12

Algebraic Expressions
and Identities
Constants and Variables An expression may contain a term involving rational
power of a variable but in a polynomial, the power of each
The symbols which have fixed numeric values are
variable must be a non-negative integer.
known as constants.
Variables are the symbols like a, b, x, y,.. which Degree of a Polynomial
take on various numerical values. Highest power of the variable in a polynomial is
e.g. Suppose c=2nris the formula ofcircumference known as the degree of that polynomial.
of circle, where 2 and t are constants, whereas c
and r are variables. Degree of a Polynomial in
One Variable
Algebraic Expression For a polynomial in one variable, the highest
An algebraic expression is a combination of power of the variable is called the degree of a
constants and variables connected by fundamental polynomial.
operations (+,x, +). eg. 2x-6x +4x+1 is a polynomial in x of
e.g.2x +3, 8a?b + a*Vb -5/a etc. degree 4. since, the highest power of x is 4]

Degree of a Polynomial in
Terms Two or More Variables
The separated parts of an algebraic expression are
For polynomial in more than one variable, the
a
called its term.
sum of the powers of the variables in each term is
eg.2x and 3 are the terms ofexpression 2x +3.
taken up and the highest sum so obtained is
Like and Unlike Termss called the degree of a
polynomial.
The terms having same variable and the same e.g.7x-5x*y* +3xy + 6y +8 is a polynomial in
exponents are like terms, otherwise it has, unlike x and y of degree 4.
terms.
e.g. In x -xy +2x +x and 2x
y, are like terms [since, the highest sum of
powers
and-xy and y are unlike terms. of x and yis 2 +2, i.e.
4]
Examplel Find the degree of the
Polynomial
An algebraic expression in which the variables 8xy 4y+6. polynomial
a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4
nvolved only non-negative integral powers is (d) 1
called a polynomial. Sol.(4) Wehave, 8xy -4y+6
eg. Here, sum of the powers of variables in first
Expression 3x*y +3y + 2x is a
polynomial. is1+2,i.e. 3, which is the highest, so its term
is 3. degree
Chapter Twelve- AIgebraic Expression and ldentities 75

iv) Consider the remainder (if any) as a new

dividend and proceed as before. Identity
(v)Repeat this process till we obtaina An identity is an equality which is true for all
remainder which is either 0 or a polynomial values of the variables
of degree less than the degree of the divisor. e.g.(a +1) (a +3) =a* +4a +3 is an identity
because it is true for every value of a.
Example 4 Subtract 3* -4t° +2t2-6t + 6
from-4 +8t-4 -2+11. Standard Identities
(a) -7t +12-6t + 4 +5 (a +b=a +2ab +b (a -b=a? -2ah +b
b) 7t -12+6t+4t +5 (a +)(a-)=a' -5
(c) -7t +12. 62-4t-5 (a +b+ =a* +b +c*+2ab +2bc +2ca
(d) None of the above a +b+c +2 (ab +be + ca)
Sol.() We have, 3t' -4t+2?-6t+6 (a +b- =a +b +c +2ab -2bc -2ca
and 4 +8?-4t-2t+11 (a -b+ c =a* +b + -2ab-2bc +2ca
The required difference is given by (a+b + =a* +b +c-2ab + 2hc-2ca
(4t +8-4t -2t+11) .(a +b =a' +b +3ab (a + b)
- (3t-4t+ 2-6t+6) (a-b=a - -3ab (a -b)
=-4t +8?-4t-2t+11-3t+4P-2r+6t-6
= (4t-3) + (8 + 4t)+ (4t -2)
a+b =(a +b -3ab (a + b)
a-b= (a -b + 3ab(a -b)
+(-2t+6)+(11-6).a'+b
grouping like terms]
=(a+h(a* +b -ab)
-7t +12 -6t + 4t+5 a-b =(a -b) (a2 +
b +ab)
.(x +a) (x+b) =x* + (a + b}x + ab
Example 5 Find the quotient and the
(x +a) (x -b)=x* +(a -b)x -ab
remainder, when (15z -20z2+13z-12) is (x-a) (x + b) =x* + (b-a)x -ab
divided by (3z-6).
.(x-a) (x -b) =x* -(a + bx + ab
(e)5a +1;57 b)5e++11,54 a+b + c - 3abc =(a + b+ c)
10
(c)52+10z+11;54 (d) 52+z-11;54 (a +b + c -ab -

bc -ca)
Ifa+b+c =0 then, a' +b+c*=3abc
Sol.() 5z++11
Example 6. The square of the polynomial
32-6)15z-2022 +13z -12
15z - 30z
2xy +5y is
(a)4xy+ 20xy 25y (b) 4x*y2 + 20xy2 +25y?
(c) 4xy+ 10xy + 25y (d) None of these
10z+13z -12
10z-20z Sol.(b) Now,
(2xy+5 =(2x}* +2(2xy) x5y +(5)*
33z -12
:(a+ by =d + 2ab + b]
33z-66
=4x*y +20xy + 25y
54 Example 7. Using identity, while dividing
Quotient =5z +z +11 p(4p -16) by 4p (p -2), we get
(a) 2p +4
and Remainder (c)p +2
(b)2p-4
=
54 (d) p -2