Biochemistry and Molecular Analysis [EARNING OBJECTIVES ‘Afr reading this chapter, you willbe abe to understand the following + Method of analysis of chemical composition of Nucleic acids and their components a tissue. ss on : «Carbohydrates and their types. apie Bie types, ‘Amino acids and their clasificati * Types of bonds linking monomers in a polymer. oe + Qualitative tests of biomolecules. ‘« Proteins and their functions, All living and non-living things consist of matter, which can be anything that occupies space and has mass. Massis the amount of matter in any object, which does not change while weight, the force of gravity acting ‘on matter, does change. Matter exists in three states as solid, liquid and gas. All forms of matter—both living and non-living—are made up of a limited number of building blocks called chemical elements. Chemical Composition of Living Forms Elemental analysis reveals the presence of several elements in both living and non-living matter. Twenty-six clements are present in the human body; four elements, called the major elements constitute about 96% of the body's mass—Orxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Eight others, the lesser elements contribute 3.6% to the body's mass—Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), sodium, chlorine (Cl), mag- nesium (Mg), and iron (Fe). An additional 14 elements called the trace elements are present in tiny amounts (0.4%)— Aluminum (Al), boron (B), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), iodine (1), ‘manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). Allliving organisms are made up of same chemicals though their relative amounts may be different. Most of the chemicals in your body exist in the form of compounds. Biologists and chemists divide these Compounds into two principal classes: ck carbon and are structurally simple. Their molecules also complicated biological functions. They ), acids and bases, compounds of sul- ‘Water makes up 55~60% of a 1. Inorganic compounds: They usually la have only a few atoms and cannot be used by cells to perform c include Na, K, Ca, Mg, water and many salts of (NaCl, CaCO) a and phosphate, They may have either ionic or covalent bonds. ules toral body mass. ‘ganic compounde: They always contain carbon and usually hydrogen, a alas have coven nds. Most of them are large molecules and many are made up of long 7 aaa emnars Organic compounds make up the remaining 38-43% of the human body. Many orgs Scanned with CamScanneryD sys peorusoyp Jo Sumpuy ayp azoddns o1 sisApeue peauowinnnsuy (2) cquosoad dnoi8 euonouy Jo asmwwu aup Aypuapr 02 s1s91 WoRRDyESEID (P) yoBhx0 -soyd ‘uatom! a8. -punoduros gumoyoy 2p 29d se auOP st WORPOY!UDPY _quoo axp yo oxtneu aup. 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