pipets.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2Ly37awIVHzxauOf5ubR2OVxGP8yvoI0IA2eWxV3hiClS-
wr19QBp4F3s.

b. Equipment
i. spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometers are expensive devices. Some important tips of the safe installation and use
of this equipment:
● Use an electrical supply source that conforms with industry standards
● Place the spectrophotometer in a clean environment and away from other devices that
cause vibration (such as centrifuges)
● Ensure routine maintenance by a trained and certified technician. Annual inspection
would typically include the inspection of the area where the device is installed as well as
electrical installation to ensure user safety
● Test the general structure of the device - check buttons, control switches
● Confirm that the mechanical components are in good condition
● Make sure accessories, cable devices and terminals are clean and intact
● Check the electrical components to avoid overheating
Take care to clean spills carefully and using the right procedures. Cuvettes should be rinsed in
distilled water and with special cleaning material, if recommended by the manufacturer.
These are just a few basic tips. The best way to ensure the proper maintenance of all your
instruments is to depend on your lab equipment supplier. A reliable dealer will offer timely
solutions to ensure lab safety and reduce equipment down time.
Anonymous (n.d.). Use and Maintenance of Spectrophotometers. Retrieved on 10 october 2022,

from https://www.blockscientific.com/use-and-maintenance-of-spectrophotometers?
fbclid=IwAR1z7hbsv0Ii08fAjVATWH0PDO9-WMf1YugC750gCTl_SHH61nPqTGK5AeE

b. Equipment
ii. clinical centrifuge
Proper maintenance of this instrument is crucial to create a safe atmosphere for laboratory
workers. Routine cleaning based on the manufacturer's instructions is critical.
Here's what leading manufacturers say about centrifuge maintenance:
● According to the global product manager at Thermo Fisher Scientific, rotors that are not
properly maintained could explode and cause damage to the unit and potentially to the
people around. Now centrifuges are advancing to a point where very little maintenance
will be required. The best way to do maintenance is not only follow the instructions from
the manufacturer, but also have a system that doesn't need any maintenance at all.
● "Keep it clean every time you use it or at least weekly. Wiping down the interior portion
of the centrifuge, the rotor chamber, and also any of the surfaces that have electronic
components, such as touch screens or keypads is a good idea when doing daily cleaning.
It's important that users are trained on the proper use of the systems, as user error is often
the root cause of most problems with operating a centrifuge. That is typically imbalance,
maybe not paying enough attention to the balance of the samples across the axis," says
the marketing manager, Americas Centrifugation, at Beckman Coulter Life Sciences.
Never use the device if it is hot, or if you notice unusual vibrations, shaking or noises occur,
discharge of substances or if the device is not achieving full operating speed. Here are a few
more tips to ensure proper maintenance of your laboratory centrifuge.
● Never place the centrifuge on an uneven or slanted work surface
● Initial calibration of a centrifuge should be performed by a qualified service technician
● Regular checks and inspections before, during and after use are critical
● Wiping the centrifuge down after each use prevents contamination
● Clean the inside of the bowl with a disinfectant solution and rinse it thoroughly
● Maintain a chart next to the centrifuge to show when it was last cleaned and who cleaned
it
● Do not open the lid while the rotor is moving, though many centrifuges now feature a
"safety shutoff" if the lid is opened
● Clean the centrifuge housing, rotor chamber, rotors and rotor accessories with a neutral
cleaning agent once in a month
● Consider getting the centrifuge serviced by a qualified service technician once in a year
to ensure that the unit is operating safely and properly
● Make sure to shut down the equipment properly after each use
By purchasing the centrifuge from an established supplier, lab professionals can benefit from
Preventive Maintenance (PM) service and service contracts, in-house service and repairs, and
on-going customized support.
Anonymous (2017 April 24). Useful Tips to Maintain Your Laboratory Centrifuge. Retrieved on
10 October 2022, from https://www.blockscientific.com/useful-tips-to-maintain-your-laboratory-
centrifuge?fbclid=IwAR0E7X-rr0OstkKsU-KLLHq-LgI7zkiBZtY43ZApHc1LbB2q_wb9YNdi-
Sc

c. Reagents
Reagents should not be stored in moist or damp areas and should be kept dry and moisture free at
all times. Powders, crystals and acids are very stable and have an excellent shelf life if kept dry
and aren’t exposed to sunlight.
Storing reagents at a consistent temperature in the range of 36°–85°F (2°–29°C). Dramatic
temperature fluctuations, such as being stored near a refrigerator or in the trunk of a hot car,
causes reagents to rapidly deteriorate.
Avoid exposing reagents to prolonged direct sunlight. Most manufacturers use brown plastic
bottles to help protect light sensitive reagents for this very reason, but prolonged overexposure to
direct sunlight will quickly deteriorate any reagents effectiveness.
Keep reagents separate from other non-reagent water treatment chemicals.
Replacing reagent caps immediately after use and tighten them carefully to limit their exposure
to air and humidity.
Don’t switch reagent bottle caps. Placing bottle caps on soiled surfaces, re-pouring reagents into
possibly contaminated containers and touching test strip pads can easily contaminate reagents.
Anonymous (n.d.). Proper Care, Storage & Shelf Life of Reagents. Retrieved on 10 october
2022, from https://rhtubs.com/resources/proper-care-storage-shelf-life-of-reagents/?
fbclid=IwAR2Ly37awIVHzxauOf5ubR2OVxGP8yvoI0IA2eWxV3hiClS-
wr19QBp4F3s#:~:text=Reagents%20should%20not%20be%20stored,aren't%20exposed%20to
%20sunlight

d. Biological Samples
i. Collection of samples
1. Avoid patient identification errors

2. Draw the tubes in the proper sequence
The order of draw:
● Blood culture
● Coagulation tube (blue top) (1)
● Serum tube with or without clot activator, with or without gel (red or gold top)
● Heparin tube with or without gel plasma separator (green top)

● EDTA (purple top, pink top)
● Oxalate and fluoride (gray top)
● Other special tubes
3. Use proper containers for collection

4. Mix all tubes ten times by gentle inversion immediately after collection
5. Do not decant specimens from one type of container into another
6. Deliver specimens to the laboratory promptly
Anonymous (n.d.). Specimen collection and processing procedures. Retrieved on 10

october 2022, from
https://www.uchealth.org/professionals/uch-clinical-laboratory/specimen-collecting-
handling-guide/specimen-collection-procedures/?
fbclid=IwAR2M1_xr4s_5cqvivS5DX7U-
nlrmW0eOvtqmnFeLfNDwX7YYVja8sZ6p33A

ii. proper disposal of biohazard materials
1. Any biohazardous waste that has been autoclaved must be labeled as “Treated
Biohazardous/or Infectious/or Medical Waste” before disposing of it in the normal
waste stream. All liquids must be absorbed into a solid media prior to placement in
refuse containers or they may be disposed via the sanitary sewer. Sewer disposal is
limited to nutrient medias that are otherwise non-hazardous (do not contain
chemical constituents regulated under hazardous waste laws, such as heavy metals,
solvents, etc.).
2. Biohazardous waste containing BSL-2 organisms or rDNA must be
decontaminated in autoclaves (see Autoclave and Performance Testing SOP) or
through other approved procedures.
3. Do not use red biohazard bags for any type of waste collection other than
biohazardous waste (i.e., regular trash, radioactive materials not contaminated with
biohazards).
Anonymous (n.d.). Disposing of Biohazardous Materials. Retrieved on 10 october 2022,

from https://ualr.edu/facilities/home/environmental-health-safety/policies-procedures/
occupational-health/disposing-of-biohazardous-materials/?
fbclid=IwAR0vHTZIkHYVBOOBbXOq-
HXwgAWE091PpRRRR8ThJ8BQgXAgx04HKQ_GIRw#:~:text=Any%20biohazardous
%20waste%20that%20has,disposed%20via%20the%20sanitary%20sewer

iii. proper storage and handling of biological hazards
Avoid storing biohazardous material containers in hard to reach areas. Containers larger
than one gallon should not be stored above shoulder height. Biohazardous materials
should be segregated by classification and stored alphabetically. Laboratories with large
numbers of biohazard classifications may choose to further segregate these hazards.
Biosafety Cabinets are not designed for the storage of chemicals or biohazardous
materials.
Biological Wastes (not medical wastes or sharps)

Wastes decontaminated by the autoclaves must be cooled, placed in an opaque trash bag and
moved to the trash dumpster by lab personnel.
Disposal of sharps and biohazards

The investigator should check with the University's Biosafety Officer for guidance before
starting any new research involving potential biohazards, including:
● viruses, bacteria and other infectious agents capable of infecting plants, animals or
humans
● recombinant DNA in any organism (including vectors, plasmids, etc)
plant, animal and human parasites
● human blood, cells, tissues
● in some instances exotic species.
Information on disposal of biohazards, including “sharps” (needles whether they have been used
with biohazards or not), microbiological, animal or plant biohazards and human bi-products
(including blood and cell culture) can be found in the University’s Laboratory Biosafety Manual.
Note: there are additional training requirements for working with biohazards in addition to
reading the manual.
Note that sharps must be collected in a puncture proof, spill proof and appropriately labeled
container which includes the “biohazard symbol” and the start date. Using commercially
produced sharps collections boxes is the best way to meet these requirements. Sharps containers
must be disposed of 90 days after their start date even if they are not full. There are several
campus collection points for sharps; contact the Biosafety Officer for the most current location
listing.
All biohazardous waste must be made biologically inactive before disposal. Depending on the
amount and nature of the material (such as solid vs. liquid, melting point, associated chemicals,
and so on), there may be more than one way to inactivate the material before disposal. Possible
methods include (and it is unlikely that all will be appropriate):
● steam sterilization
● high temperature dry heat sterilization
● incineration
● chemical disinfection (such as the use of hypochlorite solution)
● ethylene gas sterilization
● disposal through a bio-hazard disposal company.
Because the effectiveness of these processes depends the nature of the biological waste generated
by your project, you should perform a full hazard analysis before starting the work. This
includes:
● reviewing any federal, state or University rules and regulations specific to the wastes you
are generating
● deciding how the wastes will be collected and stored
● determining what technique(s) will be used to inactivate the biological waste
● learning what to do if there is a spill or personnel contamination.
Anonymous (n.d.). Laboratory Practices. Retrieved on 10 october 2022, from

https://ehs.missouri.edu/bio/labprac/storage?
fbclid=IwAR3X5kHPQn4P8Li9Zh3I4Qrs94APR_4trDqSgKmd1HUb3Hx4lx9jkWHIAFQ#:~:te
xt=Biohazardous%20materials%20should%20be%20segregated,of%20chemicals%20or
%20biohazardous%20materials
Anonymous (n.d.). Storage and Handling of Hazardous Materials. Retrieved on 10 october 2022,
from https://www.mtu.edu/biological/research/safety/ch6/?fbclid=IwAR1h21lLXbys234-
sYXfSOD3kjAd8aGVexiA56tuMr6C4sL1Mgaq8gQcyT4

iv. eme eme eme
Risks
In addition to those safety challenges commonly encountered in chemical laboratories,
procedures undertaken in microbiological laboratories - indeed all procedures involving micro-
organisms regardless of laboratory type - pose particular safety problems.
Protecting people from infection
Preventing cross-contamination of results
Warning signs
Separate areas
Protective clothing
Safety cabinets
Laminar flow clean air benches
Biosafety cabinet
Decontamination
Disinfectants
Sterilisation
Animals
Animals can be an important source of infection which may be acquired by man via ingestion,
inhalation, eye contact, skin lesions or bites.
Waste disposal
All infectious wastes should be disposed of in accordance with both federal and state regulations,
and the following procedures should be followed:
● All contaminated waste material shall be sterilised, preferably by autoclaving, before

disposal, preferably by incineration.
● Culture or fluids which may contain viable organisms shall not be poured into sinks or
drains.
● Solid contaminated materials shall not be placed in waste bins.
● All samples, remains, disposable equipment, animal carcasses, tissue, fluids, faeces and
bedding should be regarded as contaminated.
● Aerosol cans or other sealed containers may explode if autoclaved or incinerated and
must be surface sterilised only (using a suitable procedure).
● Re-useable contaminated glassware should be disinfected or autoclaved or both before
cleaning.
Recombinant DNA techniques
Anonymous (n.d.). Biological Hazards. Retrieved on 10 Pctober 2022, from

https://www.safety.uwa.edu.au/topics/biological/hazards?
fbclid=IwAR2Ly37awIVHzxauOf5ubR2OVxGP8yvoI0IA2eWxV3hiClS-wr19QBp4F3s
HANGGANG DITO LANG

SUMOSOBRA KA NA, NAGAGET
KA UNAYEN AHHAHAHA
i. Collection of samples
Specimen collection and processing procedures

Proper specimen collection and handling is an integral part of obtaining a valid and timely
laboratory test result. Specimens must be obtained in the proper tubes or containers, correctly
labeled, and then promptly transported to the laboratory.
Obtaining reliable and accurate laboratory test results
Physicians and others responsible for obtaining specimens and transporting them to the
laboratory have a vital role in ensuring that laboratory test results are valid. The following are
essential safeguards for your patients.
1. Avoid patient identification errors
Use at least two patient identifiers when administering medications, blood, or blood
components.
Label containers used for blood and other specimens in the presence of the patient.
–Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goal 1, Elements of Performance, 2015.
Identify the patient prior to collecting a sample. Check armbands. Acceptable identifiers may
include the patient’s full name, date of birth, or medical record number.
2. Draw the tubes in the proper sequence
When multiple tubes are to be drawn from a single venipuncture using an evacuated tube system
(e.g. BD Vacutainer® or Greiner Vacuette®), there is a correct sequence for blood collection
that prevents cross-contamination of tube additives that could cause erroneous test results. The
following should be used for both plastic and glass blood collection tubes.
The order of draw:
1. Blood culture
2. Coagulation tube (blue top) (1)
3. Serum tube with or without clot activator, with or without gel (red or gold
top)
4. Heparin tube with or without gel plasma separator (green top)
5. EDTA (purple top, pink top)

6. Oxalate and fluoride (gray top)
7. Other special tubes

All blue tops collected for coagulation assays which do not have a blood culture collected first
(1)
must have a discard tube collected prior to filling. Discard tube should be another blue top in
which greater than 1 mL of blood is collected.
All tubes must be gently inverted 10 times end-to-end immediately after collection.
3. Use proper containers for collection
Certain analyses require containers with preservatives and/or anticoagulants, while others do not.
Using the wrong container often leads to erroneous results. See the test catalog for exact
requirements.
4. Mix all tubes ten times by gentle inversion immediately after collection
5. Do not decant specimens from one type of container into another
Specimens must be submitted to the laboratory in the container used originally for collection.
6. Deliver specimens to the laboratory promptly
Valid measurement of analytes in serum or plasma requires prompt separation from the blood
cells. When left unseparated, analytes shift between the cells and the plasma or serum and
glucose is consumed. Some analytes are unstable at room temperature. Drawing extra tubes of
blood on patients and holding them as a contingency against some unforeseen need for more
tests can lead to erroneous results and is a dangerous practice that should be avoided.
For specimens drawn off campus
Red and gold top tubes must stand for 30 minutes to allow for complete clotting. They must then
be centrifuged and the serum separated and refrigerated until delivered to the laboratory. Check
specific test information in the manual to determine if serum should be frozen.
Purple top tubes for CBCs may be kept at room temperature for up to 8 hours. After 8 hours,
refrigerate until delivery. Stable 36 hours refrigerated. For tests drawn in purple top tubes other
than CBCs, please check specific test stability.
Green top tube handling depends on the specific test ordered. Check specific test directions.
Specimen collection and processing procedures. UCHealth. (2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from
https://www.uchealth.org/professionals/uch-clinical-laboratory/specimen-collecting-handling-guide/
specimen-collection-procedures/.

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Plain Test Tube

-utilized for biochemistry test

H Dhage (n.d.). Glassware Used in Hematology.

Plain Test Tube

-utilized for undiluted plasma preparation

H Dhage (n.d.). Glassware Used in Hematology.

Plain Test Tube

-utilized for testing procedures and centrifugation

H Dhage (n.d.). Glassware Used in Hematology.

Evacuated Test Tubes

Red Top (plain)

-used in departments: chemistry for collection of serum.

Evacuated Test Tubes

-used in chemistry to collect serum

Evacuated Test Tubes

-used in chemistry to preserve glucose in whole blood

Evacuated Test Tubes

Evacuated Test Tubes

-used for collection of whole blood for special tests.

Evacuated Test Tubes

-used for molecular tests.

Anonymous (n.d.). Centrifuge tubes Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

Withstands temperature extremes of -80°C to +121°C. Includes blue thread-design plug-

Anonymous (n.d.). GRADUATED CONICAL CENTRIFUGE TUBES. Retrieved on 13

Carissa Stephens (2018 September 29). Blood Urea Nitrogen

The determination of nonprotein nitrogenous substances in the blood has traditionally

Keon Torbett (2015). CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (MLT 301) NONPROTEIN NITROGEN

Folin Wu Tubes were early instruments used to measure glucose.

Anonymous (n.d.). Folin Wu Tubes. Retrieved on 13 OCTOBER 2022 FROM

Anonymous (n.d.). pLASTIC Cuvettes For Spectrophotometer. Retrieved on 13 OCTOBER

Anonymous (n.d.). Mohr Pipet. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

Anonymous (n.d.). Volumetric pipette. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

A volumetric flask / measuring flask / graduated flask is a kind of laboratory flask,

It is mostly used in the preparation of standard solutions.

Hypodermic syringe plastic or glass

-used for injecting or withdrawing liquids.

Abraham, N. (2016). What is a hypodermic needle? Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

● Patient's surname, first and middle.

Automated systems may include labels with bar codes.

Anonymous (n.d.). Phlebotomy. Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

(2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

Srsvidyamahapitha.org. (2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

Srsvidyamahapitha.org. (2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

Srsvidyamahapitha.org. (2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

Anonymous (2022). Pipette Bulbs. Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

Meredith Juncker, PhD (2022 September 19). How to Do Spectrophotometric Analysis.

Fixed Head Rotor

Anonymous (n.d.) Analytical Balance(0.1mg). Retrieved on 13 October 2022, from

Hot Air Oven Sterilizer

washers-pipette. Medicalproductguide.com. (2022). Retrieved 19 October 2022, from

Cuvettes in regular use should be stored either:

Before use, cuvettes should be cleaned to remove any accumulated residue.

Never use strong alkaline solutions, such as laboratory glassware detergent.

Never clean and re-use plastic disposable cuvettes.

Anonymous (n.d.). CARE AND HANDLING OF CUVETTES. Retrieved on 10 October 2022,

2. Proper care and handling of:

2. Proper care and handling of:

● Use an electrical supply source that conforms with industry standards

● Confirm that the mechanical components are in good condition

● Check the electrical components to avoid overheating

Anonymous (n.d.). Use and Maintenance of Spectrophotometers. Retrieved on 10 october 2022,

2. Proper care and handling of: