FOREST FIRE DETECTION AND GUIDING

ANIMALS TO A SAFE AREA BY USING

SENSOR NETWORKS AND SOUND
Vignesh.S! Tarun.M.G? Sankhasubhra Nandi? Sriram.M* — Ashok.P>
2021 4th International Conference on Computing and Communications Technologies (ICCCT) | 978-1-6654-1447-0/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCCT53315.2021.9711785

1234 UG Scholar,Department of computer science and engineering

5 Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering

123,45 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology, Chennai

Abstract— Forest fires are one of the main causes of the ground into the forest canopy and is spreading through it,
environmental degradation. More than a million species usually in conjunction with the surface fuels.
of animals have lost their lives in the 2019-2020 wildfire
that spread in the Amazon forest. The model that we are
proposing, intends to drastically reduce the number of
lives lost in such unfortunate events and also alert the first
response accelerating their momentum.
Our idea is to have Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
placed in a widely distributed manner across the forest
area. Each module consists of a smoke sensor,
temperature, humidity sensor, and a speaker which is
connected to a Node-MCU. These modules collect data
that is necessary for the prediction of wildfires. The data
collected is analyzed along with the wind direction by our
deep learning algorithm which predicts the wildfire

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spreading direction. This prediction is used to find a safe

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route for the animals to move away and get to a safe zone.
Then the animals are manipulated to move away from the
wildfire with the help of distressing sounds produced
from the speaker triggering their flight response for their
self-preservation. These distressing sounds are produced
in a pattern rather than just producing it wherever
wildfire is present. Hence leading wildlife to a safe zone
And also nearby villages can be warned by a siren.

Keywords—forest fire, deep learning, grids, module, sensors,

CROWN FIRES
self-preservation

1.INTRODUCTION: Fig.1 wildfire types

A forest fire has been a huge problem to our environment and
has been the cause of death for millions of wild animals.
Instance the huge wildfire disaster that was caused in 2020 in
Bolivia’s forest fire killed over 2.3 million animals. Even
though the animals can recognize the wildfire, when they try
and get to a safer area, they end up getting caught in the
wildfire and die because they lose the sense of direction and
end up getting caught in the wildfire and Perish. So for our
proposal, we will divide the forest area into grids and place
our modules to detect the sectors of the forest that are not safe
and find a safe zone. A forest fire can be usually divided into
three categories as shown in figure 1. The categories are (1)
Ground fire: Ground fires are wildfires that take place in the
subsurface and take up buried vegetation like peat and humus
as fuel (2) Surface fire: surface fires are wildfires that take
place on the surface, take up low-lying vegetation. (3) Crown
fire: A crown fire is defined as a fire that has ascended from
Since we won't be able to prevent the cause of wildfire we
can at least try and help save the lives of animals that may be
in danger and the humans that could be in danger. For this,
we will be using the direction of the wind, and sensor
information from the smoke sensor, temperature, and
humidity sensor. The data from the modules are passed to
Raspberry pi which will cluster the whole data (from each
affected sector) and send it to the analyzer (base station),
which in turn will take in the data and generate a safe path
through which we will be able to guide the animals out of the
danger zone and send information to the first response so that
they can act upon it. To guide the animals we will use sound
waves in a particular frequency (distressing sound) through
speakers which would cause a feeling of self-preservation in
them, causing them to move and guide them to a safer
location through activation of the modules in a particular
pattern in each sector, thus guiding the animals by safe zone.

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 And apart from just guiding the animals to a safe zone, we 2.6 HC-12 LONG-RANGE RADIO
pass the adequate information that we have of the situation to COMMUNICATOR:
the first response group so that they can act upon it to HC-12 wireless serial port communication module is the
minimize the damage that is caused due to wildfire at early multichannel embedded latest-generation wireless data
stages and stop the wildfire from spreading any further. transmission module. 100mW or 20dBm is the maximum
Wildfires have proven that it is dangerous to the animals and transmitting power of the module. This is used to
the environment and can be a huge danger to us humans communicate between the raspberry pi and base station.
living in the surrounding areas. A well-known example of this
situation can be the wildfire occurrence in California that 2.7 SPEAKER :
caused damage to 22,751 structures and deaths of 97 civilians A tweeter is a small-scale loudspeaker. The speaker is
and 6 firefighters and caused more than $3.5 billion in designed to produce the higher limit of the audible frequency
damage and around $1.8 billion just for fire suppression range. It can resonate sounds at the 20 kHz range to alert the
alone. So for these kinds of wildfire situations around animals. The speakers are the source of the distress sounds.
civilians or urban areas, we will alert them through sirens and
help them evacuate to a safer location in advance so that it 2.8 NRF24L01 DIGITAL TRANSCEIVERS:
won't be too late for them to react to the wildfire. NRF24L01 digital transceiver is a_ single-chip radio
transceiver for the global ISM band. The transceiver is
2. MODULES: integrated fully with a frequency synthesizer, a crystal
2.1 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR: oscillator, a power amplifier, a modulator, a demodulator,
The DHTI1 sensor is a cost-effective temperature and and an Enhanced ShockBurst protocol engine. It is used for
humidity sensor. It uses a thermostat and a capacitive communicating between wireless sensor modules and
humidity sensor to measure the nearby air and produces a raspberry pi.
digital signal. It’s simple to use but demands heedful timing
to obtain data. 3. FIRE WEATHER INDEX:
Fire hazards are evaluated worldwide using an indexing
2.2 SMOKE SENSOR (MQ?): method known as Fire Weather Index (FWI). The
The MQ-2 is a combustible gas and smoke sensor that requirements of the FWI system are relative humidity,
determines the concentrations of flammable gas in the observed temperature, wind speed at noon local standard
surrounding air and spits out its reading as an analog voltage. time, and 24-hour precipitation. numerous other
The sensor can estimate concentrations of the combustible observations, such as snow depth on the ground, dew point,
gas of 300 to 10,000 ppm. This sensor is highly sensitive to wind direction, and atmospheric pressure. These standard
LPG, propane, i-butane, alcohol, Hydrogen, methane, and elements meld together to give a numerical evaluation of
smoke. potential wildfire.
Fire Temperature, Vind Temperature, Temperature,
2.3 NODE MCU (ESP8266): weather relative humidity, relative humicity, rain
observations rain
Node MCU is an open-source Lua-based firmware that has
been specially made for “Internet Of Things” applications.
By exploring functionality with the ESP8266 chip, Node
MCU firmware comes with the Node MCU Development
board.
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2.4 RASPBERRY PI:
The Raspberry Pi is a handheld single-board computer. The
Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ has a fast 1.4 GHz processor and a
3 times faster gigabit Ethernet or 2.4 / 5 GHz dual-band Wi-
Fire
Fi (100 Mbit/s). Other attributes are Power over Ethernet behavior
(PoE), USB boot, and network boot. The Raspberry Pi comes indices
with a few integrated development environments (IDEs) for
running, writing, and debugging Python scripts.

2.5 ANEMOMETER AND WIND DIRECTION Fig 2 - FWI system

SENSOR: FWI Class | Value Range Type of Fire
We use a wind direction sensor to find the wind direction
Low 0-5 Creeping surface fire
which is one of the major attributes of our algorithm.
Moderate 5-10 Low vigor surface fire
An anemometer is a device utilized to estimate wind
High 10-20 Moderately vigorous surface fire
speed and direction.
Very High 20-30 Very intense surface fire
Extreme 30+ Developing active fire

table. 1 FWI wildfire range

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4. PROPOSED SYSTEM:

Step 1
Gathering every
modules data in
Base station fell

Step 2

Fig 3-architecture

As seen in figure 3, a forest is divided into sectors and each

sector has a sensor network, these individual modules
communicate raspberry which in turn will communicate to
the base station. Each module (figure 4) consists of a smoke
sensor (MQ2), temperature and humidity sensor (DH11),
output unit speaker, and NRF24L01 digital transceiver,
Step 3
connected to a Node MCU.

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eee te ee eeeee 5.MACHINE LEARNING:
We are gonna use a Dense Neural Network created using
oe seee8
ee eee Keras API with input from the sensor network and predicting
the fire’s movement and outlining a safe path for the animals
to move. Using this data the distress signals are activated in
Fig 4 -module with only sensor components different grid’s withholding a pattern to guide the animals.

These modules are placed in every sector. A number of these
modules placed in each sector are connected to the main heart
of the system (Raspberry pi) via radio waves. Since all the
sensor data are passed to the Raspberry pi it will send this
data cluster to the base station via radio waves using an /hc-
12 long-range radio communicator, The base station in turn
predicts the wildfire movement as well as predict a safe path
for the animals to move. The paths are retrieved from the base
station and the sound pattern is fed back to the modules via
raspberry pi. And by using sound waves at a particular
frequency/ distressing sounds which trigger the flight
response in wild animals. simultaneously when the base
station receives wildfire data the first responders will also be
intimated. The base station will use the fire weather index to
find a wildfire which is the standardized method followed
widely.
6.DISTRESSING SOUND :
Every wildlife has a fight-or-flight response so we tend to
take advantage of its flight response. We are gonna trigger its
flight response in order to get the wildlife away from the
forest fire. The distressing sound includes (1) chainsaw,(2)
bomb blast, (3)gunfire sound (4) predatory sounds or a
combination of all of the above. These distress sounds will be
activated in each sector in a pattern. The pattern is based on
the predicted safe path for the wildlife.
7.WEATHER ELEMENT DATA:
7.1 TEMPERATURE :
Generally, the temperature will increase and decrease
everywhere around the forest. The temperature data
is analyzed by using the FWI system which is accepted
worldwide. It will automatically alert the first response and
we guide the animals into a safe zone.

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 e Wildfire detection using satellite images will be
7.2 SMOKE : cost-efficient.
Along with the temperature sensor, we are gonna use a smoke
sensor which will help us analyze the situation. This data REFERENCES

along with temperature and wind direction will help us

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Fig 6-predicted path for wildlife
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the animals to reach a safe zone. The animals are guided
through sound waves/distress signals. These paths are
retrieved from the base station and then the sound pattern is
fed back to the modules via raspberry pi.

9. CONCLUSION:
In this paper, we use wireless sensor networks for real-time
forest-fire detection. By using this method we can save
millions of flora and fauna, therefore, reducing the damage
caused to the environment by forest fires. Our model also
informs the nearby forest officers on the progression of
wildfire. This model can be implemented in many fire-prone
forests and can be economical.

10.FUTURE ENHANCEMENT:
e Image and sound processing can be included and
this system can also prevent poaching by
intimidating authorities.

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