Define human resource planning (workforce planning)

Is the management process of anticipating and meeting an organization's current and future
staffing needs

Define labor turnover

Measures the rate of change of human resources within an organization per period of time

How is labor turnover calculated

What does high labour turnover suggest

That workers are dissatisfied by some aspect of their employment situation

What are the disadvantages of having high labour turnover

- Frequent hiring
- Recruitment and training can be expensive
- Employee demotivation
- Interruption in work practice

What are the advantages of having high labour turnover

- New employees tend to bring energy and new ideas
- When workers that have low energy or bring the team down leave that nourishes the
business or organization
-
what does low labour turnover suggest
indicate a stable business

what is the role of HR plan towards labour turnover

shoud be designed to make sure that the labour turnover rate is kept at an acceptable level

what are the internal factors influencing HR plan

- Changes in the business organization
- Changes to business finance
- Changes in labour relations
- Changes in the business strategy

Explain: changes in the business organization can influence HR plan

They changes the way they are organized to meet their strategic objectives
Explain: changes in the labour relations can influence HR plan
If the work union becomes strong then the business will have to changes the work
requirements

Explain: changes in business strategy can influence HR plan

Changes in the business strategy may lead to changes in the plan

Explain: financial state can influence HR plan

The financial state of the business has an affect on wages and recruitments

what are the external factors influencing pool of potential employees

- Technological changes
- Government regulation
- Demographic change
- Social trends
- State of the economy
- Changes to education
- Labour mobility

Explain changes in technology can pool of potential employees

This can improve teleworking and working from home

Explain how government regulations can influence pool of potential employees

Laws govern healthy and safety of workforce, and the weekly hours and equality

Explain how demographic change can influencece pool of potential employees

Ageing population, reduced fertility can have an impact on potential employees

Explain how social trends can influence pool of potential employees

Role of women in society, or the importance of work life balance

Explain how the state of the economy can influence pool of potential employees
Depending on the stage of the economy, a boom will lead to increased wages, a recession will
increase unemployment and lower wages

Explain how labour mobility can influence pool of potential employees

Changing occupations or changing locations

Explain how changes in education can influence pool of potential employees

Can affect the suitability of labour for employment
What are the four parts of HR plan
- Recruitment
- Training
- Appraisal
- Termination or dismissal

Define recruitment
How the business recruits the right person for the right job

Define appraisal
How the employee's job performance is evaluated

Define training
How the business ensures that employees receive professional development

Define termination or dismissal

How the business manages the situation when the employee leaves

Outline the common steps that are followed in when recruiting workers
- Identification
- Application
- Selection

What is the identification process

The business realizes that it needs a new employee because of a change in its internal factors

What does the identification process contain of

- Job description
- Person specification
- Internal or external recruitment

What does job description (identification process) contain of

- The job title
- What the employee will have to do
- The employees responsibilities

What does person specification (identification process) contain of

- The skills required to do the job
- The qualification necessary
- What experience is necessary
What are the advantages of internal recruitment and disadvantages of external recruitment
- Cheaper
- Quicker
- More efficient as the person would know how the business works

What are the disadvantages of internal recruitment and advantages of external recruitment
- Limits the pool of potential candidates
- May cause resentment
- Causes the domino effect as the person promoted would leave a vacancy to be filled and
so on down the hierarchy

Define the application process

The business has to decide how to find the best applicants for the job

what does the business need to consider when it comes to job adverts
- Where to place the advert so it is seen by the right people
- What should be included in the advert so the applicants have sufficient information
- The legal requirements that have to be met

What are the advantages of application forms over resumes

- Standardized so they are useful for jobs with lots of possible applicants
- Designed specifically to match the job requirements
- Focused on the issues that the business wants
- Legally binding

What are the advantages of resumes over application forms

- Better for jobs with limited applicants
- More personal and can reveal more about the applicant
- Can be more flexible
- Is quicker as it can be prepared beforehand

What are the advantages of using the HR deparmtnet for finding the best applicants
internally
- Cheaper
- Quicker
- More efficient as the HR deparment will know precisely what the business required

What are the disadvantages of using the HR department for finding the applicant internally
- Limits the pool of potential candidates, agencies may have plenty more applicants in
their databases
- May cause a lack of focus on other areas
- May not cater for specialist skills, in contast with an agency for example that specializes
in administrative vacancies
Define selection
The final part of the process of recruitment is the selection of the best application for the job

On what basis does the business discard its applicants

- Their overall quality
- How many are required for interviewsw
- Any legal requirements that have to be taken into account

What are the types of test done in the selection process of recruitment
- Aptitude
- Psychometric
- Team based

What are aptitude tests

Task oriented activities designed to test understanding and application of theories or concepts

What are psychometric tests

Personality questionnaires designed to test reasoning skilss and personality traits

What are team-based tests

Exercises designed to focus on the qualities necessary for working in project teams

What are the benefits of training

- Improve the quality of the work
- Lead to greater productivity
- Motivate the employee
- Reduce labour turnover

Define induction training

Training that focuses on making a new employee familiar with the way the business functions
and with lines of authority

Define On-the-job training

Training conducted within the workplace whilst the employee is working

Ads and disads of one the job training

+ cheapest
+ relevant since it's specific to. Firms needs
+ fewer disruptions to daily operations as the trainees is still at work
+ build better relationships at work
- Bac working habits from trainer
- Internal staff may lack skills to deliver training
- Internal trainers cannot get work done while they are delivering training
Define Off-the-job training
Training conducted by specialists away from the workplace

Ads and disads of off-the-job traning

+ wider range of skills
+ staff learn from specialists
+ employees not distracted from the daily operations in the workplace
- More expensive
- Lost productivity attending training
- Employees that gain training may leave for better job elsewhere

Define Cognitive training

Refers to exercising and developing the mental skills of employees so as to improve their
performance and productivity

Define Behavioral training

Seeks to change or improve the patterns of behavior at work based on the desired outcome

What are benefits of appraisal for an employee

- Be motivating
- Be instructive , learn from past mistakes
- Help employees progress along their career path
- Lead to a change in career direction

What are benefits of appraisal for the business

- Act as a check on performance
- Help to review new initatives
- Be useful to record and document performance
- Be motivating as it formally recognizes good performance

What are characterisitics of good appraisal systems

- They are not directly linked to pay or promotion
- Appraisal systems are separate from disciplinary systems
- Good appraisal systems require minimal paperwork
- Appraisals provide an honest exchange of views

Define Formative appraisal

The formative appraisal takes place on an ongoing basis to enable employees to improve their
job performance
Define Summative appraisal
Takes place periodically such as quarterly or annually conducted by the line manager who
summarizes the personal performance and achievements of the appraisee

Define 360-degree feedback

An appraisal system that involves getting comments opinions and information about an
appraisal from the various groups of people who work with that person

Define Self-appraisal
Involves employees evaluating themselves against a predetermined set of criteria

Define dismissal
Refers to the termination of a worker's employment due to their incompetence or breach of
employment contract

Define redundancy
Occurs when a business can no longer afford to hire a certain number or group of workers or
because the job ceases to exist, perhaps due to seasonal or technological factors

What are some factors chaning the working environment

- Privatization ( the move from public to private sector)
- Increased migration of potential employees in a country across the globe
- Increasing participation of females in the workforce
- Changing educational opportunities
- Increased urbanization and rise in stress levels
- Ageing population increasing average age of workforce

Define full time work

When employees work the maximum hours per week accepted by law

Define permanent contracts

An employee who has been hired for a position without a predetermined time limit

Define part time work

When employees work less hours than the full time weekly maximum hours

Define temporary
Work that is on a fixed term contract usually of a temporary nature

Define freelance
When someone who is self-employed works for several different employers at the same time

Define teleworking
Working taking place from home or a telecommunication centre

Define homeworking
When an employee works from home, having a core number of hours

Define flexitime
Work involving a set number of hours of an employee’s own choosing , usually the employee
would have a core number of hours he or she has to work at the office, the rest is up to the
employee

Define casual Fridays

When an employee is allowed to wear less formal dress on a Friday so that it is easier to go
away at the weekends

Define three-day weekend

Instead of working more days less hours, the employee will work less days more hours

Define career breaks

An employee decides to stop working for a time usually a year ot more before returning to the
same career

Define job share

Two or more employees decide to share a job in order to free up more time for other activities

Define downshifting
An employee gives up a senior position or highly paid employment in order to change career
into another lower paid field or area of interest

Define study leave

An employee is granted time off work to acquire a new qualification such as an MBA

Define outsourcing
When a business subcontracts a process such as manufacturing or packaging to another
business or organization

Define offshoring
Outsourcing a process or service to another country in order to reduce costs
What are examples of typical business functions that can be outsourced
- Marketing: advertising agency
- Operations management: licensing a producer to make a product
- HR: employing an agency for recruitment
- Finance: hiring accountants to run an external audit

Define re-shoring
The transfer and relocation of a firms overseas operations back to its country of origin due to
cost or competitive advantages

Explain how innovation may influence human resource practices

Hr managers rely on the use of ICT in planning, social media networks like linkedin and
facebook are used in the recruitment process

Explain how ethics may influence human resource practices

Part-time and flexitime raise concerns about employers who take advantages of these
employees and not giving them what they work for, unethical treatment and unethical business
practice like child labour

Explain how culture may influence human resource practices

Firms with high rates of labour may suffer from poor human resource and weaken corportate
culture, some firms have a cultural ideas that human resources are a long-term investment so
they train and develop them

2.2 organizational structure

Define organizational structure

A diagram that outlines the formal roles, responsibilities, and reporting lines

Define delegation
The process of entrusting and empowering a subordinate to successfully complete a task,
project, or job role

Define the span of control

Describes the number of subordinates/employees who are directly accountable to a manager

Define levels of hierarchy

Refer to the management structure of an organization based on the number of layers of formal
authority usually presented in a diagram or chart
define the chain of command
is the formal line of authority through which orders and decisions are passed down from senior
management at the top to operational workers at the bottom of the hierarchy

define bureaucracy
refers to the administrative systems of a business such as the set of rules and procedures and
formal hierarchical structures in an organization

define centralization
refers to organizational structures where the majority of decision-making is in the hands of a
very small number of people at the top of the hierarchical structure

define decentralization
refers to organizational structures which include the delegation of decision-making authority
throughout an organization away from a central authority

define de-leyaring
the process of removing one or more layers in the organizational hierarchy to make the
structure flatter

what are the six types of organizational charts

- Tall
- Flat
- Hierarchical
- By product
- By function
- By region

what are the features of a tall organizational structure

- Many levels of hierarchy
- Narrow span of control
- Centralized decision making
- Long chains of command
- Autocratic leadership
- Limited delegation

Draw a tall organizational structure

What are the features of a flat organizational structure
- Few levels of hierarchy
- Wider spans of control
- Decentralized decision making
- Shorter chains of command
- Democratic leadership
- Increased delegation

Draw a flat organizational structure

What are organizational structures by hierarchy?

Where individuals at the top have more authority than those below them

Draw an organizational structure by hierarchy

Define organization by product
Occurs when an organization groups its human resources based on the distinct goods or
services it sells

Draw organization by product

Define organization by function

Involves establishing the organizational structure according to business functions such as
marketing, production and finance

Draw organization by function

Define organization by region

Refers to establishing the organizational structure according to different geographical areas
Draw organization by region

Define project based organization

Refers to the organization of human resources around specific projects that need to be
completed

Define the shamrock model

A model that argues that businesses can be more flexible by taking advantage of the changes in
the external environment and its impact on workforce planning

Draw the shamrock model

What does the shamrock model suggest
That the business can reduce costs, gain competitive advantage and increase response time by
trimming their workfore to retain only three

What are the three types of the workforce in a shamrock organization?

- The professional core
- The contigent workforce
- Outsourced vendors

What is the role of the professional core?

Full-time experienced staff needed for operations and survival

What is the role of the contingent workforce?

Temporary and flexitime workers employed on a short-term basis
What is the role of outsourced vendors?
Hired on a contract basis to do specific tasks such as an advertising campaign

explain how cultural difference can have a large impact on communications in an organization
cultural ignorance can cause offense to others can can cause marketing messages to be
misinterpreted or misunderstood by the wider community

what are the ads and disads of verbal communication

+ quick
+ direct
+ effective
- Message can be misunderstood if the sender uses wrong language
- Message can be misunderstood if the sender does not speak clearly
- Message can be misunderstood if the sender does not allow for feedback

What are the ads and disads of visual communication

+ permanent
+ recognizable
+ immediate
- Difficult for those with a limited sigh
- Difficult if communication is not position appropriately
- Some cultures respond differently to the same image

What are the ads and disads of written communication

+ effective
+ may be saved
+ can be amended and revised
- Impersonal
- The tone may be misunderstood
- Feedback is not immediate

2.3 leadership and management

What are the key functions of management

- Planning
- Organizing
- Commanding
- Coordinating
- Controlling

Why is planning a key function of management

Setting strategic objectives, tactical objectives, operational objectives are important for
organizations
Why is organizing a key function of management
Managers need to make sure that the business has sufficient resources to achieve its objective

Why is commanding a key function of management

Managers and employees must make sure that they know how to perform their tasks

Why is coordinating a key function of management

Different activities that take place in the organization must be coordinated

Why is controlling a key function of management

Managers have power to test quality so that processes can be changed if necessary

What are the tasks of a manager

- Instruct and coordinate people
- Help subordinates to resolve problems
- Generally have technical expertise (setting strict schedules n precise instructions)
- Have authority
- Make the organization function

What are the tasks of a leader

- Motivate and inspire with their personal qualities
- Often rely on instincts even if they are choosing the less safe option
- Have vision and other follow them
- Have a vision that the organization can change and inspires the confidence that can
make that happen

What are the features of autocratic leaderships

- Authoritive
- Employee not involved in decision making
- Non existent delegation and consultation
- Used when employees are unskilled and inexperienced
- Success relies on leader

Ads and disads of autocratic leaderships

+control is ensured
+ quick descions made
+ employees have a clear sense of direction
+ effective when major decisions need to be made
-lacks creativity
-demotivation for employees
-does not create feature leaders amongst employees
-can cause problems if leader is absent from work
What are the features of a paternalistic leaderships
- Consider their team family, making decisions of interest to their employees
- Effective in family-run business
- Leader needs to be highly experienced and genuinely values worker
- Close supervision of employees

Ads and disads of paternalistic leaderships

+imporove staff motivation
+ lower labour turnover
+ improve relationships at work
+ commitment and loyalty of leaders
-employees can be dissatisfied as their viewpoints might be ignored because decisions are
made by top management
-communication is mostly downward
-can become too dictatorical and make poor decisions

What are the features of democratic leadership

- Involve workers in the decision-making process
- Encourage discussion and employee participation
- Leaders delegate authority and empower staff
- Effective when used with skilled employees

Ads and disads of democratic leaders

+ motivational
+ collaboration results in better solutions
+ encourages sharing ideas
-decision making is slower
- reaching a decisions can be time consuming and costly
- possibility of disagreement can negatively affect day to day operations
- inappropriate for urgent decisions

What are the features of laissez-faire

- Delegates responsibility and authority to staff
- Success depends on employees
- Staff have freedom to work without supervision
- Suitable for routine tasks that do not require supervision
- Suitable when staff can be trusted

Ads and disads of laissez faire

+ freedom can allow employees to excel in what they do best
+ provides opportunities for staff with vision and intrapreneurial skills
+ autonomy in decision making can have positive impacts on staff motivation
-individual goals setting can conflict with organizational objectives
- often criticized for the poor definition of the role of management
-monitoring and control of the organizations operations become very challenging

What are the features of situational leadership

- Adapt their style of leadership according to differences in circumstances
- Relationships at work have a key role in the success of situational leadership
- It relies on the skills and experience of the leader

What are the ads and disads of situational leaderships

+ allows leaders to be flexible with their styles
+practical and applies to different industries and business problems
+ workers benefit from mix of support from leaders when appropriate
-can be difficult for managers who prefer a certain style
- employees may have gotten used to a certain leadership style
- the inconsistent approach can mean the leader loses credibility with the employees

Ethical condsiderations and its link to leadership and management

Leaders ethical consideration are centered on people, whereas with managers ethical
considerations are centred on the organization. When leaders and managers behave unethically
they are putting their own interests ahead of others.

Cultural differences and its link to leadership and management

Cultural influences relevant to business have five dimensions
- Power distance
- Individualism
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Masculinity
- Long term orientation

2.4 motivation
What were the approaches of taylor to management based on
- Measurement of what can be done better and how
- Monitoring to ensure targets are met
- Control by using analysis of firms inputs outputs and costs

Explain taylors theory of motivation

- He believed people worked for money
- Piece rate system which rewards workers based on their level of output/ productivity

What are the limitations of taylors theory

- Not all workers today are motivated the same way
- The most efficient way of working for one person can be inefficient for another
- Doesn’t acknowledge personal preferences and interpersonal difficulties
- Working harder can still mean staff are dissatisfied with the work environment
Draw Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

How are the 5 basic needs met

Physiological: payment
Safety: job security, maternity leave, fringe benefits
Love: teamworking, anti-discrimination
Esteem: training, development, delegation, promotion
Self: freedom for employees

What are the criticisms of Maslow’s theory

- Debate whether all humans have the same needs
- Needs cannot be quantified

What is Herzberg's theory?

- Two factors affect motivation:
- Hygiene
- Motivation

Define hygiene factors

Are aspects of a job that can lead to workers being dissatisfied, but do not motivate

Define motivators
Are factors which help staff to gain job satisfaction

What are the hygiene factors?

- Company policy
- Conditions of employment
- Inability to develop
- Pay (wages and salaries)
- Relationship with colleagues
- Relationship with management
- Treatment at work
What are the motivators
- Advancement
- Nature of the job
- Opportunities to improve
- Personal growth
- Promotional opportunities
- Recognition
- Responsibility

Criticisms of Herzberg’s two factor theory

- Does not apply to low-skill, low-wage jobs
- Some workers may not like the increased workload in job enrichment
What is Adams equity theory
- Workers naturally compare their efforts and rewards to others in the workplace
- Employees should receive remuneration that reflects their efforts and competence
- Workers will be motivated if their remuneration is fair relative to others
- Inequality is by caused poor job analysis and evaluation

What is pinks theory

- The importance of intrinsic motivation
- Autonomy
- Mastery
- Purpose

Why is autonomy important in pinks theory

Give employees control over when how and what they do and who they do it with

Why is mastery important in pinks theory

Sense of progress in work and ability
tasks must not be too hard or too easy to foster improvement without causing boredom or
frustration

why is purpose important in pinks theory

contributing to a greater cause
vision must be communicated

criticism of pinks theory

- Not convinced it applies across professions and cultures

What is the role of financial rewards

- Recruit staff in a competitive Labour market
- Motivate employees to improve their performance
 - Retain workers/ prevent staff from leaving for rival firms

What are the financial rewards

- Salary
- Wages
- Commission
- Profit related pay
- Performance related pay
- Employee share ownership schemes
- Fringe payments

Define salary
An annual sum of compensation usually paid monthly for doing a job, however ling this might
take. Fixed costs for businesses

Define wage
Type of financial payment that rewards workers based on time or output. Can be paid using
time rate or piece rate. It is a variable cost for businesses

What is the difference between time rate and piece rate

Time rate is A method of paying wages based on the number of hours worked
Piece rate is a method of paying wages based on the number of products made or items sold

Ads and disads of piece rate

+ reduce slacking in the workplace
+ increase staff motivation to work harder
+ reduced inequalities as more productive staff are better rewarded
+ it can improve cash flow as less wages are paid if there is a decline in sales
-quality control can be an issue as employees rush their work
- can create unnecessary internal competition between workers
- more difficult for the firm to monitor its variable costs

Define commission
A form of financial reward paid to workers each time they sell a good or service, it is typically
paid as a percentage of the value of the good or service sold, thereby encouraging staff to sell
more products

Ads and disads of commission

+ incentive for workers to sell more
+ customer service is likely to improve in order to boost sales
+ it can help identify staff who might need training
 - It encourages internal rivalry
- Customer service may decline if workers focus on the number of clients served
- It can motivate workers only in the short run

Define profit related pay

Is a financial reward system for employees based on the extent to which staff meet profit
targets within a predetermined time period. It is paid in addition to the regular pay of
employees

Define performance related pay

A financial reward system used to pay people whose work reaches or exceeds a required
standard or target

Ads and disads of performance related pay

+ motivate people to be more productive in order to reach performance targets
+ can promote team work and team spirit
+ useful for rewarding individuals
-performance targets might be too high, demotivating
- competitive rivalry created
- costly for business
- performance is measured objectively

Define employee share ownership schemes

A financial incentive that rewards employees with shares in the company they work for

Define fringe payments

Any type of financial rewards awarded to employees in addition to their basic pay . eg health
insurance

Ads and disads of fringe payments

+ tax benefits
+ healthcare coverage ensures employee stays healthy
+ build better corporate image
-expense for business
- administrative fees are also incurred
- fringe benefits may not apply to all workers

What are the non-financial rewards

- Job enrichment
- Job rotation
- Job enlargement
- Empowerment
- Purpose
 - Teamwork

What is job enrichment

Improving and developing the experience of employees through a wider variety of tasks, some
of which carry greater responsibilities

Ads and disads of job enrichment

+ enables employees to manage their own workload
+ creates a sense of achievement
+ employers benefit from the motivated and loyal workforce
- Expensive for business to implement (training costs)
- Not suitable for smaller business because of costs

What is job rotation

A management technique that assigns staff to various tasks and departments over a period of
time.

Ads and disads of job rotation

+ reduced repetitiveness and boredom of a routine job
+ knowledge and skills are not lost if an employee leaves
+ range of expertise within an organization
+ more flexible workers
+ easier to cover for absent colleagues
- Reduce labour productivity if workers are expected to do too many tasks
- Great need for training, expensive

What is job enlargement

Broadening the work of employees by increasing the number of tasks, but not the depth of the
tasks

What is empowerment as a non-financial reward

Involved giving employees more responsibility and autonomy in their new job

What is purpose as a non-financial reward

Enabling employees to work for a good cause can be motivating

What is teamwork as a non-financial reward

The organization of human resources into groups working in specific departments or working
on a particular project
2.5

Define corporate culture

Refers to the set of values, attitudes, norms and beliefs in an organization

What influences the corporate culture

- Size of the organization
- Personalities and behaviour of senior managers
- Traditions in the organization
- Management attitudes towards risk-taking and societal cultural norms

What can change the corporate culture

Hostile takeover can change the organizational culture in a relatively short period of time

Organizational culture supports all operations and systems in the workforce, such as?
- Communication channels
- Organizational strucutres
- Reward systems
- Workforce planning
- Dress code
- Office layout
- Leadership style

What are the benefits of a strong cohesive corporate culture

- Creates a sense of belonging for both management and employees
- Minimizes potential misunderstandings and miscommunications in the workplace
- Encourages teamwork- higher productivity
- Reduces cultural gap

How is corporate culture associated with the corporate/brand image

A positive corporate culture can create competitive advantages, thereby attracting customers
and prospective employees.

What are the elements of organizational culture

- Cultural norm
- Cultural quotient
- Culture gap
- Vision of the organization
- Values
- Practices
- People
- history
Define cultural norm
The dominant culture that exists within the organization

Define cultural quotient

Refers to the ability and willingness of workers to understand other cultures in order to avoid
cultural misunderstandings and close culture gap

Define culture gap

Exists when ther is a difference between the desired culture of an organization and the actual
culture that exists

What is the link between a firms organizational structure and its corporate culture
Tall structures tend to be more bureaucratic, whereas flatter structures are generally more
democratic

Who is the guy with the organizational culture model

Charles handy

What are the four types of corporate cultures

- Power
- Role
- Task
- Person

Define power culture

Exists in centralized decision making organizations where authority is concentrated in the hands
of a few senior managers

Ads and disads of power culture

+Decisions made swiftly without slow bureacratice processes
- Staff esteem is impacted as they have no influence on decision making in the
organization

Define role culture

Culture based on rules and regulations

Features of role culture

- employees have clearly defines roles and operate within set rules and guidelines
- Official positions of responsibility and formal company policies are core to decision
making
- Best suits bureaucratic organizationas with tall hierarchical strucures

Desgine task culture

Exists when teams of individuals with a particular skills set and expertise are set up to tackle
specific problems

What is the role of management in task culture

Ensure team consists of the righ mix of skills, personalities and leadership, often forming a
matric organizational strucutrm this is important to ensure the team is productive in completing
the set tasks or porjects

Define person culture

Exists when people see themselves or their skills being more important than the organization

Where is a person culture found

In organizations with a collection of individuals with smiliar qualifications, training and expertise
all working in the same organization like lawyers and doctors

Define entrepreneurial culture

Is one that focuses on new product development and radical new iades, which can turn into
commercial success.

What is an inert culture

Culture where workers hold negative perceptions about organizational change therefore face
resistance to change as an organization

What is an adaptive vulture

A coherent and open minded team with a high level of CQ, which helps to reduce the likelihood
of culture clash, conflict and miscommunications

What are the three levels of organization cultures

- Organizational attributes
- Professed culture
- Organizational assumptions

What are organizational attributes

What is seen, felt and heard reflects the culture

What is professed culture

Slogans, statement or images that project a certain idea

What is organizational assumptions

What people who have been in an organization for long say

Define culture clash

Exists when there is a difference between the values and beliefs of individuals within an
organization
What is the main source of culture clashes
- Growth
- Merging
- Leadership style change

What are the reasons for culture clashes

- Different comfort levels with diversity
- Different degrees of formality
- Different languages
- Different leadership styles
- Different orientations to tasks and to people
- Different practices
- Different sense of time

What are the consequences of culture clash

- Lower productivity
- Higher Labour turnover
- Various types of conflict in the workplace/ suspicion and negative talk
- Decreased profitability
- Bankruptcy or failure
- Confusion
- Disharmony
- Workers like confidence

How does an organizational culture directly influence individuals

- In a power culture, workers are suppressed because senior managers exercise strict
command and control and hold all decision-making power. By contrast, firms with an
innovative or person culture allow individuals to shape the culture of the organization
- A strong and innovative culture can enable individuals to satisfy their higher order
needs, which influences their level of motivation and productivity. By contast a risk-
averse culture results in individuals being less creative and innovative

How do cultural norms influence individual behavior

If their senior management adopts an autocratic leadership style, then newly appointed
managers who do not naturally use this approach may fell pressurized to adapt to the culture

Do organizational cultures change over time

They do as a firms grows or eveloces or as the externall business environment changes or if the
market becomes more competitive. It may be necessary to introduce new ideas and practices,
ensuring people are able to adapt
2.6

Define employee representative

Are individuals or organizations such as trade unions who act as the collective voice for the
workforce usually elected by their fellow employees

Why are their employee representatives

- It is not practical for most businesses to negotiate with all their employees

What is the role of employee representatives

- They have a duty to make the views of employees known to the management
- They strive to build trust and improve relationships with employers
- They represent employees during times of legal disputes and conflict

How can employers benefit from employee representatives

From recognizing employee representatives due to the inclusive style of management, which
mat improve the commitment and performance of the employees

Define employer representative

Are the individuals or organizations that represent the senior management team in the
collective bargaining process. They negotiate on behalf of the employees in the process

Why are their employer representatives

In some situations the employer is legally obliged to consult or inform employees about
developments in the business

Define industrial action

Refers to the method taken by employees to achieve their objectives. It is often associated with
conflict between the interests of the employer and employees

What are examples of employee industrial action

- Collective bargaining
- Slow-downs/go-slows
- Work-to-rule
- Overtime bans
- Strike actions

Define collective bargaining

The process by which employees and employers representatives negotiate on the terms and
conditions of employment , usually regarding pay, hours of work and working conditions

What is the purpose of collective bargaining

Is to achieve a mutually beneficial outcome, thereby preventing conflcits from escalating
beyond control
How does collective bargaining help employees
- Allows employees to put some pressure on senior managers to listen to their requests
- Individual workers have little negotiating power so this helps them

Define slow-downs
Are the act of working at the minimum allowable pace(under the rule of the workers
employment contract) in order to reduce productivity yet without the worker being sanctioned
for breaching the terms and conditions of employment

Why are slow-downs used

As an alternative to strike action which is a more extreme form of industrial actions

Define work to rule

Occurs when workers adhere to every single rule, policy and procedure of the organization with
the intention of purposely disrupting production and reducing output

How does work to rule work

Employees strictly observe the rules and clauses of their employment contract, such as
following all health and safety regulations very precisely. The intention is to get the employer to
renegotiate rather than to serve the purpose of the rules and regulations of the organization

Define overtime bans

Is a directive command or order from the employee representatives instructing its members to
refuse working beyond their contracted hours

Define strike action

Is an extreme method of industrial action as it involves employees refusing to work, which
temporarily prevents the organization from continuing to operate

What are examples of employers industrial action

- Collective bargaining
- Threats of redundancies
- Changes of contract
- Closure
- Lock outs

why is collective bargaining important for the employer

Because they can help to prevent disruptive industrial action such as slow-downs or strikes, and
would be detrimental for employers who would face lower staff goodwill and loyalty, lower
productivity and reduced profitability
When is threat of redundancies important
When there is a loss of profits caused by industrial unrest, they can encourage employees to
renegotiate in order to prevent job losses

When is changes of contract important

As the threat of redundancies can cause negative media attention, employers may choose to
change employment contracts for employees who cause industrial unrest

Define closure
An extreme method used by employers to deal with workers taking industrial action by
stopping all business operations, this means there Is no work for the staff, forcing them to
renegotiate

Define lock-outs
Occur when the employer temporarily prevents employees from working during an industrial
dispute. Typically, security guards are hired or locks are changed to prevent employees from
entering the premises

What are the sources of conflict in the workplace

- When the needs and wants of employees are ignored or not met
- Incompatible values within the organization (different prespectives or povs)
- Miscommunication, misunderstanding and internal politics
- Demoralized staff are likely to bcome less productive
- Grievance, when workers have a cause for conflict in the workplace regarding unfair
treatment

Why is conflict bad for the company

It doesn’t only damage working relatiosnhips but also the reputation of the organizations,
acting as a barrier to effective communication and hinders productivity

What are the methods of conflict resolution

- Conciliation and arbitration
- Employee participation and industrial democracy
- No strike agreement
- Single union agreement

Define conciliation
Involves two parties in a dispute, such as employee and employer representatives,
agreeing to use the services of an independent mediator to help in the negotiation
process to help resolve their differences
 Define arbitration
Involves an independent arbitrator deciding on an appropriate outcome. Both parties
agree to be legally bound by the final decision of the autonomous arbitrator

How does conciliation and arbitration work

Both parties are kept separate to avoid the tense moments which can further intensify
conflict. The conciliator communicates back and forth between the two sides and steers
the discussion towards a settlement that both parties can agree on

What are the benefits of conciliation

Avoids high legal fees as it can prevent the case being taken to court
Simpler prices than arbitration

What are the downsides of conciliation and arbitration

Take up a lot of management time and financial resources

Define industrial democracy

Is the practice of involving and empowering people in the workplace. This includes
giving employees opportunities to share responsibilities and empowering them with
decision-making authority

What are examples of employee participation

- Work councils- employer and employee representative that meet to discuss
companywide issues
- Teamworking opportunities
- Employee share ownership schemes

What is Maslow and Herzberg’s opinion regarding industrial democracy

Industrial democracy helps to increase productivity because workers are more involved, so feel
valued

How do employers and employers benefit from industrial democracy

Benefit from a more participative culture, so are less likely to experience industrial unrest
Employers benefit from lower rates of absenteeism and Labour turnover

Define no strike agreement

Is a contractual agreement whereby a trade union pledges not to use strike action as a form of
industrial action provided the employer keeps to their obligations in the agreement

Define a trade union

Is established to protect the interests of its members

What does a single-union agreement

Means employers negotiate with just one labour union which represents all employees in the
organization this helps to simplify the collective bargaining process and to speed up decision
making.

What are the reasons for resistance to change in the workplace

1- Self-interest- they may feel that change in unnecessary and requires effort unless it
directly benefits them
2- Low tolerance- fear failure in adapting to change
3- Misinformation- lack of understating if change has not been communicated effectively
4- Interpretation or circumstances- management and employees may disagree on the
purpose and benefits of change

What are human resource strategies for reducing the impact of change and resistance to
change
- Getting agreement/ownership: allow workers to be involved in decision making prevent
misunderstandings
- Planning and timing the change: fast change is often poor, effective change needs
planning alongside training
- Communicating the change: effective communication is vital to get support from staff

How does innovation influence employer-employee relations in an organization

- Firms that allow employees to share ideas have improved relations
- Innovations can bring about improve communications
- Technology can make it easier for firms to operate with a small workforce
- Innovation and change can increase stress levels so it has to be managed carefully

How does ethical consideration influence employer-employee relations in an organization

- Staff morale is higher when working for an ethical organization as employees are
productive since intrinsic motivation is improved
- Having a clear code of ethical conduct reduces conflict
- Unethical practice results in poor relations

How do cultural differences influence employer-employee relations in an organization

- Culture shapes the behavioral norms in the workplace which can improve or hinder
working relations
- Cultural difference of multicultural employees mean that workers are motivated by
different rewards
- Sub cultures within an organization can cause culture clash and conflict