WWW Espace Etudiant Net Algorithme

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 40

&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

&+$3,75( , ,1752'8&7,21

2EMHFWLI&RQQDvWUHOHEXWGXFRXUVG¶DOJRULWKPLTXH

eOpPHQWVGHFRQWHQX

½ 4X¶HVW FHTX¶XQHDSSOLFDWLRQLQIRUPDWLTXH"
½ &RPPHQWDUULYHUG¶XQSUREOqPHUpHOjXQSURJUDPPHSRXYDQWrWUHH[pFXWpSDURUGLQDWHXU
½ /LHQV HQWUH$/*25,7+0,48(HW6758&785(6'('211((6

,,QWpUrWGHO¶DOJRULWKPLTXH
,QIRUPDWLVHUXQHDSSOLFDWLRQIDFWXUDWLRQGHODFRQVRPPDWLRQG¶HDXSDUH[HPSOHF¶HVWIDLUH
UpDOLVHUSDURUGLQDWHXUXQHWkFKHTXLpWDLWUpDOLVpHSDUO¶+RPPH
3RXU IDLUH H[pFXWHU XQH WkFKH SDU RUGLQDWHXU LO IDXW WRXW G¶DERUG GpWDLOOHU VXIILVDPPHQW OHV
pWDSHV GH UpVROXWLRQ GX SUREOqPH SRXU TX¶HOOH VRLW H[pFXWDEOH SDU O¶KRPPH (QVXLWH
WUDQVIpUHUODUpVROXWLRQHQXQHVXLWHG¶pWDSHVVLpOpPHQWDLUHHWVLPSOHjH[pFXWHU SRXYDQWrWUH
FRGpHHQXQSURJUDPPHGDQV XQ ODQJDJHFRPSUpKHQVLEOHSDURUGLQDWHXU
7RXWH VXLWHG¶pWDSHVVLpOpPHQWDLUHHWVLPSOHjH[pFXWHUV¶DSSHOOHXQ$/*25,7+0(

8Q SURJUDPPH F¶HVW XQ DOJRULWKPH FRGp GDQV XQ ODQJDJH FRPSUpKHQVLEOH SDU RUGLQDWHXU j
O¶DLGHG¶XQFRPSLODWHXU WUDGXFWHXU 


,'pILQLWLRQV
/¶DOJRULWKPHHVWOHUpVXOWDWG¶XQHGpPDUFKHORJLTXHGHUpVROXWLRQG¶XQSUREOqPHSRXUOD
PLVHHQ°XYUHSUDWLTXHVXURUGLQDWHXUHWDILQG¶REWHQLUGHVUpVXOWDWVFRQFUHWVLOIDXWSDVVHU
SDUO¶LQWHUPpGLDLUHG¶XQODQJDJHGHSURSDJDWLRQ

8Q DOJRULWKPHGpFULWXQHVXFFHVVLRQG¶RSpUDWLRQVTXLVLHOOHVVRQWILGqOHPHQWH[pFXWpHV
SURGXLURQWOHUpVXOWDWGpVLUp

8Q DOJRULWKPH HVW XQH VXLWH G¶DFWLRQV TXH GHYUD HIIHFWXHU XQ DXWRPDWH SRXU DUULYHU HQ XQ
WHPSVILQLjXQUpVXOWDWGpWHUPLQpjSDUWLUG¶XQHVLWXDWLRQGRQQpH/DVXLWHG¶RSpUDWLRQVVHUD
FRPSRVpHG¶DFWLRQVpOpPHQWDLUHVDSSHOpHVLQVWUXFWLRQV

D  4X¶HVWFHTXHO¶$OJRULWKPLTXH"
&¶HVW OD ORJLTXHG¶pFULUHGHVDOJRULWKPHV3RXUSRXYRLUpFULUHGHVDOJRULWKPHVLOIDXW
FRQQDvWUHODUpVROXWLRQPDQXHOOHGXSUREOqPHFRQQDvWUHOHVFDSDFLWpVGHO¶RUGLQDWHXUHQWHUPH
G¶DFWLRQV pOpPHQWDLUHVTX¶LOSHXWDVVXUHUHWODORJLTXHG¶H[pFXWLRQGHVLQVWUXFWLRQV

,/HVpWDSHVGHUpVROXWLRQG¶XQSUREOqPH
 &RPSUHQGUHO¶pQRQFpGXSUREOqPH
 'pFRPSRVHUOHSUREOqPHHQVRXVSUREOqPHVSOXVVLPSOHjUpVRXGUH
 $VVRFLHUjFKDTXHVRXVSUREOqPHXQHVSpFLILFDWLRQ
½ /HVGRQQpHVQpFHVVDLUHV
½ /HVGRQQpHVUpVXOWDQWHV
½ /D GpPDUFKHjVXLYUHSRXUDUULYHUDXUpVXOWDWHQSDUWDQWG¶XQHQVHPEOHGHGRQQpHV
 (ODERUDWLRQG
XQDOJRULWKPH


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

,OOXVWUDWLRQGXIRQFWLRQQHPHQWG
XQRUGLQDWHXU
 J
0(02,5((;(&87$17
'LVSRVLWLIVG¶HQWUpH 'RQQpHV
 FODYLHU HQHQWUpH
 VRXULV 
 
([pFXWLRQ
$ 6XLWH GH FDVHV
PpPRLUH
(FUDQ 5pVXOWDW
RX
,PSULPDQWH
'RQQpHV
HQVRUWLH

2QSHXWGLUHTXHODSDUWLH(;(&87$17HVWOHSUREOqPHGHO¶DOJRULWKPLTXHHWODSDUWLH
0(02,5( VWRFNDJHGHGRQQpH FRQFHUQHODPDWLqUH6WUXFWXUHVGHGRQQpHV


,6WUXFWXUHG¶XQDOJRULWKPH
ALGORITHME nom_de_l’algorithme
CONST {Définition des constantes}
TYPE {Définition de types}
VAR {Déclaration de variables}
DEBUT
{Suite d’instructions}
FIN

E 5DSSHOGHVQRWLRQVGH
œ &RQVWDQWH
œ 7\SH
œ 9DULDEOH
F  
G  ([HPSOH
$/*25,7+0(DIILFKHU
'(%87
 (FULUH /DYDOHXUGH HVW  
),1

&HW DOJRULWKPHSHUPHWG
DIILFKHUVXUO
pFUDQODSKUDVHVXLYDQWH
/DYDOHXUGH HVW
([HPSOH
2Q YHXW pFULUH O¶DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH VDLVLU  QRWHV G¶XQ pWXGLDQW GDQV WURLV PDWLqUHV
pWDQW GRQQpVOHVFRHIILFLHQWVUHVSHFWLIVHW

5pVROXWLRQ
$ SDUWLU GH O¶pQRQFpGXSUREOqPHQRXVUHFKHUFKRQVODVROXWLRQSDUXQHGpPDUFKHHQSKDVHV


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

½ 2Q GRLW FRPSUHQGUHFRPPHQWOHUpVRXGUHPDQXHOOHPHQW
½ 'pILQLU FH TX¶RQDEHVRLQFRPPHGRQQpHV TXHOOHVHVWODGpPDUFKHjVXLYUH IRUPXOHVGH
FDOFXO SRXUDUULYHUDX[UpVXOWDWV

3RXUQRWUHSUREOqPHQRXVFRQQDLVVRQVOHVFRHIILFLHQWVHWODIRUPXOHGHFDOFXO Ê1 & Ê& 
QRXV DYRQV EHVRLQV GHV QRWHV GH FKDTXH PDWLqUH GDQV O¶RUGUH HW HQILQ QRXV SRXYRQV
L L L

FRPPXQLTXHUOHUpVXOWDWjO¶XWLOLVDWHXU

ALGORITHME MOYENNE
CONST C1=2
C2=3

9$5
C3=1

 1115((/
 02<5((/
'(%87
^$IILFKDJHPHVVDJH,QYLWDWLRQGHO
XWLOLVDWHXUjLQWURGXLUHGHVGRQQpHV`
(&5,5( 'RQQHUWURLVYDOHXUVUpHOOHV 
^6DLVLHGHVQRWHV`
/,5( 111 
^&DOFXOGHODPR\HQQH`
02<‘ 1 &1 &1 &  &&& 
^$IILFKDJHGXUpVXOWDWVXUO¶pFUDQ`
(&5,5( /DPR\HQQHHVW 02< 
),1

5HPDUTXH/HWH[WHHQWUHOHVDFFRODGHVHVWSXUHPHQWH[SOLFDWLILOVHUWjUHQGUHO¶DOJRULWKPH
SOXVOLVLEOH


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


&+$3,75(,,/(6$&7,216$/*25,7+0,48(66,03/(6

2EMHFWLI&RPSUHQGUHOHVDFWLRQVDOJRULWKPLTXHVVLPSOHVHWFRQQDvWUHOHXUVV\QWD[HV

eOpPHQWVGHFRQWHQX

½ &RQFHSWVGHEDVH
½ /DVDLVLHGHGRQQpHV
½ /
DIILFKDJH
½ /
DIIHFWDWLRQ
½ /
pYDOXDWLRQG
XQHH[SUHVVLRQDULWKPpWLTXH


,,&RQFHSWVGHEDVH
'DQVWRXWFHTXLVXLWSRXUSUpVHQWHUOHVV\QWD[HVRQVXLWOHVUqJOHVVXLYDQWHV
œ &HTXLHVWHQWUHOHVFURFKHWVHVWRSWLRQQHO
œ /DVXLWHGHVSRLQWVGHVXVSHQVLRQV«YHXWGLUHTXHFHTXLSUpFqGHSHXWVHUpSpWHU
SOXVLHXUVIRLV
œ /HV\PEROH_YHXWGLUHRXELHQ
œ /HVPRWVHQPDMXVFXOHVRQWGHVPRWVUpVHUYpV
œ &HTXLHVWHQWUHDFFRODGHVHVWXQFRPPHQWDLUHSRXUODOLVLELOLWpGHVDOJRULWKPHV

,,/¶DIILFKDJH(&5,5(
&HWWHDFWLRQSHUPHWGHFRPPXQLTXHUXQUpVXOWDWRXXQPHVVDJHVXUpFUDQRXVXULPSULPDQWH
SRXUO
XWLOLVDWHXU

6\QWD[H
(&5,5( SDUDPqWUH>>SDUDPqWUH@«@ 
3DUDPqWUH YDULDEOH_H[SUHVVLRQ_FRQVWDQWH
&RQVWDQWH QRPEUH_PHVVDJH

H  ([HPSOHV
(&5,5( /DYDOHXUGH HVWpJDOHj  
   ’   ’
  PHVVDJH  H[SUHVVLRQ

(&5,5( /DPR\HQQHHVW 02< 
    ’
    9DULDEOH

,,/DVDLVLHGHVGRQQpHV/,5(
/
RUGUH /,5( SHUPHW j O
RUGLQDWHXU G¶DFTXpULU GHV GRQQpHV j SDUWLU GH O¶XWLOLVDWHXU GDQV GHV
FDVHVPpPRLUHELHQGpILQLHV TXLVRQWOHVYDULDEOHVGpFODUpHV 
5DSSHO
/HVYDULDEOHVVRQWGHVFDVHVPpPRLUHVXSSRVpHVFRQWHQLUXQW\SHGHGRQQpHVQRPPpHVSDU
OHQRPGHYDULDEOH


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


6\QWD[H
/,5( YDULDEOH>>YDULDEOH@«@ 

5HPDUTXHV
 /D VDLVLH VH IDLW XQLTXHPHQW GDQV GHV YDULDEOHV &H VRQW OHV FDVHV FHOOXOHV  TXL
SRXUURQWDFFXHLOOLUOHVGRQQpHVFRUUHVSRQGDQWHV
 /DGRQQpHjLQWURGXLUHGRLWrWUHGHPrPHW\SHTXHODYDULDEOHUpFHSWULFH

,,/HVH[SUHVVLRQVDULWKPpWLTXHV
3DUPLOHVRSpUDWHXUVRQGLVWLQJXHOHVIRQFWLRQVHWOHVRSpUDWHXUV
/HVIRQFWLRQV
œ /DIRQFWLRQ',9SHUPHWGHGRQQHUOHUpVXOWDWGHODGLYLVLRQHQWLqUHG¶XQQRPEUHSDUXQ
DXWUH',9“
œ /DIRQFWLRQ02' VHOLW0RGXOR SHUPHWGHGRQQHUOHUHVWHGHODGLYLVLRQHQWLqUHG¶XQ
HQWLHUSDUXQDXWUH02'“
œ /DIRQFWLRQ RXASHUPHWG¶pOHYHUXQQRPEUHjODSXLVVDQFHG¶XQDXWUH “

/HVRSpUDWHXUV
œ 6RQWOH HWOHXQDLUH

2UGUHGHSULRULWp
/HVRSpUDWHXUVVXLYDQWVVRQWRUGRQQpVGXSOXVSULRULWDLUHDXPRLQVSULRULWDLUHGDQVO
pYDOXDWLRQ
G
XQHH[SUHVVLRQDULWKPpWLTXH
 /HVSDUHQWKqVHV
 XQDLUH
 /HVIRQFWLRQV
 /HVRSpUDWHXUVGHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQ HWGHGLYLVLRQ
 /HVRSpUDWHXUVG¶DGGLWLRQHWGHVRXVWUDFWLRQ

5HPDUTXH
6L O¶RUGUH HQWUH OHV RSpUDWHXUV GDQV XQH H[SUHVVLRQ HVW OH PrPH RQ pYDOXH O¶H[SUHVVLRQ GH
JDXFKHjGURLWH

([HPSOHV
   
   FDUOHVSDUHQWKqVHVVRQWSOXVSULRULWDLUHV
02'',9 02' ',9 ',9 

,,/¶DIIHFWDWLRQ
&¶HVWO¶DFWLRQGHFKDUJHUXQHYDOHXUGDQVXQHYDULDEOH&HWWHYDOHXUSHXWHOOHPrPHrWUHXQH
YDULDEOHOHUpVXOWDWG¶XQHH[SUHVVLRQDULWKPpWLTXHRXORJLTXHRXXQHFRQVWDQWH

6\QWD[H
9DULDEOH‘YDULDEOH_H[SUHVVLRQ_FRQVWDQWH

$‘%VHOLW$UHoRLW%


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

/HUpVXOWDWGHFHWWHDFWLRQHVWGHPHWWUHOHFRQWHQXGHODYDULDEOH%GDQVODYDULDEOH$6L%
pWDLW XQH H[SUHVVLRQ HOOH DXUDLW pWp pYDOXpH HQVXLWH VD YDOHXU HVWWUDQVIpUpHGDQVODYDULDEOH
UpFHSWULFH jQRWUHJDXFKH 
5HPDUTXH
/¶DIIHFWDWLRQ QH YLGH SDV OD YDULDEOH pPHWWULFH j QRWUH GURLWH  GH VD YDOHXU 3DU FRQWUH OH
FRQWHQXGHODYDULDEOHUpFHSWULFHHVWpFUDVpHWUHPSODFpSDUODQRXYHOOHYDOHXU

,OOXVWUDWLRQGHO¶DIIHFWDWLRQ
6XSSRVRQV TX¶RQ DLW GHX[ UpFLSLHQWV $ HW % R $ FRQWLHQW XQ OLTXLGH FRORUp HQ MDXQH HW %
FRQWLHQWXQOLTXLGHURXJH
3HXWRQ pFKDQJHU OHV FRQWHQXV GH $ HW GH % FjG PHWWUH OH OLTXLGH URXJH GDQV $ HW OH
OLTXLGHMDXQHGDQV% 
5pVXOWDW
&HWWHRSpUDWLRQQ¶HVWSRVVLEOHTXHVLRQXWLOLVHXQWURLVLqPHUpFLSLHQWTX¶RQDSSHOOHUpFLSLHQW
DX[LOLDLUH


(WDW        $X[ $ -DXQH
$X[
   
$   %    % 5RXJH 
         $X[ 9LGH

       


         $X[Ä%
         $ -DXQH
(WDW        $X[  % YLGH 
         $X[ 5RXJH



         %Ä$
         $ 9LGH
(WDW         % -DXQH
         $X[ 5RXJH




         $Ä$X[
         $ 5RXJH
(WDW)LQDO        % -DXQH
         $X[ 9LGH


$YHFGHVYDULDEOHVUpHOOHVFHWWHRSpUDWLRQG¶pFKDQJHGHFRQWHQXVHIDLWHQWUHFDVHVPpPRLUHV
TXLUHSUpVHQWHQWOHVFRQWHQHXUV UpFLSLHQWV 
3UREOqPH(FKDQJHUOHVYDOHXUVGHYDULDEOHVQXPpULTXHV
3ULQFLSH SRXU pYLWHU GH SHUGUH O¶XQH GHV  YDOHXUV LQLWLDOHV $ HW %  RQ XWLOLVH XQH  
LqPH

YDULDEOHSRXUSUpVHUYHUODYDOHXULQLWLDOHGHODSUHPLqUHYDULDEOHPRGLILpH


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(




5HPDUTXHV,PSRUWDQWHV
½ 7RXWH YDULDEOH XWLOLVpH GDQV XQ DOJRULWKPH GRLW rWUH GpFODUpH DX GpEXW GH
O¶DOJRULWKPHXQHIRLVHWXQHVHXOH
½ /¶DIIHFWDWLRQ GH YDOHXU j XQH YDULDEOH SHXW rWUH HIIHFWXpH DXWDQW GH IRLV TXH O¶RQ
YHXW DX FRXUV G¶XQ DOJRULWKPH /D YDOHXU GH OD YDULDEOH VHUD DORUV PRGLILpH j
FKDTXHDIIHFWDWLRQ
½ /RUVTX¶XQH YDULDEOH DSSDUDvW HQ SDUWLH GURLWH G¶XQH DFWLRQ G¶DIIHFWDWLRQ F¶HVW TXH
O¶RQ VXSSRVH TX¶HOOH FRQWLHQW REOLJDWRLUHPHQW XQH YDOHXU &HWWH YDOHXU GHYUD OXL
DYRLU pWp DIIHFWpH DXSDUDYDQW SDU LQLWLDOLVDWLRQ RX VDLVLH  VLQRQ O¶RQ GLUD TXH OD
YDOHXUHVWLQGpILQLHHWOHUpVXOWDWGHO¶DIIHFWDWLRQQHVHUDSDVGpILQL
½ /DYDULDEOHUpFHSWULFHG¶XQHDIIHFWDWLRQGRLWrWUHGHPrPHW\SHTXHGHODYDOHXUj
DIIHFWHU RX GH W\SH FRPSDWLEOH /H W\SH HVW GLW FRPSDWLEOH V¶LO HVW LQFOXV GDQV OH
W\SHGHODYDULDEOHUpFHSWULFH([HPSOH5((/‘(17,(5HVWSRVVLEOHPDLVSDV
O¶LQYHUVH

([HPSOH
(FULUHO¶DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHFDOFXOHUOHGLVFULPLQDQWD GHOWD G¶XQHpTXDWLRQGXVHFRQG
GHJUp





&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


TD ALGORITHMIQUE I
/HVDFWLRQVVLPSOHV

([HUFLFH
6RLWO¶DOJRULWKPHVXLYDQW

$/*25,7+0((48$7,21'
9$5DEF5((/
 GHOWD5((/
'(%87
(FULUH 'RQQH]ODYDOHXUGXSUHPLHUSDUDPqWUH 
/LUH D 
(FULUH 'RQQH]ODYDOHXUGXVHFRQGSDUDPqWUH 
/LUH E 
(FULUH 'RQQH]ODYDOHXUGXWURLVLqPHSDUDPqWUH 
/LUH F 
GHOWDÄE E ED F


(FULUH OHGLVFULPLQDQWHVW D 


)LQ

'pFULUHFHWDOJRULWKPHHQGpWDLO OLJQHSDUOLJQH HQGRQQDQWOHVpYHQWXHOOHVHUUHXUV
4XHOOHVVRQWOHVYDOHXUVGHGHOWDGDQVOHVFDVVXLYDQWV
 D  E  F 
 D  E  F 

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH SHUPHWWDQW GH VDLVLU O
DEVFLVVH G
XQ SRLQW $ HW GH FDOFXOHU VRQ RUGRQQp
I [ [ [ 
 

(YDOXHUOHUpVXOWDWHQH[SOLTXDQWOHVRUGUHVGHSULRULWpSRXU[ 

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH SHUPXWHU OHV YDOHXUV GH $ HW % VDQV XWLOLVHU GH YDULDEOH
DX[LOLDLUH

([HUFLFH
)DLUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLOLWOHVFRRUGRQQpHVGHGHX[YHFWHXUVXHWYHWGHFDOFXOHUOHXUQRUPHHW
OHXUSURGXLWVFDODLUH

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO¶DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUOHVSDUDPqWUHVG¶XQHpTXDWLRQGXVHFRQGGHJUpHWGH
FDOFXOHUVRQGLVFULPLQDQWD

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O¶DOJRULWKPH SHUPHWWDQW GH FDOFXOHUHWG¶DIILFKHUOHVDODLUHQHWG¶XQHPSOR\p6DFKDQW
TXH
œ /HVDODLUHQHW 6DODLUHEUXW±9DOHXUGHO¶LPS{W±9DOHXUGH&166
œ 6DODLUH EUXW  6DODLUH GH EDVH  3ULPH GH WHFKQLFLWp  3ULPH GH WUDQVSRUW  3ULPH GHV
HQIDQWV  7DX[GHWUDYDLO
œ 7DX[GHWUDYDLO 1RPEUHGHMRXUVWUDYDLOOpV


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

œ 3ULPHGHVHQIDQWV 3ULPHG¶XQHQIDQW 1RPEUHG¶HQIDQWV


œ 9DOHXUGHO¶,PS{W 7DX[GHO¶,PS{W 6DODLUH%UXW
œ 9DOHXUGH&166 7DX[GH&166 6DODLUH%UXW
œ 7DX[&166 
œ 7DX[,PS{W 

,QGLFDWLRQ
'pFULUHO¶HQYLURQQHPHQWGHWUDYDLOWRXWHVOHVYDULDEOHVHQHQWUpHHQVRUWLHHWGHFDOFXO



&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


&+$3,75(,,,/(66758&785(6&21',7,211(//(6

,,,,QWURGXFWLRQ
6RXYHQW OHV SUREOqPHV QpFHVVLWHQW O
pWXGH GH SOXVLHXUV VLWXDWLRQV TXL QH SHXYHQW SDV rWUH
WUDLWpHV SDU OHV VpTXHQFHV G
DFWLRQV VLPSOHV 3XLVTX
RQ D SOXVLHXUV VLWXDWLRQV HW TX
DYDQW
O
H[pFXWLRQRQQHVDLWSDVjTXHOFDVGHILJXUHRQDXUDjH[pFXWHUGDQVO¶DOJRULWKPHRQGRLW
SUpYRLUWRXVOHVFDVSRVVLEOHV
&H VRQW OHV VWUXFWXUHV FRQGLWLRQQHOOHV TXL OH SHUPHWWHQW HQ VH EDVDQW VXU FH TX¶RQ DSSHOOH
SUpGLFDWRXFRQGLWLRQ


,,,1RWLRQGH35(',&$7
8QSUpGLFDWHVWXQpQRQFpRXSURSRVLWLRQTXLSHXWrWUHYUDLRXIDX[VHORQFHTX¶RQHVWHQWUDLQ
GHSDUOHU
(Q PDWKpPDWLTXHV F¶HVW XQH H[SUHVVLRQ FRQWHQDQW XQH RX SOXVLHXUV YDULDEOHV HW TXL HVW
VXVFHSWLEOH GH GHYHQLU XQH SURSRVLWLRQ YUDLH RX IDXVVH VHORQ OHV YDOHXUV DWWULEXpHV j FHV
YDULDEOHV
([HPSOH
 HVWXQSUpGLFDWYUDL
 HVWXQSUpGLFDWIDX[

,,,(YDOXDWLRQG
XQHH[SUHVVLRQORJLTXH
8QHFRQGLWLRQHVWXQHH[SUHVVLRQGHW\SHORJLTXH,OVOXLFRUUHVSRQGHQWGHX[YDOHXUVSRVVLEOHV
95$,HW)$8;TX
RQQRWHSDU9RX)
&RQVLGpURQVGHX[YDULDEOHVORJLTXHV$HW%9R\RQVTXHOVVRQWOHVRSpUDWHXUVORJLTXHVHW
OHXUVRUGUHVGHSULRULWpV

I  1RWRQVTXH
á $ IDX[ ÀQRQ$
á $ YUDL À$

/HVRSpUDWHXUVORJLTXHVVRQW
á /DQpJDWLRQQRQ
á /
LQWHUVHFWLRQHW
á /
XQLRQRX

J  1RWDWLRQHW2UGUHGHSULRULWpGHVRSpUDWHXUVORJLTXHV
 QRQ½
 HW¾
 RX¿
K  
L  7DEOHDX[G
pYDOXDWLRQV

/DQpJDWLRQG
XQHFRQGLWLRQ
$ 1RQ$
9UDL )DX[
)DX[ 9UDL


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


/
LQWHUVHFWLRQGHGHX[FRQGLWLRQV
$HW 9UDL )DX[
%
9UDL 9UDL )DX[
)DX[ )DX[ )DX[
/
XQLRQGHGHX[FRQGLWLRQV
$RX 9UDL )DX[
%
9UDL 9UDL 9UDL
)DX[ 9UDL )DX[
7KpRUqPHGH'(025*$1
á ½ $¾% À½$¿½%
á ½ $¿% À½$¾½%


,,,/DVWUXFWXUHFRQGLWLRQQHOOH6,
6\QWD[H
6,&RQGLWLRQ!$/256
 VXLWHG¶DFWLRQ V !
>6,121
 VXLWHG¶DFWLRQV V !@
),16,

)RUPDW2UJDQLJUDPPH


IDX[ YUDL

FRQGLWLRQ




 75$,7(0(17 75$,7(0(17



),16,


œ /DFRQGLWLRQ!HVWXQSUpGLFDWTXLSHXWrWUHYUDLRXIDX[VHORQOHVYDOHXUVGHVSDUDPqWUHV
ODFRQVWLWXDQW
œ 6L OD FRQGLWLRQ HVW YpULILpH VD YDOHXU HVW YUDL  F¶HVW OD VXLWH G¶DFWLRQV! TXL VHUD
H[pFXWpH(QVXLWHOHV\VWqPHSDVVHjO¶H[pFXWLRQMXVWHDSUqVOH),16,
œ 'DQV OH FDV FRQWUDLUH ORUVTXH OD FRQGLWLRQ Q¶HVW SDV YpULILpH YDOHXU GH OD FRQGLWLRQ HVW
IDX[ F¶HVWODVXLWHG¶DFWLRQV!TXLV¶H[pFXWHHQFDVRFHOOHFLH[LVWH IDFXOWDWLYH 6L
HOOHQ¶H[LVWHSDVOHV\VWqPHSDVVHGLUHFWHPHQWjO¶LQVWUXFWLRQTXLVXLWOH),16,
œ /HV VXLWHV G
DFWLRQV  HW  SHXYHQW rWUH GHV DFWLRQV VLPSOHV RX PrPH GHV VWUXFWXUHV
FRQGLWLRQQHOOHV



&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

M  ([HPSOH
/LUHXQQRPEUHUpHOHWGLUHV¶LOHVWSRVLWLIRXVWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLI

$/*25,7+0(3261(*
9$5$UpHO
'(%87
 (&5,5( 'RQQHUXQQRPEUH 
 /,5( $ 
 6, $ $/256
  (&5,5( $HVWQpJDWLI 
 6,121
  (&5,5( $HVWSRVLWLI 
 ),16,
),1

$XWUHPHQW
$/*25,7+0(3261(*
9$5$UpHO
 %ORJLTXH
'(%87
 (&5,5( 'RQQHUXQQRPEUH 
 /,5( $ 
 %‘ $ 
 6, % $/256
  (&5,5( $HVWQpJDWLI 
 6,121
  (&5,5( $HVWSRVLWLI 
 ),16,
),1

'DQVFHWH[HPSOHRQDGpWHUPLQpXQLTXHPHQWOHVFDVGHSRVLWLYLWpRXGHQpJDWLYLWpHWRQQ
D
SDVGpWHUPLQpOHFDVR$HVWQXOOH

$/*25,7+0(3261(*18/
9$5$UpHO
'(%87
 (&5,5( 'RQQHUXQQRPEUH 
 /,5( $ 
 6, $ $/256
  (&5,5( $HVWQpJDWLI 
 6,121^$! `
 6, $! $/256
  (&5,5( $HVWSRVLWLI 
 6,121^$ `
  (&5,5( $HVWQXOOH 
),16,
 ),16,
),1



&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

N  ([HPSOHV
  (FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHGpWHUPLQHUVLXQHQWLHUOXHVWSDLURXLPSDLU
  (FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUGHX[QRPEUHV$HW%HWGHGpWHUPLQHUVLODYDOHXU
GH$HVWVXSpULHXUHLQIpULHXUHRXpJDOHj%


,,,/DVWUXFWXUHFRQGLWLRQQHOOH6(/21
&HWWH VWUXFWXUH FRQGLWLRQQHOOH HVW DSSHOpH DXVVL j FKRL[ PXOWLSOH RX VpOHFWLYH FDU HOOH
VpOHFWLRQQH HQWUH SOXVLHXUV FKRL[ j OD IRLV HW QRQ HQWUH GHX[ FKRL[ DOWHUQDWLIV OH FDV GH OD
VWUXFWXUH6, 
6\QWD[H
6(/21 VpOHFWHXU )$,5(
&DVOLVWHGHYDOHXUV!VXLWHG
DFWLRQ V !
>&DVOLVWHGHYDOHXU!VXLWHG
DFWLRQ V !
«««    @
>6,121VXLWHG
DFWLRQ V Q! @
),16(/21

/HVpOHFWHXUSHXWrWUHXQHYDULDEOHGHW\SHVFDODLUHRXXQHH[SUHVVLRQDULWKPpWLTXHRX
ORJLTXH
/DVWUXFWXUH6(/21pYDOXHOHVpOHFWHXUSDVVHjFRPSDUHUFHOXLFLUHVSHFWLYHPHQWDYHFOHV
YDOHXUVGDQVOHVOLVWHV(QFDVG
pJDOLWpDYHFXQHYDOHXUOHVDFWLRQVFRUUHVSRQGDQWHVTXLVRQW
GHYDQWFHWWHYDOHXUVHURQWH[pFXWpHV
'HYDQW&DVLOSHXW\DYRLUXQHVHXOHYDOHXUXQHVXLWHGHYDOHXUVVpSDUpHVSDUGHVYLUJXOHV
HWRXXQLQWHUYDOOHGHYDOHXUV
$SUqV DYRLU WUDLWHU OD VXLWH G
DFWLRQV FRUUHVSRQGDQWH O
H[pFXWLRQ VH SRXUVXLW DSUqV OH
),16(/21

5HPDUTXH
 /HVpOHFWHXUGRLWDYRLUOHPrPHW\SHTXHOHVYDOHXUVGHYDQWOHVFDV
 /HW\SHGHFHVYDOHXUVQHGRLWrWUHQLUpHOQLFKDvQHGHFDUDFWqUHV
O  ([HPSOH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUXQQXPpURGHFRXOHXUGHO
DUFHQFLHOHWG
DIILFKHUOD
FRXOHXU FRUUHVSRQGDQWH   URXJH   RUDQJp   MDXQH   YHUW   EOHX   LQGLJR HW  
YLROHW



&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


TD ALGORITHMIQUE I
/HV6WUXFWXUHV&RQGLWLRQQHOOHV
([HUFLFH
(YDOXHUOHVH[SUHVVLRQVORJLTXHVVXLYDQWHVDYHF DEFG    HW ;<   9) 

  DE ¾ DF    ½ DE ¾ DF    ½ DE ¾ DF 
  DF ¾ F G    GD F  <   GF E  <
  GF E  ;   DE ¾ GF    DE ¾ GF  ;

([HUFLFH
5ppFULUHO
H[HUFLFHGHODVpULH1ƒHQVXSSRVDQWTXHOHWDX[GHO
LPS{WQ
HVWSDVIL[HPDLVLO
YDULHVHORQODYDOHXUGXVDODLUHGHEDVH(QHIIHW
á 7DX[GHO
LPS{W VLOHVDODLUHGHEDVH
á 7DX[GHO
LPS{W VLOHVDODLUHGHEDVH³>>
á 7DX[GHO
LPS{W VLOHVDODLUHGHEDVH³>>
á 7DX[GHO
LPS{W VLOHVDODLUHGHEDVH! 
(QSOXVODSULPHGHVHQIDQWVHVWGpILQLWFRPPHVXLW
á '7SRXUOHSUHPLHUHQIDQW
á '7SRXUOHGHX[LqPHHQIDQW
á '7SRXUOHWURLVLqPHHQIDQW
á 3DVGHSULPHSRXUOHUHVWH

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH VDLVLU XQ QRPEUH SXLV GpWHUPLQHU V¶LO DSSDUWLHQW j XQ
LQWHUYDOOHGRQQpVDFKDQWTXHOHVH[WUpPLWpVGHO¶LQWHUYDOOHVRQWIL[pHVSDUO¶XWLOLVDWHXU

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH FDOFXOHU OH PRQWDQW GHV KHXUHV VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV G¶XQ
HPSOR\pVDFKDQWOHSUL[XQLWDLUHG¶XQHKHXUHVHORQOHEDUqPHVXLYDQW
œ /HVSUHPLqUHVKHXUHVVDQVVXSSOpPHQW
œ 'HOD jOD KHXUHVRQWPDMRUpHVGH
œ 'HOD jOD KHXUHVRQWPDMRUpHVGH
LqPH LqPH

œ 'HOD KHXUHRXSOXVVRQWPDMRUpHVGH
LqPH LqPH

LqPH


([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUODPR\HQQHJpQpUDOHG¶XQpWXGLDQWHWGHGpWHUPLQHU
VRQUpVXOWDWHWVDPHQWLRQ OHVFRQGLWLRQVGHUDFKDWVRQWDSSOLTXpHVjSDUWLUGH

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUOHVWURLVSDUDPqWUHVG
XQHpTXDWLRQGXVHFRQGGHJUpHW
GHGLVFXWHUOHVVROXWLRQVVHORQOHVYDOHXUVGHDEHWFORUVTX
HOOHVVRQWQXOOHVRXSDV

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUOHMRXUOHPRLVHWO
DQQpHG
XQHGDWH 0RLVQXPpUR
GXPRLV HWGHGpWHUPLQHUVLHOOHHVWFRUUHFWHRXQRQHWRHVWO
HUUHXU

([HUFLFH


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH VDLVLU GHX[ QRPEUHV HW XQ RSpUDWHXU HW G
pYDOXHU
O
H[SUHVVLRQDULWKPpWLTXHFRUUHVSRQGDQWH

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH &2175$7 TXL SHUPHWG
DLGHUXQHFRPSDJQLHG
DVVXUDQFHjSUHQGUHXQH
GpFLVLRQFRQFHUQDQWOHVGHPDQGHVG
DIILOLDWLRQHQVHEDVDQWVXUOHVFULWqUHVVXLYDQWV

&5,7(5( $*( %RQQHVDQWp $FFLGHQW
'(&,6,21
&RQWUDW$   28, 121
&RQWUDW% ! 28, 28,
&RQWUDWUHIXVp  121 28,
([SHUWLVHGHPDQGpH  28, 28,

([HUFLFH
(FULUHXQDOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUXQQXPpURGHPRLVHWXQMRXU OHFRQWU{OHQ
HVWSDV
GHPDQGp HWG
DIILFKHUODSpULRGHFRUUHVSRQGDQWHVHORQOHWDEOHDXVXLYDQW
3pULRGH '8 $8
9DFDQFHVG
pWp  
3UHPLHUWULPHVWUH  
9DFDQFHVG
KLYHU  
'HX[LqPHWULPHVWUH  
9DFDQFHVGHSULQWHPSV  
7URLVLqPHWULPHVWUH  

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHSHUPHWWDQWGHOLUHODYDOHXUGHODYDULDEOH'(9,1(77(HWG¶DIILFKHUSDUPL
OHVPHVVDJHVVXLYDQWVFHOXLTXLFRUUHVSRQGjODYDOHXUWURXYpH
528*(VLODFRXOHXUYDXW5RXU
9(57VLODFRXOHXUYDXW9RXY
%/(8VLODFRXOHXUYDXW%RXE
12,5SRXUWRXWDXWUHFDUDFWqUH

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH SHUPHWWDQW GH OLUH OD YDOHXU GH OD WHPSpUDWXUH GH O¶HDX HW G¶DIILFKHU VRQ
pWDW
*/$&( 6LODWHPSpUDWXUHLQIpULHXUHj
($8 6LODWHPSpUDWXUHHVWVWULFWHPHQWVXSpULHXUHjHWLQIpULHXUHj
9$3(85 6LODWHPSpUDWXUHVXSpULHXUHj

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL OLW XQ HQWLHU SRVLWLI LQIpULHXU j  FRPSRVp GH WURLV FKLIIUHV DX
PD[LPXP HWG
DIILFKHUOHQRPEUHGHFHQWDLQHVGHGL]DLQHVHWG
XQLWpV





&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

&+$3,75(,9/(66758&785(65(3(7,7,9(6

,9,QWURGXFWLRQ
'DQVOHVSUREOqPHVTXRWLGLHQVRQQHWUDLWHSDVXQLTXHPHQWGHVVpTXHQFHVG
DFWLRQVVRXVRX
VDQV FRQGLWLRQV PDLV LO SHXW rWUH IUpTXHQW G
rWUH REOLJp G
H[pFXWHU XQ WUDLWHPHQW VpTXHQFH
G
DFWLRQV  SOXVLHXUV IRLV (Q HIIHW SRXU VDLVLU OHV 1 QRWHV G
XQ pWXGLDQW HW FDOFXOHU VD
PR\HQQHRQHVWDPHQpjVDLVLU1YDULDEOHVSXLVIDLUHODVRPPHHWHQVXLWHGLYLVHUODVRPPH
SDU 1 &HWWH VROXWLRQ QpFHVVLWH OD UpVHUYDWLRQ GH O
HVSDFH SDU OD GpFODUDWLRQ GHV YDULDEOHV HW
XQH VpULH GH VpTXHQFHV G
pFULWXUHOHFWXUH &H SUREOqPH HVW UpVROX j O
DLGH GHV VWUXFWXUHV
UpSpWLWLYHV &HOOHV FL SHUPHWWHQW GH GRQQHU XQ RUGUH GH UpSpWLWLRQ G
XQH DFWLRQ RX G
XQH
VpTXHQFHG
DFWLRQVXQHRXSOXVLHXUVIRLV

,9/DERXFOH3285
&HWWHVWUXFWXUHH[SULPHODUpSpWLWLRQG
XQWUDLWHPHQWXQQRPEUHGHIRLV
P  
Q  6\QWD[H

32859F'(9L$9I>3$69S@)$,5(
 7UDLWHPHQW!
),1)$,5(

2 9FHVWXQHYDULDEOHHQWLqUHTXLFRPSWHOHQRPEUHGHUpSpWLWLRQGX7UDLWHPHQW!
 9LODYDOHXULQLWLDOHjODTXHOOH9FHVWLQLWLDOLVp
 9IODYDOHXUILQDOHjODTXHOOHVHWHUPLQH9F
 9SODYDOHXUGXSDVF
HVWODYDOHXUTX
RQUDMRXWHj9FjFKDTXHILQGHWUDLWHPHQW

5HPDUTXH
 /D ERXFOH 3285 HVW XWLOLVpH ORUVTX
RQ FRQQDvW OH QRPEUH GHUpSpWLWLRQGX7UDLWHPHQW!
G
DYDQFH
 /DYDOHXUGXSDVSHXWrWUHSRVLWLYHRXQpJDWLYHHWSDUFRQVpTXHQWLOIDXWDXGpSDUWGHOD
ERXFOHTXH9L 9IRX9L! 9IVHORQODSRVLWLYLWpRXODQpJDWLYLWpGHFHWWHYDOHXU
 /DYDOHXUGXSDVHVWpJDOHjSDUGpIDXW

/HVpWDSHVG
H[pFXWLRQGHODERXFOH3285
  ,QLWLDOLVDWLRQGH9FSDUODYDOHXUGH9L FRPPHVLRQDYDLW9F‘9L 
  7HVW VL 9L GpSDVVH –  9I GX F{Wp VXSpULHXU RX LQIpULHXU VHORQ OD SRVLWLYLWp RX OD
QpJDWLYLWpGXSDV         
 6LRXLDORUVODERXFOHV
DUUrWHHWO
H[pFXWLRQVHSRXUVXLWDSUqVOH),1)$,5(
 6LQRQ
œ ([pFXWLRQGX7UDLWHPHQW!
œ ,QFUpPHQWDWLRQRXGpFUpPHQWDWLRQGH9FSDUODYDOHXUGXSDV
œ 5HWRXUjO
pWDSH

$SSOLFDWLRQ
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH VDLVLU OHV PR\HQQHV GHV 1 pWXGLDQWV GH OD FODVVH
,QIRUPDWLTXHHWGHFDOFXOHUODPR\HQQHJpQpUDOHGHODFODVVH




&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

5pVROXWLRQ
6DQVOHVERXFOHVRQHVWREOLJpGHGpFODUHU1YDULDEOHVHWG
pFULUH1DFWLRQV/,5(
/,5( QRWH 
6‘602<
1 /,5( 02< 
IRLV 6‘602<

«
/,5( 02< 
6‘602< /,5( 02< 
/DERXFOH3285GRQQHO
RUGUHjODPDFKLQHG
LWpUHUOHVGHX[DFWLRQV1IRLV
6‘602<
'RQFOHFRPSWHXUYDULHGHMXVTX
j1DYHFXQSDVGH

$/*25,7+0(02<(11(
9$5L1HQWLHU
 02<0&UpHO
'(%87
(&5,5( 'RQQHUOHQRPEUHG
pWXGLDQWV 
/,5( 1 
6, 1! $/256
6‘^,QLWLDOLVDWLRQGH6`
3285L'($1)$,5(^/HSDVpJDOHSDUGpIDXW`
 (&5,5( 'RQQHUODPR\HQQHGHO
pWXGLDQWQƒL 
 /,5( 02< 
 6‘602<^RQUDMRXWHODPR\HQQHGXL pWXGLDQWjODVRPPH`
LqPH

 ),1)$,5(
 0&‘61
 (&5,5( /DPR\HQQHGHODFODVVHHVW0& 
6,121
 (&5,5( (UUHXUGDQVOHQRPEUHG
pWXGLDQWV 
),16,
),1

5HPDUTXH -XVWH $YDQW OH ),1 )$,5( OH FKDQJHPHQW GH OD YDOHXU GH L VH IDLW
DXWRPDWLTXHPHQW

$SSOLFDWLRQ
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWG
DIILFKHUWRXVOHVQRPEUHVSDLUVTXLH[LVWHQWHQWUHHW

LqUHVROXWLRQ LqPHVROXWLRQ LqPHVROXWLRQ
3285 L GH  j  SDV  3285LGHj)DLUH 3285LGHj)DLUH
)DLUH 6, LPRG  $/256  (&5,5(  L 
 (&5,5( L   (&5,5( L  ),1)$,5(
),1)$,5( ),16,
 ),1)$,5(

$SSOLFDWLRQ
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWG
DIILFKHUWRXVOHVQRPEUHVLPSDLUVHQWUHHWGDQVO
RUGUH
GpFURLVVDQW



&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

3285LGHj3$6  )$,5(
 (&5,5( L 
),1)$,5(

/DYDOHXUILQDOHSHXWrWUHRXFDUOHWHVWGHVRUWLHHVWL9I RXj 

,9/DERXFOH5pSpWHU«-XVTX
j
6\QWD[H
5pSpWHU
 7UDLWHPHQW!
-XVTX
j FRQGLWLRQG
DUUrW 

&HWRUGUHG
LWpUDWLRQSHUPHWGHUpSpWHUOH7UDLWHPHQW!XQHRXSOXVLHXUVIRLVHWGHV
DUUrWHUVXU
XQH FRQGLWLRQ (Q HIIHW ORUVTXH OD FRQGLWLRQ HVW YpULILpH OD ERXFOH V
DUUrWH VL QRQ HOOH Up
H[pFXWHOH7UDLWHPHQW!

5HPDUTXHV
 'DQV FHWWH ERXFOH OH WUDLWHPHQW HVW H[pFXWp DX PRLQV XQH IRLV DYDQW O
pYDOXDWLRQ GH OD
FRQGLWLRQG
DUUrW
 ,OGRLW\DYRLUXQHDFWLRQGDQVOH7UDLWHPHQW!TXLPRGLILHODYDOHXUGHODFRQGLWLRQ

/HVpWDSHVG
H[pFXWLRQGHODERXFOH5pSpWHU
  ([pFXWLRQGX7UDLWHPHQW!
  7HVWGHODYDOHXUGHODFRQGLWLRQG
DUUrW!
6LHOOHHVWYpULILpH$ORUVODERXFOHV
DUUrWH
6LQRQ5HWRXUjO
pWDSH

$SSOLFDWLRQ
(FULUHXQDOJRULWKPHTXLVDLVLWXQQRPEUHSDLUHWTXLGpWHUPLQHFRPELHQGHIRLVLOHVWGLYLVLEOH
SDU([HPSOHHVWGLYLVLEOHIRLVSDU    

$/*25,7+0(3$,51%',9
9$511HQWLHU
'(%87
^6DLVLHG
XQHQWLHUTXLGRLWrWUHSDLU`
5pSpWHU
 (&5,5( 'RQQHUXQHQWLHUSDLU 
 /,5( 1 
-XVTX
j 102'  ^FRQGLWLRQSRXUTXH1VRLWSDLU`
^'pWHUPLQDWLRQGXQRPEUHGHGLYLVLRQSDU`
1‘
1%‘1
5pSpWHU
 1%‘1%GLY
 1‘1
-XVTX
j 1%02'! ^2QV
DUUrWHORUVTXH1%Q
HVWSOXVGLYLVLEOHSDU`

(&5,5( 1HVWGLYLVLEOHSDU1IRLV 
),1


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

,9/DERXFOH7$1748(«
6\QWD[H
7$1748( FRQGLWLRQG
H[pFXWLRQ 
)$,5(
 7UDLWHPHQW!
),1)$,5(

&HW RUGUH G
LWpUDWLRQSHUPHWGHUpSpWHUOH7UDLWHPHQW!]pURRXSOXVLHXUVIRLVHWGHV
DUUrWHU
ORUVTXHODFRQGLWLRQG
H[pFXWLRQQ
HVWSOXVYpULILpH(QHIIHWORUVTXHODFRQGLWLRQG
H[pFXWLRQ
HVWYpULILpHOH7UDLWHPHQW!HVWH[pFXWpVLQRQHOOHV
DUUrWH

/HVpWDSHVG
H[pFXWLRQGHODERXFOH5pSpWHU
  7HVWGHODYDOHXUGHODFRQGLWLRQG
H[pFXWLRQ!
  6LHOOHHVWYpULILpH$ORUV        
 ([pFXWLRQGX7UDLWHPHQW!       
 5HWRXUjO
pWDSH
6LQRQ$UUrWGHODERXFOH

5HPDUTXHV
 'DQV FHWWH ERXFOH OH WUDLWHPHQW SHXW QH SDV rWUH H[pFXWp DXFXQH IRLV F
HVW ORUVTXH OD
FRQGLWLRQG
H[pFXWLRQHVWjIDX[GpVOHGpSDUW
 /HVSDUDPqWUHVGHODFRQGLWLRQGRLYHQWrWUHLQLWLDOLVpVSDUOHFWXUHRXSDUDIIHFWDWLRQDYDQW
ODERXFOH
 ,OGRLW\DYRLUXQHDFWLRQGDQVOH7UDLWHPHQW!TXLPRGLILHODYDOHXUGHODFRQGLWLRQ

$SSOLFDWLRQ
(FULUHXQDOJRULWKPHTXLVDLVLWXQQRPEUHSDLUHWTXLGpWHUPLQHFRPELHQGHIRLVLOHVWGLYLVLEOH
SDU([HPSOHHVWGLYLVLEOHIRLVSDU    

$/*25,7+0(3$,51%',9
9$511HQWLHU
'(%87
^6DLVLHG
XQHQWLHUTXLGRLWrWUHSDLU`
5pSpWHU
 (&5,5( 'RQQHUXQHQWLHUSDLU 
 /,5( 1 
-XVTX
j 102'  ^FRQGLWLRQSRXUTXH1VRLWSDLU`
^'pWHUPLQDWLRQGXQRPEUHGHGLYLVLRQSDU`
1‘
1%‘1
7$1748( 1%02'  
)$,5(
 1%‘1%GLY
 1‘1
),1)$,5(^2QV
DUUrWHORUVTXH1%Q
HVWSOXVGLYLVLEOHSDU`
(&5,5( 1HVWGLYLVLEOHSDU1IRLV 
),1


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


© /DFRQGLWLRQG
DUUrWDYHFODERXFOH5pSpWHUHVWO
LQYHUVHGHODFRQGLWLRQG
H[pFXWLRQGHOD
ERXFOH7$1748(

5HPDUTXH
/H7UDLWHPHQWG
XQHERXFOHSHXWFRQWHQLUOXLDXVVLXQHDXWUHERXFOH2QO
DSSHOOHGDQVFHFDV
GHVERXFOHVLPEULTXpHV



&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


TD ALGORITHMIQUE I
/HVVWUXFWXUHVUpSpWLWLYHV
([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW G
DIILFKHU OHV 1 SUHPLHUV HQWLHUV LPSDLUV GDQV O
RUGUH
GpFURLVVDQW

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWG
DIILFKHUOHVGLYLVHXUVG
XQHQWLHUV1

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLGpWHUPLQHVLXQHHQWLHU1HVWSDUIDLWRXQRQ8QHQWLHUHVWGLWSDUIDLWV
LO
HVWpJDOjODVRPPHGHVHVGLYLVHXUV([HPSOH 

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHFDOFXOHUOHSURGXLWGHGHX[HQWLHUVHQXWLOLVDQWGHVDGGLWLRQV
VXFFHVVLYHV

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH FDOFXOHU OD GLYLVLRQ GH GHX[ HQWLHUV HQ XWLOLVDQW GHV
VRXVWUDFWLRQVVXFFHVVLYHV


([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH VDLVLU XQ HQWLHU 1 HW G
DIILFKHU V
LO HVW SUHPLHURXQRQ8Q
QRPEUHHVWGLWSUHPLHUV
LOHVWGLYLVLEOHXQLTXHPHQWSDUHWSDUOXLPrPH

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLGpWHUPLQHOH WHUPHG
XQHVXLWHGpILQLHSDU
LqPH

6  6  HW6  6    6 Q


  Q Q Q

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLGpWHUPLQHOH1 WHUPHG
XQHVXLWHGpILQLHSDU
LqPH

6  6  6  HW6  6    6  Q


   Q Q Q

([HUFLFH
2QGpPRQWUHHQPDWKpPDWLTXHTXHOHFRVLQXVG
XQDQJOHH[SULPpHQUDGLDQHVWGRQQpSDUOD
VRPPHLQILQLHVXLYDQWH
&26 [  ±; ; ±; «
  

2QGpFLGHG
DUUrWHUODVRPPHjXQFHUWDLQUDQJQ Q! GRQQp
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWG
pYDOXHUOHFRVLQXVG
XQHYDOHXU[GRQQpH

([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH VDLVLU DXWDQW GH QRPEUHV TXH O
XWLOLVDWHXU OH YHXLOOH HW GH
GpWHUPLQHUOHQRPEUHGHUpHOVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIVHWFHOXLGHVQpJDWLIV2QV
DUUrWHORUVTXHOD
YDOHXUHVW

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUDXWDQWGHQRPEUHVTXHO
XWLOLVDWHXUOHYHXLOOHSRXUYX
TX
LOVVRLHQWGDQVO
RUGUHFURLVVDQW2QV
DUUrWHORUVTXHODYDOHXUHVW


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


([HUFLFH
(FULUH O
DOJRULWKPH TXL SHUPHW GH VDLVLU XQ HQWLHU SRVLWLI HQ GpFLPDO HW GH OH WUDQVIRUPHU HQ
ELQDLUH
([HPSOH    

 

([HUFLFH
(FULUHXQDOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUXQHQWLHUHWXQHEDVHLQIpULHXUHRXpJDOHjHWGH
YpULILHUVLFHQRPEUHDSSDUWLHQWjODEDVHRXQRQ

([HUFLFH
(FULUHXQDOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUGHX[HQWLHUVHWGHYpULILHUVLOHVFKLIIUHVGXSUHPLHU
DSSDUWLHQQHQWjFHX[GXVHFRQGQRPEUHRXQRQ

([HUFLFH
(FULUHXQDOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUGHX[HQWLHUVSRVLWLIVHWGHGpWHUPLQHUOHXUSOXVJUDQG
FRPPXQGLYLVHXU 3*&' 
/H3*&' $%  3*&' $%% VL$HVWOHSOXVJUDQGHW
j3*&' $%  3*&' $%$ VL%HVWOHSOXVJUDQG6L$ %OH3*&' $% HVW$RX%

([HUFLFH
(FULUHXQDOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHFDOFXOHUODIDFWRULHOOHG
XQHQWLHU1GRQQp

([HUFLFH
(FULUHXQDOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUGHVHQWLHUVDOWHUQDWLIV VLO
XQHVWSRVLWLIVRQWVXLYDQW
GRLWrWUHQpJDWLIHWYLFHYHUVD 

([HUFLFH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUGHX[HQWLHUVHWGHGpWHUPLQHUOHXUSOXVSHWLWFRPPXQ
PXOWLSOH 33&0 


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


&+$3,75(975$,7(0(17'(67$%/($8;
5DSSHO
3RXUTXRLOHVWDEOHDX["

 &DOFXOHUODPR\HQQHGHpOqYHV
 (IIHFWXHUOHXUFODVVHPHQW

© 5pSRQVH
SRXULGHj
IDLUH
(FULUH 'RQQHUODPR\HQQHGHO
pWXGLDQW1ƒL 
/LUH PR\HQQH 
)LQIDLUH

© &RQFOXVLRQ2QQHSHXWSDVHIIHFWXHUOHFODVVHPHQW
3RXUTXRL" 3DUFH TX
RQ QH JDUGH SDV OHV PR\HQQHV SUpFpGHQWHV HW OD YDULDEOH PR\HQQH
FRQWLHQWXQLTXHPHQWODGHUQLqUHYDOHXU

8WLOLVDWLRQGHVWDEOHDX[
,QWpUrW*DLQGHWHPSVUpWUpFLVVHPHQWGXYROXPHGHO
DOJRULWKPHHWSRVVLELOLWpGHUpXWLOLVDWLRQ
GHWRXWHVOHVYDOHXUVXOWpULHXUHPHQWGDQVO
DOJRULWKPH
,O HVW SOXV FRQYHQDEOH DORUV GH GpILQLU XQ HVSDFH PpPRLUH TX¶RQ DSSHOOH 02< TXL VHUD
GLYLVpHQSDUWLHVpTXLWDEOHVLQGLFpHVGHj

02<
&RQWHQX       «      
,QGLFH             

2QGpILQLWXQWDEOHDXGHFDVHVjXQHVHXOHGLPHQVLRQTX¶RQDSSHOOH9(&7(85
$/*25,7+0(02<(11(
&2167%L 
 %V 
9$577DEOHDX>ELEV@GHUpHO
 LHQWLHU



9/HVYHFWHXUV
8Q YHFWHXU HVW XQH SDUWLH GH PpPRLUH FRQWHQDQW Q ]RQHV YDULDEOHV UpIpUHQFpHV SDU OH PrPH
QRPGHYDULDEOHSRXUDFFpGHUjXQpOpPHQWSDUWLFXOLHUGHFHYHFWHXU
2QLQGLFHOHQRPGHYDULDEOH/¶LQGLFHSHXWrWUHXQHFRQVWDQWHXQHYDULDEOHRXXQHH[SUHVVLRQ
DULWKPpWLTXH
02<>L@
ÎÐLQGLFHG¶XQpOpPHQWGXYHFWHXU
YDULDEOHTXLLQGLTXHOHQRPGXYHFWHXU

02<>L@UHSUpVHQWHO¶pOpPHQWGXYHFWHXU02<RFFXSDQWOHUDQJL


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

/¶LQGLFHSHXWrWUH
½ 8QHFRQVWDQWH Å02<>@
½ 8QHYDULDEOH Å02<>L@
½ 8QHH[SUHVVLRQ Å02<>L @


$77(17,21
$YDQW G¶XWLOLVHU XQ WDEOHDX LO IDXW GpFODUHU VDWDLOOHSRXUTXHOHV\VWqPHUpVHUYHODSODFH HQ
PpPRLUHQpFHVVDLUHSRXUVWRFNHUWRXVOHVpOpPHQWVGHFHWDEOHDX
/HVpOpPHQWVG¶XQPrPHWDEOHDXGRLYHQWrWUHGHPrPHW\SH

95DSSHOGH'pFODUDWLRQG¶XQYHFWHXU
'DQVODSDUWLH&2167RQSHXWGpILQLUODWDLOOHGXWDEOHDX(QVXLWHRQSHXWGpFODUHUOHQRPEUH
G¶pOpPHQWVjVDLVLUGDQVOHWDEOHDX
5HPDUTXH /H QRPEUH G¶pOpPHQWV jVDLVLUQHGRLWSDVGpSDVVHUODWDLOOHGXWDEOHDXSRXU QH
SDVGpERUGHUVDFDSDFLWp
2QDSSHOOHGLPHQVLRQG¶XQYHFWHXUOHQRPEUHG¶pOpPHQWVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWFHYHFWHXU


9&KDUJHPHQWG¶XQ9HFWHXU
/H FKDUJHPHQW G¶XQ YHFWHXU FRQVLVWH j VDLVLU OHV GRQQpHV GHV pOpPHQWV GX YHFWHXU UHPSOLU
GHV FDVHV VXFFHVVLYHV GX WDEOHDX 2QGRLWXWLOLVHUXQHERXFOHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUjFKDTXH
HQWUpHGDQVODERXFOHODL FDVH
LqPH


$/*25,7+0(9HFWHXU
&2167 1 
9$5
 02<7DEOHDX>1@GHUpHOV
'pEXW
^FKDUJHPHQWGXWDEOHDX`
3RXULGHj1
)DLUH
(FULUH GRQQHUODPR\HQQHGHO¶pWXGLDQW1ƒL 
/LUH 02<>L@ 
)LQ)DLUH
^ILQFKDUJHPHQW`

^&DOFXOGHODVRPPHGHVPR\HQQHV`
602<Ä
3RXULGHj1
)DLUH
602<Ä602<02<>L@
)LQ)DLUH

602<Ä602<
(FULUH ODPR\HQQHGXJURXSHHVW602< 
^FDOFXOGHODGLIIpUHQFHHQWUHODPR\HQQHGHJURXSHHWFHOOHGHO¶pWXGLDQW`
3RXULGHj1
)DLUH


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

(FULUH OD GLIIpUHQFH GH OD PR\HQQH GX JURXSH HW FHOOH GH O¶pWXGLDQWL  HVW 
602<02<>L@ 
)LQ)DLUH
)LQ

$ 2QSHXWpFULUHOHVGHX[SUHPLqUHVERXFOHHQXQHVHXOH6LPSOLILHUDORUVFHWDOJRULWKPH

5HPDUTXH
/DWDLOOHG¶XQWDEOHDXHVWIL[HHWQHSHXWrWUHGRQFFKDQJpHGDQVXQSURJUDPPHLOHQUpVXOWH
GHX[GpIDXWV
½ 6LRQOLPLWHWURSODWDLOOHG¶XQWDEOHDXRQULVTXHOHGpSDVVHPHQWGHFDSDFLWp
½ /DSODFHPpPRLUHUpVHUYpHHVWLQVXIILVDQWHSRXUUHFHYRLUWRXWHVOHVGRQQpHV

$SSOLFDWLRQ
  &KDUJHUXQYHFWHXUGHpOpPHQWVSDUOHVSUHPLHUVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOVSRVLWLIV
  &KDUJHUXQYHFWHXUGHpOpPHQWVSDUOHVSUHPLHUVPXOWLSOHVGH

R  5HFKHUFKHGDQVXQYHFWHXU
5HFKHUFKHVpTXHQWLHOOH
2QSHXWFKHUFKHUOHQRPEUHG
DSSDULWLRQG
XQpOpPHQWGDQVXQYHFWHXUVDRXELHQVHV
SRVLWLRQV3RXUFHODRQGRLWSDUFRXULUWRXWOHYHFWHXUpOpPHQWSDUpOpPHQWHWOHFRPSDUHUDYHF
ODYDOHXUGHO
pOpPHQWjFKHUFKHU

$SSOLFDWLRQV
 &KHUFKHU OD SRVLWLRQ GH OD SUHPLqUH RFFXUUHQFH G
XQ pOpPHQW H GDQV XQ YHFWHXU 9
FRQWHQDQW1pOpPHQWV 2QVXSSRVHTXHOHYHFWHXUHVWGpILQLW 
 &KHUFKHUOHQRPEUHG
DSSDULWLRQG
XQpOpPHQWHGDQVXQYHFWHXU9FRQWHQDQW1pOpPHQWV
DLQVLTXHOHVSRVLWLRQVGHVRFFXUUHQFHVGHFHWpOpPHQW

5pSRQVH

Trouv Ä vrai
iÄ 1

Tant que ((i <= N) et (Trouv = vrai))


Faire

Trouv Ä Faux
Si V[i] = e Alors

i Ä i +1
Sinon

Fin Si
Fin Faire
Si (Trouv = vrai) Alors
Ecrire(e, "se trouve à la position" , i)
Sinon
Ecrire(e, "ne se trouve pas dans V")


Fin Si

5HFKHUFKHGLFKRWRPLTXH
&HW\SHGHUHFKHUFKHV
HIIHFWXHGDQVXQWDEOHDXRUGRQQp
3ULQFLSH
 2QGLYLVHOHWDEOHDXHQGHX[SDUWLHVVHQVLEOHPHQWpJDOHV
 2QFRPSDUHODYDOHXUjFKHUFKHUDYHFO
pOpPHQWGXPLOLHX


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

 6L HOOHV QH VRQW SDV pJDOHV RQ V


LQWpUHVVH XQLTXHPHQW OD SDUWLH FRQWHQDQW OHV pOpPHQWV
YRXOXVHWRQGpODLVVHO
DXWUHSDUWLH
 2QUHFRPPHQFHFHVpWDSHVMXVTX
jDYRLUXQVHXOpOpPHQWjFRPSDUHU

$SSOLFDWLRQ
2QVXSSRVHTX
RQGLVSRVHG
XQYHFWHXU9GH1pOpPHQWV2QYHXWFKHUFKHUODYDOHXU9DO
ALGORITHME DICHOTHOMIE

Inf Ä 1
...

Sup Ä N
Trouv Ä vrai
Tant que ((Inf <= Sup) et (Trouv = vrai))
Faire
MilÄ (Inf+Sup)DIV 2
Si (V[Mil] = Val) Alors
TrouvÄ faux
Sinon

Inf Ä Mil + 1
Si (V[Mil] < Val) Alors

Sup Ä Mil -1
Sinon

Fin Si
Fin Si
Fin Faire

Si (Trouv = faux) Alors


Ecrire(Val, "existe à la position" , Mil)
Sinon
Ecrire(Val, "n'existe pas dans V)


Fin Si

9/HVPDWULFHV
/HVPDWULFHVVRQWOHVWDEOHDX[jGHX[GLPHQVLRQV
  
  &2/211(6
    /
pOpPHQWG
LQGLFH>LM@HVW
 



    FHOXLGXFURLVHPHQWGHOD


OLJQHLDYHFODFRORQQHM
/,*1(6



   
0>@HVW



   

   



&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

&+$3,75(9,7'$/*25,7+0,48(


&KHUFKHUOHSOXVSHWLWpOpPHQWGDQVXQYHFWHXU

S  ([HUFLFH
6DLVLVVH]XQYHFWHXUGHWHOOHIDoRQTX
LOVRLWRUGRQQp

6RLWXQWDEOHDX120GRQWOHVpOpPHQWVVRQWGHW\SHFKDvQHGHFDUDFWqUHV&HWDEOHDXFRQWLHQW
OHV QRPV GHV pWXGLDQWV RUGRQQpV VHORQ OH QXPpUR GH UHJLVWUH (W VRLW OH WDEOHDX 02<
FRQWHQDQWUHVSHFWLYHPHQWODPR\HQQHGHFKDTXHpWXGLDQWVHORQOHPrPHRUGUH
(FULUHO
DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHVDLVLUOHVGHX[WDEOHDX[SXLVG
DIILFKHUOHQRPGHO
pWXGLDQW
D\DQWODPHLOOHXUHPR\HQQH



&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

&+$3,75(9,,/(6$/*25,7+0(6'(75,
'DQV FH FKDSLWUH RQ SUpVHQWH TXHOTXHV DOJRULWKPHV XWLOHV TXL SHUPHWWHQW G
RUGRQQHU OHV
pOpPHQWVG
XQWDEOHDXGDQVXQRUGUHFURLVVDQWRXGpFURLVVDQW/
RUGUHHVWSDUGpIDXWFURLVVDQW

8QYHFWHXUHVWGLWWULpVL9>L@ 9>L@"L³>Q@

 7ULSDUVpOHFWLRQ
T  3ULQFLSH
8WLOLVHUXQYHFWHXU97 YHFWHXUWULp FRPPHYHFWHXUUpVXOWDW&HOXLFLFRQWLHQGUDOHVpOpPHQWV
GXYHFWHXULQLWLDOGDQVO
RUGUHFURLVVDQW
/HSULQFLSHHVWGH
&KHUFKHUOHSOXVJUDQGpOpPHQWGDQVOHYHFWHXULQLWLDO9
 6pOHFWLRQQHUOHSOXVSHWLWpOpPHQWGDQV9
 /HPHWWUHGDQVVRQRUGUHGDQVOHYHFWHXU97
 /HUHPSODFHUSDUOHSOXVJUDQGpOpPHQWGDQVOHYHFWHXULQLWLDO SRXUTX
LOQHVHUDSOXVOH
PLQLPXP 
 6LOHQRPEUHG
pOpPHQWVGDQVOHYHFWHXUUpVXOWDWQ
HVWSDVLGHQWLTXHjFHOXLGDQVOHYHFWHXU
LQLWLDO5HWRXUQHUjO
pWDSH        
 6LQRQRQV
DUUrWH
U  ([HPSOH
6RLWOHYHFWHXU9FRQWHQDQWpOpPHQWV

    9     97
$XGpSDUW         
3KDVH         
3KDVH         
3KDVH         
3KDVH         

6FKpPDGHO
DOJRULWKPH 
$/*25,7+0(75,B6(/(&7,21
&2167%L 
 %V 
9$59977DEOHDX>%L%V@GHUpHO
 1LMLQGPLQHQWLHU
 0,10$;UpHO
'(%87
^&KDUJHPHQWGXYHFWHXU9`
«
^5HFKHUFKHGXPD[LPXP`
0$;‘9>@
3RXULGHj1
)$,5(
6L0$;9>L@$ORUV
 0$;‘9>L@
),16,
),1)$,5(




&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


3285LGHj1)$,5(
^5HFKHUFKHGXPLQLPXP`
 0,1‘9>@
LQGPLQ‘
3RXUMGHj1IDLUH
 6L0,1!9>M@$/256
 0,1‘9>M@
  ,QGPLQ‘M
 )LQVL
 )LQ)DLUH
^0HWWUHOHPLQLPXPWURXYpjVDSODFHGDQVOHYHFWHXUUpVXOWDW`
 97>L@‘0,1
 9>LQGPLQ@‘0$;
)LQ)DLUH
97>1@‘0$;
),1

3HXWRQDPpOLRUHUFHWDOJRULWKPH"


 $OJRULWKPHGHWULSDUVpOHFWLRQHWSHUPXWDWLRQ
,OV
DJLWLFLG
pYLWHUODFRQVWUXFWLRQG
XQVHFRQGYHFWHXUHWG
XWLOLVHUXQVHXOYHFWHXULQLWLDOTXL
VHUDWULp

6XSSRVRQVWUDLWpVQL  L1 pOpPHQWVGXYHFWHXU

 9>L@QRQWUDLWp    9>L1@7ULp

            
     L     1
2Q SHXW FRQVLGpUHU OH YHFWHXU 9 FRPPH OD FRQFDWpQDWLRQ GH GHX[ VRXVYHFWHXUV  OH VRXV
YHFWHXU9>L@GRQWOHVpOpPHQWVQ
RQWSDVHQFRUHpWpWULpVHWOHVRXVYHFWHXU9>L1@GRQW
OHV pOpPHQWVVRQWWULpV'
DXWUHSDUWWRXVOHVpOpPHQWVGXVRXVYHFWHXU9>L@VRQWLQIpULHXUV
RXpJDX[jO
pOpPHQW9>L@
2QDGRQF
 9>L@QRQWUDLWp9>L@ 9>L@9>L1@7ULp
2QDGHX[FDV
œ , 
9>@QRQWUDLWp9>@ 9>@9>1@WULp GRQF9>1@WULp
/
DOJRULWKPHHVWWHUPLQp
œ ,!
3RXUDXJPHQWHUOHVRXVYHFWHXU9>LQ@G
XQpOpPHQWLOVXIILWGHFKHUFKHUOHSOXV
JUDQG pOpPHQW FRQWHQX GDQV OH VRXVYHFWHXU 9>L@ HW GH SODFHU FHW pOpPHQW HQ
SRVLWLRQL
6FKpPDGHO
DOJRULWKPH
$/*25,7+0(6/(&7,21B3(5087$7,21
&2167%L 
 %V 


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

9$597DEOHDX>%L%V@G
HQWLHU
 1LMHQWLHU
'(%87
^&KDUJHPHQWGXYHFWHXU9`
«
3RXULGH1j)DLUH
^5HFKHUFKHGHO
LQGLFHGXPD[LPXPGDQV9>L@`
LQGPD[‘
3RXUMGHjL
)$,5(
6L9>LQGPD[@9>M@$ORUV
 LQGPD[‘L
),16,
),1)$,5(
^0HWWUHOHPD[LPXPUHODWLIWURXYpjVDSODFH`
6LLQGPD[!L$ORUV
 $X[‘9>LQGPD[@
 9>LQGPD[@‘9>L@
 9>L@‘$X[
)LQ6L
)LQ)DLUH



9,,7ULSDUODPpWKRGHGHVEXOOHV
0rPHSULQFLSHTXHOHSUpFpGHQW

$SUqVDYRLUWUDLWpQL  L1 pOpPHQWVGXYHFWHXU

 9>L@QRQWUDLWp    9>L1@7ULp

            
     L     1
2Q SHXW GRQF FRQVLGpUHU OH YHFWHXU 9 FRPPH OD FRQFDWpQDWLRQ GH GHX[ VRXVYHFWHXUV  OH
VRXVYHFWHXU9>L@GRQWOHVpOpPHQWVQ
RQWSDVHQFRUHpWpWULpVHWOHVRXVYHFWHXU9>L1@
GRQW OHV pOpPHQWV VRQW WULpV '
DXWUH SDUW WRXV OHV pOpPHQWV GX VRXVYHFWHXU 9>L@ VRQW
LQIpULHXUVRXpJDX[jO
pOpPHQW9>L@
2QDGRQF
 9>L@QRQWUDLWp9>L@ 9>L@9>L1@7ULp
2QDGHX[FDV
œ , 
9>@QRQWUDLWp9>@ 9>@9>1@WULp GRQF9>1@WULp
/
DOJRULWKPHHVWWHUPLQp
œ ,!
3RXU DXJPHQWHU OH VRXVYHFWHXU 9>LQ@ G
XQ pOpPHQW LO VXIILW GH FKHUFKHU OH SOXV JUDQG
pOpPHQWFRQWHQXGDQVOHVRXVYHFWHXU9>L@HWGHSODFHUFHWpOpPHQWHQSRVLWLRQL




&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

2QSDUFRXUWOHVRXVYHFWHXU9>L@GHJDXFKHjGURLWHHWFKDTXHIRLVTX
LO\DGHX[pOpPHQWV
FRQVpFXWLIVTXLQHVRQWSDVGDQVO
RUGUHRQOHVSHUPXWH&HWWHRSpUDWLRQSHUPHWG
REWHQLUHQ
ILQ GX L  SDUFRXUV OH SOXV JUDQG pOpPHQW SODFp HQ SRVLWLRQ L HW OHV pOpPHQWV DSUqV FHWWH
LqPH

SRVLWLRQVRQWRUGRQQpV

6FKpPDGHO
DOJRULWKPH
$/*25,7+0(75,B%8//(
&21671 
9$59WDEOHDX>1@GHUpHO
 1LMHQWLHU
 $8;UpHO
'(%87
^&KDUJHPHQWGXYHFWHXU`
«
3285LGH1jSDV±)$,5(
 3285MGHjL)$,5(
  6,9>M@!9>M@$/256
  $8;‘9>M@
  9>M@‘9>M@
  9>M@‘$8;
  ),16,
 ),1)$,5(
),1)$,5(
),1
$SSOLFDWLRQ
([pFXWHUjODPDLQFHWDOJRULWKPHDYHFOHVYHFWHXUVVXLYDQWV
     

     

4XHUHPDUTXH]YRXV"

6FKpPDGHO
DOJRULWKPHjEXOOHRSWLPLVp
$/*25,7+0(75,B%8//(
&21671 
9$59WDEOHDX>1@GHUpHO
 1LMHQWLHU
 $8;UpHO
'(%87
^&KDUJHPHQWGXYHFWHXU`
«
L‘1
DWRQSHUPXWp‘YUDL
7$1748( DWRQSHUPXWp )$,5(
 M‘
 DWRQSHUPXWp‘IDX[
 7$1748( ML )$,5(
  '(%87
  6, 9>-@9>M@ $/256


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

   $8;‘9>-@
   9>-@‘9>-@
   9>-@‘$8;
  ),16,
   DWRQSHUPXWp‘YUDL
  ),1
  M‘M
 ),1
 L‘L
 ),1
),1




3285LGH1jSDV±)$,5(
 3285MGHjL)$,5(
  6,9>M@!9>M@$/256
  $8;‘9>M@
  9>M@‘9>M@
  9>M@‘$8;
  ),16,
 ),1)$,5(
),1)$,5(
),1



 


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(



&RPSRVHU XQ DOJRULWKPH OLVDQW XQH TXDQWLWp FRPPDQGpH LQIpULHXUH j  SXLV FDOFXOHU OH
QRPEUHGHFDLVVHQRQQXOGHFKDTXHW\SHXWLOLVp

9$5,$%/(/2&$/(
8QH YDULDEOH GH W\SH ORFDOH VL HOOH HVW GpILQLH j O¶LQWpULHXU GH OD SURFpGXUH  (OOH Q¶HVW
DFFHVVLEOHTXHGDQVO¶HQYLURQQHPHQWGHODSURFpGXUHRXHOOHDpWpGpILQLH
/LQWpUHW GHV YDULDEOHV ORFDOHV F¶HVW TX¶HOOHV FRQQWULEXHQW SDUWLFXOLHUHPHQW j XQH SOXV JUDQGH
OLVLELOLWpG¶XQSURJUDPPH DOJRULWKPH (OOHPLQLPLVHQWOHVHUUHXUV

9$5,$%/(*/2%$/
8QH YDULDEOH HVW GLWH JOREDO VL HOOH HVW GpILQLH DX QLYHDX GH O¶DOJRULWKPH TXL DSSHOOH OD
SURFpGXUHF¶HVWjGLUHXQHYDULDEOHXWLOLVpHSDUODSURFpGXUHHWQ¶HVWSDVGpFODUpVDO¶LQWHULHXU
GHFHWWHSURFpGXUH
8QPr
PHQRPGHYDULDEOHSHXWrWUHJORSDORXORFDO
'DQV GH WHOOH VLWXDWLRQ OH GpILQLWLRQ G¶XQH YDULDEOHORFDOGpWLHQWODSUpVDQFHjO¶LQWHULHXU GH
VRQFKDPSG¶DSSOLFDWLRQ
,03257$17
8QHYDULDEOHJOREDOHSHXWpWUHXWLOLVpQ¶LPSRUWHR
jO¶LQWHULHXURXjO¶H[WpULHXUGHODSURFpGXUH
352&('85(0$;,
'(%87
VL $!% 
DORUV
0$; D
VLQRQ
0$; %
ILQVL
pFULUH OHPD[LPXPHVW0$; 
),1

$/*25,7+0(0D[LPXP
'(%87
pFULUH GRQQHUGHX[YDOHXUVGLVWLQFWHV 
5(3(7(5
OLUH $% 
-8648¶$ $!% 
0$;,
),1
$HW%VRQWGHX[YDULDEOHVJOREDOHV
0$;HVWXQHYDULDEOHORFDO
/¶HFKDQJHG¶LQIRUPDWLRQHQWUHODSURFHGXUHHWO¶DOJRULWKPHHVWIDLWYLD DWUDYHUV OHVYDULDEOHV
JOREDOHV
&HWWHPpWKRGHG¶HFKDQJHSHXWFKDQJHUOHFRQWHQXGHODYDULDEOHjO¶LQWHULHXUGHODSURFHGXUH
TXLSHXWHIIHFWHUFHUWDLQHVLQIRUPDWLRQVHUURQpHVjO¶H[WHULHXUGHODSURFHGXUHHWYLFHYHUVoD
3RXUUHVRXGUHFHSUREOpPHRQIDLWUHFRXUjO¶HPSORLHGHVSDUDPHWUHVTXLRIIUHQWXQHPHLOOHXU
DSSURFKH j O¶HFKDQJH G¶LQIRUPDWLRQ HQWUH XQH SURFHGXUH HW VRQ SRLQW GH UHIHUHQFH FKDTXH
GRQQpHHVWWUDQVIHUpHHQWUHSDUDPpWUHUpHOHWXQSDUDPpWUHIRUPHO


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


3$5$0(75()250(/
(VWXQSDUDPpWUH YDULDEOH GpILQLjO¶LQWpULHXUGHODSURFHGXUH
H[HPSOHSURFpGXUHVDLVLH $% $%SDUDPpWUHVIRUPHOV
3$5$0(75(5((/
(VWXQSDUDPpWUHLQFOXjO¶DSSHOGHODSURFpGXUH
/RUVGHO¶DSSHOGHODSURFpGXUHOHVSDUDPpWUHVUpHOUHPSODFHQWOHVSDUDPpWUHVIRUPHOVFUpDQW
DLQVLXQPpFDQLVPHG¶pFKDQJHG¶LQIRUPDWLRQHQWUHODSURFpGXUHH\VRQSRLQWGHUpIpUDQFH
352&('85( [\ 
'(%87
VL[!\
DORUV
0$; [

VLQRQ
0$; \
ILQVL
pFULUH OHPD[LPXPHQWUH[HW\HVW0$; 
),1

$/*25,7+0(0D[LPXP
'(%87
pFULUH 
GHRQQHUGHX[YDOHXUVGLVWLQFWHV 
5(3(7(5
OLUH $% 
-8648¶$ $!% 
PD[L $% 
),1
$%GHX[SDUDPHWUHVUpHOV
[\GHX[SDUDPpWUHIRUPHOV
0$;YDULDEOHORFDOH
3$66$*('(63$5$0(75(63$59$/(856
8QSDUDPpWUHSDUYDOHXUHVWFRQVLGpUpFRPPHXQSDUDPpWUHG¶HQWUp
/HVHQVGHWUDQVIHUWGHVGRQQpHVVHIDLWDXQHVHXOHGLUHFWLRQGXSDUDPpWUHUpHOHQSDUDPpWUH
IRUPHO
/¶HPSORL G¶XQ SDUDPpWUH SDU YDOHXU LPSOLTXH OH WUDQVIHUW G¶XQH YDOHXU SOXW{W TXH OD
VXEVWLWXWLRQG¶XQSDUDPpWUHUpHO
/RUVGXWUDQVIHUWRQDVVLJQHODYDOHXUGXSDUDPpWUHUpHODXSDUDPpWUHIRUPHOSDUYDOHXU
H[HPSOH
352&('85(81( [\ 
'(%87
[ [
< \ 
pFULUH [ [\ \ 
),1

$/*25,7+0(9$/(85
'(%87
OLUH $ $% % 


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

81( $% 
pFULUH $ $% % 
),1
3DVVDJHSDUYDOHXUGXSURJUDPPHSULQFLSDOYHUVODSURFpGXUH
 352*5$00(35,1&,3$/
$ 
% 

 352&('85(





















$OJRULWKPHpFKDQJH
'pEXW
,QWURGXLUHODYDOHXUGH$HWLQWURGXLUHODYDOHXUGH%
,QWURGXLUHODYDOHXUGH$ÕOLUH $ 
,QWURGXLUHODYDOHXUGH%ÕOLUH % 
$IIHFWpODYDOHXUGH$GDQVO¶DX[LOLDLUHÕDX[LOLDLUHÄ$
$IIHFWpODYDOHXUGH%GDQV$Õ$Ä%
$IIHFWpODYDOHXUGHO¶DX[LOLDLUHGDQV%Õ%ÄDX[LOLDLUH
)LQ
48(/48(7(50,12/2*,(87,/,6('(/$127,21$/*25,7+0(
3URFHVVHXUHVWWRXWHHQWLWpFDSDEOHGHFRPSUHQGUHXQpQRQFpHWG¶H[pFXWHUOHWUDYDLOLQGLTXp
SDUFHWpQRQFp
(QYLURQQHPHQWO¶HQVHPEOHGHVREMHFWLIVQpFHVVDLUHO¶H[pFXWLRQG¶XQWUDYDLO
$FWLRQSULPLWLYHXQHDFWLRQHVWSULPLWLYHVLO¶pQRQFHGHFHWWHDFWLRQjOXLVHXOVXIILVDQWSRXU
TXH OH SURFHVVHXU SXLVVH O¶H[pFXWHU VDQV LQIRUPDWLRQ VXSSOpPHQWDLUH XQH DFWLRQ QRQ
SULPLWLYH GRLYHQW GpFRPSRVHU HQ DFWLRQ SULPLWLYH 3RXU FRPSRVHU XQH DFWLRQQRQSULPLWLYH
RQSHXWXWLOLVHUSOXVLHXUVDSSURFKHWHOTXHO¶DQDO\VHGHVFHQGDQWH
(WDQW GRQQp XQ WUDYDLO  7 GpFULW SRXU XQ pQRQFp QRQ SULPLWLYH O¶DQDO\VH GHVFHQGDQWH
FRQVWLWXHjWURXYHUXQHGpFRPSRVLWLRQGH7jVHXOHG¶pQRQFH



&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

/(6&2167$17(6(7/(69$5,$%/(6


1RXVFRQVLGpURQVO¶DFWLRQVXLYDQW
$MRXWHUjODYDOHXUGH[HWDIIHFWHUOHUpVXOWDWFRPPHQRYHOOHYDOHXUGH[FHWWHH[HPSOH
IDLWLQWHUYHQLUGHX[REMHWVHW[
/¶REMHW[VRLWVDYDOHXUYDULHUÕRQGLWTXH[HVWXQYDULDEOHHWQRXVGLURQVTXHHVWXQ
FRQVWDQW
'pILQLWLRQXQHYDULDEOHHVWXQREMHWGRQWODYDOHXUQ¶HVWSDVLQYDULDEOH F¶HVWSHXWPRGLILHU
DXFRXUVG¶XQHH[pFXWLRQ 
7RXWHYDULDEOHHVWGpILQLSDU
XQQRPTXLVHUWjGHVLJQHUHWTXLFRPPHQFHSDUXQHSDUXQHSDUXQHOHWWUH
XQW\SHTXLGpFULWO¶XWLOLVDWLRQSRVVLEOHGHODYDOHXU
'pILQLUYDULDEOHF¶HVWHQIDLWFUpHUXQREMHWSRXUOHSURFHVVHXU

XQHFRQVWDQWHHVWXQREMHWGHYDOHXULQYDULDEOH([HPSOH[Ä
$FWLRQG¶DIIHFWDWLRQFRQVWDQWHÄYDULDEOH([HPSOH[Ä\
/HVW\SHVGHGRQQpVpOpPHQWDLUHV
/HW\SHQXPpULTXHF¶HVWO¶HQVHPEOHGHVYDOHXUVQXPpULTXHV8QHYDOHXUQXPpULTXHVHUD
pFULWHVRXVVDIRUPHKDELWXHOOHDYHFRXVDQVVLJQH XQHYDOHXUVDQVVLJQHHVWFRQVLGpUpFRPPH
SRVLWLYH 
/HW\SHFDUDFWqUHF¶HVWO¶HQVHPEOHGHVFKDLQHVTXHO¶RQSHXWIRUPHUjSDUWLUGHVpOpPHQWV
GHO¶HQVHPEOHGHVFDUDFWqUHV OHWWUHVFKLIIUHVHWVSpFLDX[ 
&HW\SHHVWFRQQXVRXVOHQRPW\SHDOSKDQXPpULTXH
3RXU pYLWHU GH FRQIRQGUH XQH FKDLQH GH FDUDFWqUH DYHF OH QRP G¶XQH YDULDEOH  RQ OH
UHSUpVHQWHUDHQWUHGHX[DSRVWURSKHVTXLGpOLPLWHQWOHGpEXWHWODILQGHODFKDLQHHWQHVHURQW
SDVFRQVLGqUHVFRPPHIDLVDQWSDUWLHGHODFKHLQH

/(6352&('85(6(7/(6)21&7,21
'(),1,7,21
8QHSURFHGXUHHVWXQVRXVSURJUDPPHUHDOLVHQWXQWUDLWHPHQWVXUXQHSDUWLHGXGRQQpVG¶XQ
SURJUDPPHSULQFLSDO
H[HPSOHHFULUHXQSURJUDPPH DOJ TXLHIIHFWXHOHVWUDLWHPHQWVXLYDQW
 VDLVLHGHVQRWHVGHFKDTXHpOHYH SURFpGXUH
 FDOFXOGHODPR\HQQH SURFHGXUH
 FOODVVHPHQW SURFpGXUHHVWTX¶HOOHpYLWHO¶HFULWXUHGHODPrPHFKRVHSOXVLHXUIRLV
3285482,81(352&('85(
/HV SURFpGXUHV SHUPHWWHQW GH GHFRPSRVHU XQ DOJRULWKPH HQ HQWLWp SOXV VLPSOH HW GRQF GH
VLPSOLILHUODOHFWXUHHWOHVXLYLG¶XQDOJRULWKPH
XQSURFpGXUHSHXWHWUHDSSHOpHj
 SDUWLUGHO¶DOJRULWKPHSULQFLSDO
RX
 SDUWLUG¶XQHHQWUHSURFpGXUH
 XQH SURFpGXUH SHXW UHWRXUQHU RX QRQ XQH YDOHXU FRPPH HOOH SHXW SURFpGHU VHV SURSUHV
YDULDEOHVRXSHXWXWLOLVHUOHVYDULDEOHVGHO¶DOJRULWKPHDSSHODQW
H[HPSOH
FDOFXOGHODFRPELQDLVRQ
RQUHPDUTXHTX¶LO\DXQHWUDLWHPHQWGHFDOFXOGXIDFWRULHOTXLVHUpSHWHVIRLV
DYHFO¶XWLOLVDWLRQGHODSURFpGXUHRQpFULWXQHSURFpGXUHTXLFDOFXOHXQIDFWRULHOHWRQO¶DSSOH
IRLV


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

 XQHIRLVSRXU Q 
 XQHIRLVSRXU S 
 XQHIRLVSRXU SQ 
O¶DSSHOGHODSURFpGXUHVHIDLWWRXWVLPSOHPHQWHQIDLVDQWUpIHUHQFHjVRQQRPVXLYLRXQRQGH
VHVSDUDPpWUHVVpSDUpVSDUGHVYLUJXOHVHWHQWRXUpVSDUGHV  
4XDQGRQDSSHOOHXQHSURFpGXUHOHFRQWUROHVHWURXYHDXWRPDWLTXHPHQWWUDQVIpUpDXGpEXWGH
ODSURFpGXUH
/HV LQVWUXFWLRQVG¶DFWLRQjO¶LQWHULHXUGHODSURFpGXUHV¶H[pFXWHQWHQSUHQDQWHQFRQVLGpURQV
WRXWHVOHVYDULDEOHVSURSUHVjODSURFpGXUH
4XDQGWRXWHVOHVDFWLRQVGHODSURFpGXUHRQWpWpH[pFXWpHVOHFRQWU{OHUHWRXUQHjO¶DFWLRQTXL
VXLWLPPpGLDWHPHQWO¶DFWLRQG¶DSSHOGHODSURFpGXUH
8QHSURFpGXUHHVWILQLHSDUVRQQRPDYHFRXVDQVSDUDPpWUHV
H[HPSOH
SURFpGXUHVDQVSDUDPpWUH
SURFpGXUHPpVVDJH
'(%87
pFULUH ERQJRXU 
),1
$/*25,7+0(35,1&,3$/(
'(%87
PHVVDJH
),1
SURFpGXUHDYHFSDUDPpWUH
SURFpGXUH0(66$*( 0 
'(%87
pFULUH ERQJRXU 
),1
$/*25,7+0(35,1&,3$/
'(%87
0(66$*( PRQVLHXU 
0(66$*( PDGDPH 
),17
28
$/*25,7+0(35,1&,3$/
'(%87
OLUH SHUVRQQH 
0(66$*( SHUVRQQH 
),1
/¶(;(5&,&('(/$6(5,(1
8QH VRFLpWp IDEULTXH GHV REMHWV HQ SODVWLTXH TX¶HOOH SHXW HPEDOOHU GDQV OHV FDLVVHV GH
GLIIpUHQWHVFDSDFLWp V
FDLVVH* XQLWpV
FDLVVH0 XQLWpV
FDLVVH3 XQLWpV
FDLVVHS QLWpV




&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(


$/*25,7+0(6$16352&('85(
'(%87
pFULUH GRQQHUODYDOHXUGHODTXDQWLWpFRPPDQGpH" 
5(3(7(5
/,5( 4 
-8648¶$ 4 
* ( 4 
0 ( 4*   
S ( 4*  0  * 
3 ( 4* 0 3  
VL *! 
DORUV
pFULUH OHQRPEUHGHFDLVVHW\SH*HVW* 
ILQVL
VL 0! 
DORUV
pFULUH OHQRPEUHGHFDLVVHW\SH0HVW0 
ILQVL
VL 3! 
DORUV
pFULUH OHQRPEUHGHFDLVVHW\SH3HVW3 
ILQVL
VL 3! 
DORUV
pFULUH OHQRPEUHGHFDLVVHW\SH3HVW3 
ILQVL
),1

$/*25,7+0($9(&352&('85(
'(%87
pFULUH GRQQHUOHYDOHXUGHODTXDQWLWpFRPPDQGpH" 
5(3(7(5
/,5( 4 
-8648¶$ 4 
* ( 4 
0 ( 4*   
3 ( 4* 0  * 
3 ( 4* 0 3  
DIILFKDJH ** 
DIILFKDJH 00 
DIILFKDJH 33 
DIILFKDJH 33 
),1

352&('85($)),&+$*( *$ 
GHEXW
VL $! 
DORUV
pFULUH OHQRPEUHGHFDLVVHW\SH*HVW$ 


&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

ILQVL
),1


































,QVWLWXW6XSpULHXUGHV(WXGHV
7HFKQRORJLTXHV6ID[

6pULH$/*25,7+0,48(,
/HV$FWLRQVVLPSOHVHWOHVVWUXFWXUHVFRQGLWLRQQHOOHV
([HUFLFH
(FULUHO¶DOJRULWKPHTXLSHUPHWGHFDOFXOHUOHVDODLUHQHWG¶XQHPSOR\p3RXUFHODXQHPSOR\p
D XQ VDODLUH GH EDVH KRUDLUH 6%$6(  VXU OD EDVH GXTXHO V¶HIIHFWXH OH FDOFXO GHV KHXUHV
VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV pYHQWXHOOHV 8Q HPSOR\p SHXW DYRLU GHV KHXUHV VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV PDMRUpHV j
RXGHGXVDODLUHGHEDVH(QHIIHWOHSUL[G¶XQHKHXUHVXSSOpPHQWDLUHHVWpJDO
jIRLVOHSUL[GHO¶KHXUHQRUPDOH





&RXUV$/*25,7+0,48(

&KDSLWUH,,1752'8&7,21 
,,QWpUrWGHO¶DOJRULWKPLTXH
,'pILQLWLRQV
4X¶HVWFHTXHO¶$OJRULWKPLTXH" 
,/HVpWDSHVGHUpVROXWLRQG¶XQSUREOqPH 
,6WUXFWXUHG¶XQDOJRULWKPH
5DSSHOGHVQRWLRQVGH
([HPSOH 
&KDSLWUH,,/(6$&7,216$/*25,7+0,48(66,03/(6 
,,&RQFHSWVGHEDVH
,,/¶DIILFKDJH(&5,5(
([HPSOHV 
,,/DVDLVLHGHVGRQQpHV/,5( 
,,/HVH[SUHVVLRQVDULWKPpWLTXHV 
,,/¶DIIHFWDWLRQ
&KDSLWUH,,,/HVVWUXFWXUHV&RQGLWLRQQHOOHV
,,,,QWURGXFWLRQ 
,,,1RWLRQGH35(',&$7
,,,(YDOXDWLRQG
XQHH[SUHVVLRQORJLTXH 
1RWRQVTXH
1RWDWLRQHW2UGUHGHSULRULWpGHVRSpUDWHXUVORJLTXHV
7DEOHDX[G
pYDOXDWLRQV 
,,,/DVWUXFWXUHFRQGLWLRQQHOOH6,
([HPSOH 
([HPSOHV 
,,,/DVWUXFWXUHFRQGLWLRQQHOOH6(/21 
([HPSOH 
&KDSLWUH,9/(66758&785(65(3(7,7,9(6
,9,QWURGXFWLRQ 
,9/DERXFOH3285 
6\QWD[H 
,9/DERXFOH5pSpWHU«-XVTX
j 
,9/DERXFOH7$1748(« 
&KDSLWUH97UDLWHPHQWGHV7DEOHDX[
9/HVYHFWHXUV 
95DSSHOGH'pFODUDWLRQG¶XQYHFWHXU 
9&KDUJHPHQWG¶XQ9HFWHXU
96ROXWLRQGHO¶H[HPSOHDYHFODQRWLRQGHWDEOHDX (UUHXU6LJQHWQRQGpILQL
9/HVPDWULFHV 
&KDSLWUH9,7'$/*25,7+0,48( 
([HUFLFH 
&KDSLWUH9,,/(6$/*25,7+0(6'(75, 
 7ULSDUVpOHFWLRQ 
3ULQFLSH
([HPSOH 
 $OJRULWKPHGHWULSDUVpOHFWLRQHWSHUPXWDWLRQ 
9,,7ULSDUODPpWKRGHGHVEXOOHV 





You might also like