St.

Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

Subject: DPA 303A Comparative and Development Administration

Reporters: Ballad, John Nestor

Catral, Sarah Mae

South Korea and Philippines

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

SOUTH KOREA’s ADMINISTRATION

Korea’s Constitution was first adopted in 1948 when the Republic was established. The first
constitutional framework was a presidential system mixed with a parliamentary system. Three
elements were critical in the mixture: the president must act as the head of state, be elected
indirectly by the National Assembly, and share executive power with the cabinet (Park, 2010, p.
226). The first president, Rhee Syngman, was indirectly elected by the National Assembly in
1948. The first Constitution represented a form of political compromise between President Rhee
Syngman, who preferred a presidential form, and the Korean Democratic Party (KDP), the
majority party of the National Assembly that advocated a parliamentary system. Ever since its
first adoption, iterated bargaining over South Korea’s constitutional framework has centered on
political leaders’ attempts to maximize their chances of winning offi ce and simultaneously
minimizing others’ chances of winning (Lee, 2000, p. 36). Due to President Rhee’s coercive
tactics, the 1948 Constitution was revised to change the election method from an indirect vote in
the Assembly to a direct popular vote, only four years after its enactment (Park, 2010, p. 229).
President Rhee stepped down in 1960 in response to strong revolutionary protest demonstrations
by students and intellectuals against his authoritarian government.

As a result, the Constitution of the Second Republic adopted a pure form of parliamentary
system in 1960. The Chang Myon parliamentary government ended in dismal failure by a
military coup d’état in 1961. After a two-and-ahalf- year period under military rule, a
presidential system was re-introduced in accordance with the Constitution of the Third Republic
in 1963. President Park Chung-hee was elected by popular vote to three consecutive four-year
terms beginning in 1963. In 1972, the incumbent president Park Chung-hee declared a state of
emergency and initiated radical constitutional changes eliminating the direct election of the
president and setting up an indirect election for a six-year term by the presidential electorate
known as the National Conference for Unifi cation. Under the so-called Yushin Constitution of
the Fourth Republic, Park Chung-hee, the sole candidate, was elected and led the country until he

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was assassinated in 1979. After a short transition period under martial law, the Constitution of
the Fifth Republic, which provided for a single seven-year presidential term of office and the
indirect election of the president by the Electoral College, was promulgated in October 1980.
Accordingly, General Chun Doo-hwan was elected in February 1981.

In 1987, the democratic Sixth Republic was established. In a 1987 referendum, the Ninth
Amendment of the Constitution was approved with the political support of an overwhelming
majority of voters. This amendment provided for the direct election of the president for a single
fi ve-year term and for a system of local administrative autonomy (Kwon, 2010, p. 195). In the
democratic Sixth Republic, Korea has been steadily moving toward a mature democracy. Former
general Roh Tae-woo was elected in the presidential election of 1987 for a fi ve-year term from
1988 to 1993. The democratic advances made during the Roh Tae-woo administration set the
stage for the election of Kim Young-sam in 1992 for a fi ve-year term from 1993 to 1998, ending
three decades of authoritarian rule under successive military dictatorships. The Kim Young-sam
administration heralded a democratic transition and a new era of democracy in Korean politics
headed by the fi rst civilian president in thirty-two years (Kwon, 2010, p. 195). Long-time
opposition leader Kim Dae-jung was elected president in 1997, marking a watershed for Korean
politics in that it was the fi rst-ever peaceful transfer of power from the ruling conservative
government to a liberal democratic opposition party in Korean constitutional history. RohMoo-
hyun, a member of Kim Dae-jung’s Millennium Democratic Party, was subsequently elected and
inaugurated in 2003. In December 2007, Lee Myung-bak from the main opposition party, the
conservative Grand National Party (GNP), was elected and inaugurated in February 2008 in the
second peaceful transfer of power from the ruling to an opposition party. Korean people have
twice experienced a peaceful transfer of power to the opposition. In the presidential election of
December 2012, Park Geun-hye of the ruling Saenuri , or New Frontier Party, the GNP’s
successor, won the presidency. Park became Korea’s first female president.

In summary, political development in Korea has been continuous and has proceeded through
many struggles: from the end of the Rhee regime, brought down by the April 1960 Student
Revolution, through the authoritarian Park Chung-hee regime of the Third and Fourth Republics,
which faced continued resistance up to the June 1987 democratic uprising which subsequently
drove the authoritarian Chun Doo-hwan regime of the Fifth Republic from power. Yet the
constitutional history of the last six decades shows that Korea has not been capable of creating an
optimal constitutional framework. Debates over revisions of its 1987 constitutional framework
are still focal points of Korean politics (Park, 2010, p. 240).

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

PHILIPPINES’ ADMINISTRATION

The foundation of modern Philippine PA was laid down by the Philippine Civil Service Act
under the American Colonial government in 1900, but formal PA education was only introduced
after the establishment of the IPA at the UP in 1951.

In the 1950s and the 1960s, the focus was on internal management, the staff functions in
government, organization and management, personnel, and fiscal administration, with some
courses in local government.

In the 1960s, the Civil Service Commission (CSC) under then-Commissioner Subido engaged in
the strengthening of the merit system and efforts against graft and corruption under Philippine
President Macapagal’s moral recovery program

The Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) was established in 1973 as a development-
oriented academy for the civilian bureaucracy tasked with training leaders with new development
perspectives and technologies to support development programs.

The ouster of the Marcos regime in the EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986 led to the
restoration of democracy under the Presidency of Cory Aquino (1986-1992). The new
administration attempted to “de-Marcosify” and reorganized the bureaucracy (Varela, 1995). The
Aquino administration led the drafting of the 1987 Constitution to restore democracy and put
strong constitutional safeguards against the abuses that happened under the Marcos regime.

It also sought to strengthen the Commission on Audit and the CSC to insulate the civil service
from politics and created the Office of the Ombudsman and the Commission on Human Rights.

The promulgation of the Local Government Code of 1991 and the movement for local autonomy,
decentralization, and devolution from the national government to local government units,

The 1990s also saw the embrace of the governance paradigm and the adoption of good
governance models in PA (Brillantes & Fernandez, 2008). Civil society organizations (CSOs)
composed of nongovernment organizations (NGOs), People’s Organizations (POs), and
voluntary sector organizations (VSOs), played an important role in addressing important socio-
economic and political issues and supporting public service delivery in the post-Marcos era.

In conclusion, the Philippine public administration heavily relied on foreign models. We initially
derived from the American literature and government to academically study it for its application
in our own setting. However, it can also be said the Philippines also benchmarked other countries
to improve its framework of administration. However, as far as the Philippine context is
concerned, there is undeniably a disproportion in the effect of practice, study, and politics have
on the Philippine public administration. There is complexity in its practice and theory. It can also

Page 3 of 24
be attributed due to the instability of who holds the power in our public office. The Philippines
went through numerous wars before it has claimed its autonomy and independence. It underwent
a dictatorial government which destabilized its economy that resulted in unstable growth and
development.

The nature of administration improved after restoration of democracy. The concept of good
governance helped achieved this by making the government transparent and accountable for the
services it renders to the people. It uses effective policy instruments that is collectively agreed
upon by its citizens (Hout, 2004). It is therefore concluded that good governance results in
sustainable growth.

An example is our very own Gawad Kalinga that demonstrates how the government, business
and civil society can work in harmony in delivering service for the public. It possesses the very
core of modern public administration and good governance (Brillantes and Fernandez 2008 as
cited in Gaylord, 2014).

To answer the question, how did it helped shape the nature of administration in the Philippines,
one must focus on examining the existing literature, theory, practice, and its application in our
own setting. Philippine public administration needs to be continually studied to properly address
the continuing needs and demands of the Filipino people.

 I. EDUCATION

Education and Development

While making or building a development plan for any country, education is the most crucial and
critical area looked upon by planners and policymakers. One of the key differentiating factors
between underdeveloped, developing and developed countries is the level and quality of
education being provided to the population. The Right to Education, recognized as a basic human
right by several countries, shows the undeniable correlation between education and the
development of the country. Education increases the propensity for better employment
opportunities. Not only education makes a smart, informed population, but it boosts economic
growth and increases the GDP of a country. It allows people to live a healthy and quality lifestyle
with a high standard of living. It is vital for the policy makers to ensure that the right frameworks
and incentives are established so that those jobs can be created and filled. Robust education
systems˗ underpinned by qualified, professionally trained, motivated, and well ˗supported
teachers will be the cornerstone of this effort. Governments should work with parent and teacher
associations, as well as the private sector and civil-society organizations, to find the best and
most constructive ways to improve the quality of education. Innovation has to be harnessed, and
new partnerships must be forged

Philippines South Korea

 The education system in Philippines is similar  Uses a 6˗3˗3˗4 educational system (6 years

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 to K˗12 schooling (6 years in primary school;
4 years of Junior High school, and 2 years in
Senior High School )
 English is the primary medium of instruction
 The education system in Philippines is seen as
one of the most developed in Asia.
 The Department of Education (DepEd)
oversees basic (pre˗university) education
 The Commission on Higher Education
(CHED) manages tertiary and graduate
education.
 The Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) oversees
technical vocational courses and middle
education.
Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
1. Free TVT Programs (Technical Vocational
Education and Training). It is a free practical
skill training under TESDA scholarship
relating to occupations of various sectors of
economic life and social life.
2. The Universal to Quality Tertiary Education
Act (RA 10931) which provides free tuition
and other school fees in state universities and
colleges, local universities and state run
technical vocational institutions.
in elementary school, 3 years of middle
school, 3 years in High school and 4 years in
university.
 South Korea provides high quality education,
often measurable by standardized test.
 Education in became the Korean
government’s main priority on economic,
political and social levels.
 The Ministry of Education dictates the
national curriculum for public schools,
including primary and secondary schools.
Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
1. Cultivation of Digital Talent in order to
support college students who aspire to work
in the digital sector, intensive boot camps are
offered in campuses.
2. Start˗up of Friendly Environment on
Campus. Universities in South Korea will be
used as local start up outpost by designating
“hub universities entrepreneurial
education” and leading universities for start
up activities”
3. Reducing Teachers Workload. The overall
amount of administrative workload will be
reduced readjusting the role of schools
and provincial offices of education.
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 3. TESDA Women’s Center (TWC) that seeks to
advance the economic status of women through
training, entrepreneurship development, gender
sensitive policies, programs and projects and
research and advocacy.
4. University Regulation Reform. The university
4. Language Skills Institute (LSI) serves as evaluation systems will be revised to facilitate their
TESDA’s facility for language programs autonomous development.
specifically for worker’s intending to work abroad.

II. Health and Social Welfare

Health and Development

Ensuring the health and well-being of all is essential to poverty reduction efforts and achieving
sustainable development, contributing to economic growth and prosperous communities. Health
is also an inalienable human right according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as
good health allows people to reach their full potential, children to be better able to learn, workers
to be more productive and parents to care for their children better. It is a key indicator of a
country’s progress: a nation with a healthy population is more likely to experience sustained
growth. Good health is also essential for the stability of entire regions, as pandemics, which
transcend borders, can have severe social and economic impacts on families and communities,
and can put increased pressure on health systems.

Philippines South Korea

 Healthcare in the Philippines has been  South Korea is known for having a
defined by the WHO as “fragmented” healthcare system that is both cheap and
high quality.

 The Department of Health (DOH) the

executive department of the Philippine  The South Korean healthcare system is run
government responsible for ensuring access by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and
to basic public health services. is free to all citizens at the point of delivery.
 The Philippines established the  The public healthcare system in Korea is

Page 6 of 24
 PHILHEALTH program in 1995, funded
by municipal, and national government
subsidies, as well as company and employee
contribution.
Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
1. Adolescent Health and Development
Program (AHDP) which aims to increased
accessibility of adolescent friendly facilities,
programs and health providers for Filipino
Youth.
2. Food and Waterborne Disease Prevention
and Control Program Which aims to
reduce morbidity and mortality due to
FWBD’s.
3. Healthy and Productive Ageing Program
primarily aims to promote quality life
among older persons.
4 HIV, AIDS and STI Prevention and
Control Program
5.The Deployment of Health Workers through
DOH Human Resource for Health
Deployment Program which majority of the
health workers are deployed, hire or retain in
low˗resource municipalities in geographically
isolated and disadvantaged areas in the
Philippines.
III. Tourism
called National Health Insurance Service
(NHIS). It is universal and funded by the
Korean government and citizen contribution.
1. Maternity Services
The Ministry hands out medical allowances
to mothers and their newborn children on
healthcare bills. They also provide
reproductively challenged couples with
partial allowances for artificial insemination
and in˗vitro fertilization (IVF).
2.Child Services
Families with children age 0˗7 will be
eligible for a child benefit of KRW 100,00
(USD91) per month. “The dream Start
Program”
“The Dream Start Program has been
introduced to actively seek out children in
need and connect them with local welfare
services.
At the same time, the Ministry is making
proactive efforts to identify and prevent
potential child abuse.
3. Services for Infants and Preschoolers
Under the current system, all families with
young children, regardless of household income
levels, receive a monthly voucher for childcare
services.
4. Services for People with Disabilities.
The Ministry’s ultimate goal is to create an
all˗inclusive society where disability does not
hinder individuals from social participation.
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The most important economic feature of activities related to the tourism sector is that they
contribute to three high-priority goals of developing countries: the generation of income,
employment, and foreign-exchange earnings. In this respect, the tourism sector can play an
important role as a driving force of economic development. The impact this industry can have in
the different stages of economic development depends on the specific characteristics of each
country. Given the complexity of tourism consumption, its economic impact is felt widely in
other production sectors, contributing in each case toward achieving the aims of accelerated
development.

Philippines South Korea

 Through the years, since post World War II,
there have been numerous initiatives
undertaken by government agencies, non-
government organizations, and private
sectors to improve and sustain the tourism
industry in the Philippines. This industry
contributes significantly to the economic
growth of the country and somehow
improved the lives of many Filipinos. Hence,
the Philippine government at various levels
has considered tourism as one of its top
development priorities to ensure its
sustainability.
 Other than its significant contribution to the
Philippine economy, tourism also has an
impact on social development, which is
broad and deep because it is both labor and
capital intensive. It promotes skills and
vocational development that can be exported,
and it promotes a ‘culture of tourism’
through a safer and cleaner environment that
benefits not only tourists but the entire
community as well.
 Under the National Tourism Development
Plan 2016-2022 the following priorities of
the Philippine Government:
o Intensify Transport Infrastructure
 South Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports
and Tourism (MCST) is a central
government agency responsible for the areas
of tourism, culture, art, religion, and sports. It
has two vice ministers, three assistant
ministers, one commission, and over 60
divisions.
The main goals of the MCST are:
 To educate Korean people to be cultured and
creative citizens
 To create a society in which leisure and work
are in harmony
 To create a dynamic nation in which various
local cultures are represented
 To enhance public awareness of the national
agenda (e.g. green growth) through public
relations activities
 To improve quality of life for citizens by
supporting cultural events and activities,
sports, tourism, and religious activities
The MSCT focus on the following areas of
development:
I. Economic growth driven by K-content

Page 8 of 24
 Development
Crucial to meeting the targets for both
foreign tourist arrivals and domestic air
passengers is the successful implementation
of capacity enhancement programs for the
Ninoy Aquino International Airport and all
international gateways of the country
together with the attendant modernization of
facilities and streamlining of operations.
o Pursue Travel Facilitation Incentives
Aggressively promoting routes and
additional air services utilizing the new and
expanded airports will be essential in
providing the necessary seat capacities to
meet visitor targets. Likewise, crucial would
be the adoption of a program to increase seat
entitlements between the Philippines and the
targeted growth country markets through the
conduct of air negotiations.
o Attract Investment and Improve Business
Environment
While transport infrastructure development is
being undertaken, equally crucial to the
country’s tourism competitiveness is
expanding the available transportation
equipment primarily through acquisition of
additional aircraft, ferry vessels, and tour
coaches (buses) together with the expansion
of the country’s accommodation supply (i.e.
hotel and resort rooms) through private
investments in this sector. Expanding the
tourist product offerings by fast-tracking
TIEZA TEZ projects through the completion
of planned integrated resort complexes,
heritage and cultural theme parks, and
ecotourism destinations will provide the
tourism industry a more diverse tourism
o Develop K-content as a pillar for economic
growth
o cultivate companies with the world’s top IP
through policy financing
o Expand the Korean Wave of new technology
convergence into the Metaverse
o Cultivate 10,000 future talents in content
convergence, such as games and webtoons,
for three years
o Establish content/media ecosystem
governance
II. Creative environment full of freedom and
creativity
o Foster a free and just creative atmosphere
o Develop basic art as a source of K-culture
o Build Art Korea Incubator, a platform for
supporting artists
III. Fair access to culture
o Establish a plan to support the development
of culture and arts for people with disabilities
o Expand opportunities for the disabled to
travel freely, socialize, and engage in sports
activities
o Foster an environment where ‘Story
Grandmama’ becomes a creator
o Enable children and youths to be engaged in
entertainment activities, such as Dream
Dance Team
IV. Promoting balanced regional development
through culture
Page 9 of 24
 experience.
o Expand Product Development Initiatives
The development of the tourism circuits as
proposed in this plan will result in greater
connectivity between tourism development
areas and sites which will, in turn, bring
travel-related business opportunities closer to
local communities. Likewise, alternative
travel through roads and roll-on-roll-off port
facilities will relieve existing pressure on
airports. For these proposed tourism circuits
to thrive, improved access and visitor
facilities to natural and heritage sites,
monuments and landmarks, selected national
protected areas and sanctuaries as well as
service centers will have to be undertaken
through public and private sector
investments.
o Enhance HR Capacity and Improve
Service Standards
As tourism is extremely labor-intensive and
thus a significant source of employment,
existing human resource challenges
confronting the industry will have to be
addressed. Such short-term concerns involve
the lack of foreign language speaking guides,
insufficient number of skilled workers to
meet tourism hospitality industry needs, lack
of good training (laboratory facilities) and
teachers with industry experience
o Promote Initiatives in Embracing Quality
Standards
The development of local tourism plans
particularly in the provincial level forms an
integral part in quality standards formulation
as it will not only involve physical planning
o Grow local cultural resources as a brand
o Promote long-term travel in regions
o Establish cooperatives for tourism
promotion, led by local youths
Korean Wave (Hallyu) – The Rise of Korea’s
Cultural Economy & Pop Culture
The Korean Wave (Hallyu) refers to the global
popularity of South Korea’s cultural economy
exporting pop culture, entertainment, music, TV
dramas and movies.
Hallyu is a Chinese term which, when translated,
literally means “Korean Wave”. It is a collective
term used to refer to the phenomenal growth of
Korean culture and popular culture encompassing
everything from music, movies, drama to online
games and Korean cuisine just to name a few.
During former president Barack Obama’s state visit
to Korea in March 2012, he made reference to the
Korean Wave, which was made the country’s top
priority by the government.
South Korea is one of the only countries in the
world, if not the only one, that has a dedicated goal
to become the world’s leading exporter of popular
culture. It is a way for Korea to develop its “soft
power”. Soft power is a popular term coined in 1990
by Harvard political scientist Joseph Nye. It refers to
the intangible power a country wields through its
image, rather than through hard force. Hard force
refers to military power or economic power. An
example of soft power in play is how the US enticed
the world to buy its Levi’s jeans, Apple iPhones,
Marlboro cigarettes, Coca-Cola soft drinks and
Hollywood movies, by leveraging on a desirable
image. A unique image of cool.
Hallyu first spread to China and Japan, later to
Southeast Asia and several countries worldwide
where it continues to have a strong impact. In 2000,
Page 10 of 24
 of tourism sites but also the adoption of a 50-year ban on the exchange of popular culture
standards, guidelines, and certification between Korea and Japan was partly lifted, which
processes of tourism enterprises in the improved the surge of Korean popular culture among
province. the Japanese. South Korea’s broadcast authorities
have been sending delegates to promote their TV
o Support MSME Development programs and cultural content in several countries.
The program calls for the setting up of an Hallyu has been a blessing for Korea, its businesses,
institute of tourism competitiveness, an entity culture and country image. Since early 1999, Hallyu
that shall support qualified travel and tourism has become one of the biggest cultural phenomena
entrepreneurs in terms of providing access to across Asia. The Hallyu effect has been tremendous,
capital, access to markets, and building of contributing to 0.2% of Korea’s GDP in 2004,
technical and managerial skills. amounting to approximately USD 1.87 billion. More
o Promote Gender and Women recently in 2019, Hallyu had an estimated USD 12.3
billion boost on the Korean economy.
Empowerment
Over the last two decades, South Korea has become
The Philippines is currently ranked 7 th in
very rich and very futuristic. In 1965, Korea’s GDP
terms of Gender Equality based on the World
per capita was less than that of Ghana. Today, South
Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap
Korea is the world’s 12th largest economy.
index. This status could be partly attributed
to the efforts of government and civil society
organizations in ensuring that major
programs being implemented and developed
address key gender gaps through planning
and budgeting and the use of Gender
Analysis tools. For the tourism industry, the
Plan calls for cascading gender sensitivity
training on GAD guidelines for tourism to
provincial and municipal tourism officers and
working with the tourism congress for the
promulgation of appropriate regulations
covering harassment cases and instituting
proper decorum in the workplace.

o Expand and Promote Cultural Offerings

Expanding our cultural offerings in our

tourism products and sites provides an
excellent opportunity to enhance the value of
our natural and cultural heritage through
sustainability and preservation measures but

Page 11 of 24
 also expand our tourism offerings.

o Preserve Environment and Promote

Climate Change Adaptation

Nature-based tourism can be a source of

community pride and livelihood, and their
use as tourism assets for ecotourism and low-
impact tourism can also be an educational
tool for highlighting environmental
preservation measures showcasing
sustainable good practices in taking care of
the natural surroundings.

o Implement Risks and Crisis Management

Programs

An event or series of circumstances which

can severely compromise or damage the
marketability of a tourism business or
destination has to be managed properly from
the risk reduction stage to the recovery stage.
It shall involve the application of health and
safety measures, crisis communication with
media, and restoring confidence in affected
tourism source markets. Addressing tourism
risks and crisis requires concerted efforts
from all stakeholders and timely and well-
understood responses from travel industry
partners to include rescue, medical, and
police authorities.

IV. Infrastructure

Page 12 of 24
Infrastructure and Development

Why is physical infrastructure so important to a nation’s development? The answer is that once
goods are produced, they need to be transported to the ports and airports for transportation to
other states and countries. This means that excellent roads are needed to transport the goods or
otherwise, they would be delayed leading to economic and reputational losses. Indeed, if a
manufacturer produces goods quickly but is unable to transport them to the destination as fast as
they can, then there is no point in making the goods in an efficient manner in the first place.
Moreover, good roads are also needed for manufacturers to obtain raw materials and other
components. In addition, ports that are well functioning and where ships do not need to wait for
longer periods of time or in other words, are not congested are very crucial for economic growth
as otherwise, the loading, and unloading of goods from the ships would cause losses to the
exporters and importers. Similarly, there is a need to develop airports that are modern and
efficient for freer and easier movement of people in and out of the countries. For all these
reasons, it is vital that the physical infrastructure needs to be as efficient and as productive as
possible. No nation develops without investing in infrastructure and indeed, this is the reason
why in the aftermath of the Second World War, the Western countries massively invested in
infrastructure. It is also the reason why Japan and South Korea and later China undertook a
drastic improvement in their infrastructure so as to ensure that it “enables” faster economic
growth and development. Indeed, as we would discuss next, it is the enabling aspect which is
important since infrastructure is supposed to facilitate and spur economic growth by providing
better connectivity and enhancing productivity and efficiency.

Philippines South Korea

 The Philippine economy faces constraints
from its outdated and insufficient
infrastructure. To tackle the issue, the
Philippine government increased spending
on roads, bridges, air and sea ports
 Public˗Private Partnership (PPP) offers
monetary and non-monetary advantages for
the public sector. It addresses the limited
funding resources for local infrastructure or
development projects of the public sector
thereby allowing the allocation of public
funds for other local priorities.
 South Korea has a very advanced and
modern infrastructure, which has been
expanding since 1960’s.
 Like the Philippines, both South Korean
government and the private sector are
involved in the financing, construction and
operation of various infrastructure projects
and services.
 But lack of high quality raw materials is
limiting the development potential of its
infrastructure.

Page 13 of 24
 The Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) is the agency
responsible for the planning, design,
construction and maintenance of
infrastructure, especially the national
highways, flood control, and water resources
development system and other public works
all throughout the nation.
Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
1. Safer Road Program Construct loading and
unloading bays for road safety; Improve
road safety using Traffic Accident
Recording and Analysis System (TARAS)
and International Road Assessment Program
(iRAP)
2. Water Convergence Program Coordinate
development of Flood Control, Small Water
Impounding Projects (SWIPs) & Watershed
Protection for more effective use of water
resources and flood management;
3. Flood Management Program:
Coordinate flood control measures and
needed infrastructure in flood prone areas
4. Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure
Program (BBB) was the infrastructure
program of the administration of Rodrigo
Duterte, the 16th president of the
Philippines, the program aimed to reduce
poverty, encourage economic growth and
reduce congestion in Metro Manila, and
address the country's infrastructure gap.
 National Highways in South Korea are
defined as roads that connect main cities,
ports, airports and tourists sites and are
under control of the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport.
Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
1. Provide stronger protection for real
estate consumers to strengthen protection
for the tenants of commercial buildings.
2. Provide easy and convenient access to
nationwide roads which aims to promote
the construction projects of expressways
(both state and private-funded) and national
highways based on the 7×9 National
Arterial Road Network Plan (7 north-
south roads and 9 east-west roads) with a
goal to ensure convenient access to the
national road network from anywhere in the
nation
3.Promote green architecture. Boost green
architecture via green building certification,
building energy efficiency certification,
integrated building energy management system,
green remodeling, etc.
4. Build an urban environment where people
want to live which aims to strengthen the public
value of the Restricted Development Zone
system and to diversify ways to create parks and
secure green space
Page 14 of 24
 The Build! Build! Build! program was
superseded by the Build, Better, More
infrastructure program of the administration
of Duterte's successor, Bongbong Marcos.
Government officials have described the
new program as an expansion of the BBB
program.

V. Employment

Employment and Development

An employment is an important factor of the political, social and the economic growth of a
nation as the job has the power to influence the decision making and remove corruption and thus
has power to develop a more just and active economy. The role of jobs in any economy plays a
crucial role especially in the developing economy, as an employed person contributes to the
society and the economy at large in terms of the GDP and the per capita income. Job growth of a
nation shows the strength of the nation in terms of the workforce diversity equal participation of
men and women in the economy thus has a serious influence on the nation builder i.e. the future.
There should be a focus on creating better and more productive jobs, particularly those that can
absorb the high concentrations of working poor. Among the necessary elements for creating such
jobs are investing in labour-intensive industries, especially agriculture, encouraging a shift in the
structure of employment to higher productivity occupations and sectors, and upgrading job
quality in the informal economy. In addition, there should also be a focus on providing poor
people with the necessary skills and assets that will enable them to take full advantage of any
expansion in employment potential.

Philippines South Korea

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  Unemployment has remained high in the
Philippines, at almost twice the level of
neighbouring countries, despite relatively fast
employment growth in the past decade.
Employment growth was not sufficient to
reduce unemployment because of rapid
population growth and increased labor force
participation.
 The Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE) is the government agency in the
Philippines responsible for the administration
and enforcement of labor and employment
laws.
Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
1. The Special Program for Employment of
Students is DOLE’s youth employment-
bridging program which aims to provide
temporary employment to poor but deserving
students, out-of-school youth, and dependents
of displaced or would-be displaced workers
during summer and/or Christmas vacation or
any time of the year.
2. JobStart Philippines enhances
employability of youth by reducing their job-
search period and increasing their
employability through training paid internship
and full-cycle employment facilitation
3. Capacity Building Services for Livelihood
Program to assist low income workers who
choose self employment or entrepreneurial
 South Korea is a country with a highly
developed economy and high standard of
living. Unemployment rate is relatively low
but the incidence on non˗regular
employment has been increasing over the
past few years. Women and youth are
disproportionally more likely to be
non˗regular workers which contributes to
Korea’s large gender wage gap.
 The Ministry of Employment is tasks to
oversee the labor affairs and policies related to
employment
1. The Ministry launched the “Vocational Skills
Development Innovation Measures” to
enhance people’s adaptability to new
technologies and industries to improve
lifelong employability.
2. The Ministry have been making efforts to
establish “National Job Opening
Information Platform”, that would let job
seekers find information on job openings
managed by the Ministry and relevant
organizations.
3. In response to address the gender wage gap, the
Korean government is faithfully carrying out its
“Sixth Basic Plan for Gender Equality” to
create a better work environment for women.
4. Act on Prohibition of Age Discrimination in
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 ventures as a source of income. Employment and Elderly Employment
Promotion to further stregnthen the support for re
4. Child Labor Program as part of the overall employment services for the elderly to get them
measures to reduce poverty and protect ready for career change so that they can continue
children from any forms of child labor to work in the labor market.
services.

VI. Gender Equality

Gender Equality and Development

Paving the way for more women in the political, business, and civic arenas is an investment in
more just, equitable, and peaceful societies. Girls and women have a right to engage in civil
society, vote in elections, be elected to government office, serve on boards, and make their
voices heard in any process that will ultimately affect them, their families, and their
communities. And increased equality in these arenas would have a ripple effect: For example,
research shows that women’s participation in resolution processes increases the chances of peace
agreements lasting for fifteen years by 35%. However, globally, girls and women continue to be
marginalized from the political sphere due to restrictive laws, institutional barriers, and
discriminatory cultural practices. Globally, a number of strategies are committed and vital
political action in this regard. This means that we should consider how gender imbalances in
political institutions can affect matters in this connection. Data collected suggests that countries
with higher GDP levels have higher female employment rates.

Philippines South Korea

 Philippines performance is exceptional in  Gender equality in South Korea is derived

the fields of Educational Attainment and in from deeply rooted patriarchal ideologies.
Health and Survival but has not made Gender equality remains prevalent in South
significant progress in closing the gender Korea’s economy and politics but has
gap in the fields of Political Empowerment improved in healthcare and education.
and Economic Participation and
Opportunity.

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  The Minister of Gender Equality and
Family is tasked to administer duties
concerning the planning and consolidation of
policies on of women's status, such as promotion
of women's rights and interests, juveniles and
families (including duties concerning multi-
cultural families and children for healthy family
projects).

Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
 The Philippine Commission on Women
1. Article II of the Korean Constitution
(PCW) is a government agency run by the
states that “ all citizens shall be equal before
government of the Philippines with the
the law, and there shall be no discrimination
intention of promoting and protecting the
in political, economic, social, or cultural life
rights of the women in the Philippines.
on account of sex, religion, or social status”
Some Programs/Policies/Projects:
2. The National Human Rights Commission
1. The 1987 Philippine Constitution provides of Korea Act which explicitly prohibits any
that the State recognizes the role of women form of discrimination.
in nation-building, and shall ensure the
3. Laws such as Equal Employment
fundamental equality before the law of Opportunity Act, Act on Prohibition of Age
women and men. Discrimination in Employment, Fixed Term
and Part Time Employee Protection Act.
2. Magna Carta of Women or the RA 9710,
the country’s comprehensive women’s
human rights law.

3. The representation of women in legislative

bodies is also provided under Local
Government Code of the Philippines or
the “Party List System Act”.

VII. Poverty Reduction

Poverty Reduction and Development

Poverty is the major cause of lack of development in any country. It is therefore the obligation of
every government to try and improve the living standards and conditions of its people by
providing employment opportunities and other means by which people can earn money and
provide for their families. Poverty which can lead to complex effects on many fronts is becoming
a focal point of social issues. Even though the global economy is developing faster and better,
poverty is still a significant issue concerned by many people because it’s still an unsolved
worldwide problem that can result in a series of effects on social, political, and cultural fronts.

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Basically, poverty is a stumbling block to a country’s economic growth. It can result in high
unemployment rate, which, in turn, can have a negative influence on the macro-economy.
Another point is that poverty means that a country is lack of capital which can be used to invest
in infrastructures, education and other basic needs of people. This can lead to low life standard of
the people and people will lose confidence of the government. A vicious circle happens, which is
harmful for both the people and the country. Poverty is a situation in life that has to be fought by
all means necessary not only by the government but by individuals as well.

Philippines South Korea

 Philippines has long suffered from poverty
past due to lack of investment in education
and less paying jobs compared to other
countries.
 Most Filipinos rely on income from
agriculture, domestic remittances and
government transfers.
 While in many poor countries, poverty
disproportionally effects the young, the
opposite is true for South Korea. Nearly
half of all citizens over the age of 65 is
living in poverty.

 The government of South Korea has

 The goal of the Philippine government is to instituted a number of programs aimed to
create more jobs, improve productivity, targeting this situation, but has never made
invest in health and nutrition while focusing an adequate financial commitment to deal
on reducing poverty. with it.

Some Programs/Policies/Projects: Some Programs/Policies/Projects:

1. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 1. Basic Old-Age Pension designed to enhance

welfare of the elderly by providing a monthly
(4Ps) of the Department of Social and
pension payment to the elderly in need.
Welfare Development
2. National Basic Livelihood Security (NBLS)
is a
government support system that provides a
2. Special Area for Agricultural
guaranteed income to senior citizens not
Development (SAAD) of the Department of receiving family support, whose income is below
Agriculture. the national poverty line.

3. KALAHI˗CIDSS National Community 3. The Ministry of Health and Welfare currently

Driven Development Program runs an Emergency Welfare Support System

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 (KC˗NCDDP) of the Department of Social
and Welfare Development.
4. The AlkanSSSya Program of the Social
Security System
(BLSP)
5. Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP) of
the Department of Social and Welfare
Development
situations resulting from loss of income, severe
disease, injuries, domestic violence and fire
damage.
4. Basic Livelihood Security Program
which  the program aims to reduced the
overall poverty level of Koreans by defining
and promoting the rights of every citizen to
live a life that ensures the basic

Conclusion:

With a desire to contribute to the development of public administration worldwide by sharing

Korea’s experience in the development and innovation of public administration with the
international community, the Korean government has published the Good Governance Guide
2021.

This brochure introduces 17 outstanding administrative services of government agencies in

Korea.

In addition, the brochure shares the success factors of the implementation process of each service
to provide substantive assistance to partner countries that wish to introduce or are already
pursuing similar policies and services. We hope this brochure helps enhance the quality of life
for citizens and realize sustainable development across the globe.

Lessons for the Philippines

The success of South Korea can be factored by 5 Principal factors:

1. Free market economies

A free market situation provides incentives for the people to work hard, to invent, to innovate,
and to become efficient. By doing so, they are able to grow their businesses and enrich
themselves. This, in turn, triggers a snowball effect of job generation, productivity, and increased
revenues for government by way of taxes.

In the Philippines, where markets are controlled by their governments and where the ownership
of private property is prohibited, its citizens have little incentive to invest or exert effort to
increase productivity. They do not bother to hustle or toil as doing so will not make a difference

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in their lives. The stifling regime represses innovation and douses the entrepreneurial spirit with
cold water.

2. Conform to fair competition

Fair competition and an even playing field is another ingredient to a nation’s success. When
governments disrupt the free market by coddling monopolies, giving preferred treatment to
certain individuals, increasing barriers to entry, or demanding payola from private companies —
all these prevent real competition from taking place. It makes the dominant player even more
dominant but also more inefficient. This inefficiency translates to higher costs for the consumers
and, more often than not, to poor service. While the dominant company can boast of scandalous
profits, it is usually unable to hold up against with competition from abroad.

On the other hand, when corporations are allowed to compete on an level playing field, the entire
industry becomes efficient. The company that emerges as the dominant force is the one that is
more outstanding than the rest in terms of innovation, creativity, and capability. It will be in the
position to conquer foreign markets.

3. Adhere to the rule of law

The ability to uphold the rule of law is another characteristic of successful economies. The law is
the great equalizer. All citizens, and especially government, must respect the rule of law as
without it, chaos, mayhem, and/or human rights violations ensue. Private enterprises must be
able to rely on the rule of law when certain forces (like government or politicians) try to disrupt
free market forces or when injustice occurs. The rule of law puts order to free trade. It protects
corporations and it does so by allowing due process to take its course.

4. Possess strong banking systems

A strong banking system is another prerequisite. Great ideas and a strong entrepreneurial spirit
means nothing without the funds to turn concepts into something concrete. Successful economies
have strong banking systems to support large conglomerates and humble entrepreneurs alike.
The more banks of good standing in an economy, the better. In Singapore , there are 205 banks
to support its population of 5.12 million. Here in the Philippines, only 101 banks service a
population 109 million Filipinos. No surprise, Singapore has become a preferred destination to
do business. Banks also help increase the savings rate of a country.

5. Investments in rebuilding an education system and innovations

Education has always been important for Koreans. In 1945, around the end of Japanese
colonization, South Korea’s literacy rate was 22%, among the lowest in the world. To eradicate
illiteracy, South Korea launched campaigns that aimed to educate those who did not have
primary education. Along with education in South Korea, the country’s economy transformed
tremendously. Many consider South Korea’s economy to the most innovative economy. The

Page 21 of 24
South Korean government believed that economic development on a national scale required high
learning abilities and cognitive skills. By investing in education, students would develop skills
and knowledge that would help in becoming excellent workers. The economy then flourishes and
begins to invest back into education. The government also made sure to provide vocational or
technical training which, alongside education in South Korea, has contributed to the low
unemployment rate. The South Korean government understands that there is a strong correlation
between education, economic empowerment and low unemployment. Education helps economies
grow and infrastructures develop. In South Korea, it was government policy that made education
the biggest portion of the budget, next to defense. Government policy also used land reform to
boost education.

Page 22 of 24
References:

https://sdg.neda.gov.ph/

https://www.deped.gov.ph/

https://ched.gov.ph/ched/

https://www.tesda.gov.ph/

http://english.moe.go.kr/main.do?s=english

https://doh.gov.ph/

https://mohw.go.kr/eng/

www.dpwh.gov.ph/

http://www.molit.go.kr/english/intro.do

https://www.dole.gov.ph/

https://www.moel.go.kr/english/

https://pcw.gov.ph/

http://www.mogef.go.kr/eng/index.do

https://www.dswd.gov.ph/

https://www.dswd.gov.ph/

www.officialgazette.gov.ph

https://www.mois.go.kr/eng/sub/a03/GoodGovernanceBestPractices/screen.do

https://www/dot.gov.ph/

https://www.mcst.go.kr/english/policy/businessPlan.jsp?pTab=01

https://martinroll.com/resources/articles/asia/korean-wave-hallyu-the-rise-of-koreas-
cultural-economy-pop-culture/#:~:text=The%20Hallyu%20effect%20has%20been,very
%20rich%20and%20very%20futuristic.

Public Administration and Policy in Korea. Its evolution and Challenges. Keun Namkoong,
Kyung-ho Cho and Sangmook Kim

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Philippine Journal of Public Administration · January 2008 by Alex Brillantes

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