THE INTERNET

BRIEF HISTORY
• A network is a group of connected communicating devices such as
computers and printers.
• An internet is two or more networks that can communicate with each
other.
• The Internet is the collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands of
interconnected networks, allowing them to exchange files, send
messages, download graphics and text, and share other resources.
• In the mid 1960s, mainframe computers in research organizations were
stand alone devices
BRIEF HISTORY
• In 1967, at an Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) meeting,
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) presented its ideas for
ARPANET, a small network of connected computers.
• ARPANET: Each host computer would be attached to specialized
computer called an interface message processor (IMP)
• The IMPs would be connected to one another
• Each IMP had to be able to communicate with other IMPs as well as
with its own attached host
• In 1969, Four nodes (U. California at Los Angeles, U. California at
Santa Barbara, Stanford Research Institute and U. of Utah) were
connected via the IMPs to form a network
BRIEF HISTORY
• Software called the Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided
communication between the hosts.
• In 1973, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn outlined the protocols to achieve
end-to-end delivery of packets
• Thereafter, authorities split two protocols: Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Internetworking Protocol (IP) – TCP/IP
THE INTERNET TODAY
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
• A company that provides individuals and other companies access to the
Internet and other related services such as Web site building and virtual
hosting.
National ISPs
• Provides Internet access in cities and towns nationwide
Regional ISPs
• Provides Internet access in specific geographic area
Local ISPs
• Provides internet access in a city or district
THE INTERNET TODAY

Internet Service Providers Hierarchy

ACCESSING THE INTERNET
Using Telephone Networks
• Most telephone networks have already connected themselves to the
Internet, this can be done in two ways: Dial-up Service and DSL Service
Dial-up Service
• allows connectivity to the internet by connection modem through a
standard telephone line.
• configuring the computer to dial a specific number provided by your
internet service provider (ISP) you are able to access the internet on
your computer
• unfortunately, the dial-up service is very slow, when the line is used for
Internet connection, it cannot be used for telephone connection.
ACCESSING THE INTERNET
DSL Service
• stands for Digital Subscriber Line
• Users get a high speed bandwidth connection from a phone wall jack on
an existing telephone network.
• DSL works within the frequencies that the telephone doesn’t so you can
use the Internet while making phone calls.
Using Cable Networks
• Cable companies have been upgrading their cable networks and
connecting to the Internet
• provides a higher speed connection, but the speed varies depending on
the number of neighbors that use the same cable
ACCESSING THE INTERNET
Using Wireless Networks
• enables enterprises to avoid the costly process of introducing cables into
buildings or as a connection between different equipment locations
• basis of wireless systems are radio waves, an implementation that takes
place at the physical level of network structure
• allow households or businesses connect Internet through wireless WAN
Direct Connection to Internet
• Large organization or the corporation leases a high-speed WAN from a
carrier provider and connects itself to a regional ISP.
• For example, a large university with several campuses can create an
internetwork and then connect the internetwork to the Internet.
PROTOCOLS
Protocols
• Set of rules that govern data communications
• Defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is
communicated
Key Elements of Protocol
Syntax
• Refers to the structure of the data, meaning the order which they are
presented, i.e., some protocol might expect the first 8 bits of data to
be address of the sender, and the rest of the stream
PROTOCOLS
Key Elements of Protocol
Semantics
• Refers to the meaning of each section of bits
• How are a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to
be taken based on that interpretation?
Timing
• Refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast
they can be sent, i.e., if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the
receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps, the transmission will
overload the receiver and some data will be lost.
PROTOCOLS
Key Elements of Protocol
Semantics
• Refers to the meaning of each section of bits
• How are a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to
be taken based on that interpretation?
Timing
• Refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast
they can be sent, i.e., if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the
receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps, the transmission will
overload the receiver and some data will be lost.
STANDARD ORGANIZATION
International Standards Organization (ISO)
• International organization for standardization
• Creates the set of rules and standards for graphics, document
exchange, and related technologies
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
• Develop standards to ensure the equipment of different
manufacturers was compatible and interchangeable
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
• professional organization of electronics, computer and
communications engineers
STANDARD ORGANIZATION
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
• Regulates interstate and international communications by radio,
television, wire, satellite and cable
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for
products, services, processes, systems and personnel
Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy
(CCITT)
• Standards organization that develops sets of rules and standards
for telephone and telegraph communications.
STANDARD ORGANIZATION
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
• Formerly CCITT (oldest organization)
• Coordinate telecommunication operations and services throughout
the world
• ITU-R manages the international radio-frequency spectrum and
satellite orbit resources
• ITU-T standardizes global telecommunications except for radio
• ITU-D helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to
information and communication technologies