What is Routing.

Routing mens route.

It will choose best auto path to deliver message.

Types of Routing

Two Types of Routing.

1) STATIC ROUTING
2) DYNAMIC ROUTING

1)STATIC ROUTING.
Static Routing mean we have to configure ip address manually on each router in a
network to transfer data and choose best path to transfer message.

2) DYNAMIC ROUTING

Dynamic routing choose best path to travel data from source to destination.

DYNAMIC ROUTING -

--RIP PROTOCOL

--OSPF

--EIGRP

--BGP

1)RIP-ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL IS Distance vector protocol. It sents updates

preodically to neighbor routers in 30 sec & 90 seconds
It choose best path to travel message from source to destination.
It is a open standard protocol.

2)OSPF- OPEN SHORT PATH FIRST

It is a dynamic routing protocol.Choose auto path to travel data from source to
destination.
It is a open Standard routing protocol.
It is a link state routing protocol
It support unlimited hops.
It is used to Area wise communication.
AREA0 AREA1 AREA2

AREA 0 IS A BACKBONE OF THE NETWORK

3) EIGRP - ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL

It is a Hybrid protocol or Advance vector routing protocol (distance vector+link

state)
It is CISCO PRPPRITARY.

SWITCHING-

1)VLAN- VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK.

VLAN Means Splitting or partitioning the device in different part.
For eg-- we have 24 ports in one switch so we want 2 department connect to that
switch. department-HR & department - SALES
Both are connected to one switch but cannot communicate with eact other means HR
user cannot conmmunicate with SALES user. only HR user can communicate with HR user
user, same for SALES user.

so VLAN means partitioning the switch.

Two Types Of VLAN

1)STATIC VLAN
2)DYNAMIC VLAN

1)STATIC VLAN Means we have to configure manually on switch.

2)DYNAMIC VLAN Means it will take configuration by default means if we configure
vlan on one switch and trunk another switch the same group or department will
configure by default.

TRUNKING-
TRUNKING Means adding or joining.
For eg-- we have one swith of 24 port we configure VLAN on that 12 ports for HR
Group & 12 ports for MAR group.
now we have to add more users on both group so we dont have more ports to add users
now we want one more switch and we have to configure vlan on that switch for same
group and now we have to trunk both swith.

INTER VLAN
INTER VLAN Means we have to use router.
it we configure VLAN on one switch and do partition on switch- Group HR & Group
sales.
If we want both group can start communication between them then we will use router
these process is known as INTER VLAN.

1)INITIAL CONFIGURATION OF SWITCH

2)VLAN AND TRUNKING
3)DYNAMIC TRUNKING PROTOCOL(DTP)
4) VLAN TRUNKING PROTOCOL (VTP)
5)INTER VLAN (ROUTER AND STICK)
4)VLAN TRUNKING PROTOCOL - IT MEANS WE WILL CONFIGURE VLAN ON ONE Switch ONLY AND
IT WILL AUTOMATICALLY CONFIGURE VLAN ON ANOTHER SWITCHES.
FOR EG-- IN ONE NETWORK WE HAVE HAVE 50 SWITCHES THEN WE HAVE TO MANUALLY CONFIGURE
VLAN ON EACH SWITCHES SO BY USING VTP PROTOCOL WE WILL ONLY CONFIGURE VLAN ON ONE
DEVICE IT SEND MESSAGE TO ALL DEVICE.
It is a cisoc propretry.
VTP is used to prapogaten vlan infoe=rmation or database.

3types funtion of vlan

1) server
2) client
3) transparent

INTER-VLAN ( ROUTER ON STICK )

CISCO DISCOVERY PROTOCOL ( CDP )

IT IS A CISCO PROPRITERY PROTOCOL.
IT IS NOT A STANDARD PROTOCOL.
COLLECTS INFORMATION ABOUT CISCOS NEIGHBOR DEVICES.

STP - SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL

USED TO AVOID LOOPS.
IT IS A STANDARD PROTOCOL.
STP STOPS LOOPS WHICH OCCURS WHEN YOU HAVE MULTIPLE LINK BETWEEN SWITCHES.
STP STOPS AVOIDING BROADCAST STORM.

ETHERCHANNEL-
ETHERCHANNEL ALLOWS MULTIPLE PHYSICAL FAST EHTERCHANNEL TO COMBINE INTO ONE LOGICAL
CHANNEL.
PROVIDE REDUNDANCY IF ONE OR MORE LINK FAILS.

PAGP - PORT AGGREGATION CONTROL PROTOCOL

LACP - LINK AGGREGATION CONTROL PROTOCOL

PAGP- IT IS A CISCO PROPRIETARY PROTOCOL.IT IS UDED TO FORM AN ETHERCHANEL.

LACP - LINK AGGREGATION CONTROL PROTOCOL-

IT IS A IEEE PROTOCOL. IT IS ALOSO USED TO FORM ETHERCHANNEL IT IS SIMILAR TO PAGP.
PORT SECURITY -
port security enables you to configure each switch port with a list of MAC Address
of authorized users to access the network.

ACTIONS-
1)SHUTDOWN
2)RESTRICTION
3)PROTECT

1)SHUTDOWN - IT MEANS IF USER CONNECT UNAUTHORIZED DEVICE (NON CONFIGURE MAC

ADDRESS DEVICE ) TO THE PORT THEN THE INTERFACE WILL GET DOWN AND MESSAGE CANNOT BE
SHARE.

2)RESTRICTION - IT MEANS IF A USER CONNECT UNAUTHORIZED DEVICE TO THE PORT THEN THE
PORT WILL SEND LOGS TO THE ADMIN.

3)PROTECT - IT MEANS IF A USER CONNECT UNAUTHORIZED DEVICE TO THE PORT AND TRIES
TO SEND MESSAGE THEN THE MESSAGE WILL DROP THEIR ONLY IT WILL NOT FORWARD.

SPAN - SWITCHED PORT ANALYZER

ACL - ACCESS CONTROL LIST

ACL IS A PROCESS TO FILTER TRAFFIC IN NETWORK.
ACL IS USED TO CONTROL AND FILTERRING INBOUND AND OUTBOUND TRAFFIC.

L3 - FILTERING TRAFFIC BASED ON IP ADDRESS.

L4 - FILTERRING TRAFFIC BASED ON MAC ADDRESS

TYPES OF ACL

1) Standard ACl - Apply fully

2) Extended ACl - Apllied only on specific protocol

DEFAULT ROUTING - DEFAULT ROUTING IS CONFIGURED WHEN WE DONT KNOW THE DESTINATION
ADDRESS.
FOR EG-
WE DONT KNOW THE IP ADDRESS OF FACEBOOK.COM, SO WE WILL CONFIGURE DEFAULT ROUTING
ON ROUTER THEN OUR TRAFFIC FIRSTLY GO TO OUR ROUTERS DEFAULT GATEWAY AND THROUGH
DEFAULT GATEWAY IT WILL GO ISP THEN ISP WILL RESOLVE THE FACEBOOK.COM
NAT - Network Address Translation
NAT is a process of changing one ip into another
NAT is usually used to translate private ip address into public ip address & public
ip address into ip address.

Types of NAT
1)Static NAT
2)Dynamic NAT
3)PAT

1)Static NAT -
static NAt means one private ip address is mapped to one public ip address
we have to buy each private and public ip address and configure manually

2)Dynamic NAT -
Dynamic NAT means one private ip address is mapped to one public ip address.
In static NAT we have to configure manually, In Dynamic NAT it will take
automatically and translate private ip into public ip address.

3)PAT - PORT ACCESS TRANSLATION

SYSLOG - SYSTEM LOGGING

SYSLOG IS USED AS A NETWORK MONITORING means if someone in the network do changes
then the logs will generate and go to administrator
for eg if someone changes interface down/up then the logs will go to administrator.

In syslog we have 0-7 levels

levels --

0 - emergencies.
1 - alert
2 - critical
3 - error
4 - wrning
5 - notifications
6 - informational
7 - debugging

NTP - NETWORK TIME PROTOCOL.

In NTP, we are synching the network devices with the UTC standard time zone.

SNMP - simple network management protocol

SNMP is a application layer protocol uses UDP port no.161
It is a networking tool to monitor networking devices.

SNMP version
v1, v2, v3

v1 and v2 are not using integriety and confidentiality means the password are not
encrypted,it is in simple text format

v3 uses confidentiality and intigrity, it uses encrypted form, the password are in
encrpted formatat, written in cipher text.

DHCP - DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL.

DHCP IS UESED TO ASSIGN DYNAMIC IP ADDRESS IN THE NETWORK TO NETWORKING DEVICES.
DHCP PROVIDES IP ADDRESSES, SUBNETET

AAA - AUTHENTICATION AUTHORIZATION ACCOUNTING

AUTHENTICATION- IT means a way of identifying a user with valid username and valid
password.
if users credential matches then the user will authenticate and get the access, if
user provide wrong username & password then then the user access get denied.

AUTHORIZATION- IT means after authentication, the user is AUTHORIZED which means

what type of acces user have. Which resource are allowed to access and what types
of access user gets.

ACCOUNTING - It means TRACKING - what changes user does, when he looged in, when he
logged out, all the track are done in ACCOUNTING

RADIUS AND TASCAS SERVER

RADIUS SERVER IS A OPEN STANDARD

TASCACS SERVER IS A CISCO PROPRIETRY.

TEH USERNAME AND PASSWORD WILL GET PUSH TO RADIUS OR TACACS AND IT WILL GET
AUTHENTICATE.

GENERIC ROUTING ENCAPSULATION ( GRE )

GRE IS A TUNNELING PROTOCOL DEVELOPED BY CISCO.
A GENERIC ROUTING TUNNEL IS USED WHEN PACKETS NEED TO SENT FROM ONE NETWORK TO
ANOTHER OVER THE INTERNET.
WITH GRE, A VIRTUAL TUNNEL IS CREATED BETWEEN THE TWO ENDPOINTS AND PACKETS ARE
SENT THROUGH THE GRE TUNNEL