Q11. Define appraisal costs.

Ans Appraisal costs are a specific category of quality control costs. Companies pay appraisal costs as
part of the quality control process to ensure that their products and services meet customer
expectations and regulatory requirements.

Q12. Define attribute chart

Attribute charts are a kind of control chart to display information about defects and defectives

Q13 what do you meant by Statistical Quality Control

1. Awareness that a problem exists
2. Determine the specific problem to be solved
3. Diagnose the causes of the problem
4. Determine and implement remedies to solve the problem
5. Implement controls to hold the gains achieved by solving the problem

Q14. What is a Type 1 error in sampling plan?

1. The type I error is also known as the false positive error
2. the type I error does not imply that we erroneously accept the alternative hypothesis of an
experiment.
3. the type I error is measured by the significance level (α) of a hypothesis test. (agr likhna h toh
padh lena)

Q15. What is a Type 2 error in sampling plan.

1.The type II error is also known as a false negative.

2.The type II error has an inverse relationship with the power of a statistical test.
3.This means that the higher power of a statistical test, the lower the probability of committing a type
II error.

Q19. Compare tolerances and control limits.

Control Limits Specification Limits or tolerances

Voice of the process Voice of the customer

Calculated from Data Defined by the customer

Appear on control charts Appear on histograms

Apply to subgroups Apply to items

Q20 Explain economics of quality from the customer’s view point.

The economics of quality focuses priorities and resources on achieving both customer satisfaction
and profits.
It adds a financial dimension to the quality improvement process.

Q17 Classify single sampling plan with the help of block diagram

(i) A single sampling plan is easy to design, explain and

administer
(ii) It very accurately estimates lot quality.
(iii) It involves a bigger sample size than the double
sampling plan.
 (iv) It involves a lower cost of training and supervising
employees, transporting
(v)
(vi) and sorting samples, etc.

16. Explain quality conformance and quality cost.

Ans. Quality of conformance refers to the capability of a product, service, or process to meet certain
design standards set by the producer.
It measures how close a product, service, or process is to meeting design specifications.
Quality of Conformance can be defined as a quality management terminology that measures the value/
amount or any other measuring factor by which the developed product, service provided, or even the
manufacturing/ service providing system achieves quality targets or deviates from the set standards,
benchmarks or any other guidelines of operation which can be classified into four major criteria like
minor, major, critical, serious or any other such similar classification.
Quality Cost-Quality costs are the costs associated with preventing, detecting, and remediating product
issues related to quality.
Quality costs do not involve simply upgrading the perceived value of a product to a higher standard.
Instead, quality involves creating and delivering a product that meets the expectations of a customer.
Thus, if a customer spends very little for an automobile, he will not expect leather seats and air
conditioning - but he will expect the vehicle to run properly. In this case, quality is considered to be a
vehicle that functions, rather than a luxury experience. Quality costs fall into four categories, which are
noted below.
Prevention Costs
Appraisal Costs
Internal Failure Costs
External Failure Costs

18. Explain the circumstances in which c-chart be used instead of a p-chart.

Ans. c-chart is a type of control chart used to monitor "count"-type data, typically total number of
nonconformities per unit.[1] It is also occasionally used to monitor the total number of events occurring
in a given unit of time.
The c-chart differs from the p-chart in that it accounts for the possibility of more than one
nonconformity per inspection unit, and that (unlike the p-chart and u-chart) it requires a fixed sample
size. The p-chart models "pass"/"fail"-type inspection only, while the c-chart (and u-chart) give the
ability to distinguish between (for example) 2 items which fail inspection because of one fault each and
the same two items failing inspection with 5 faults each; in the former case, the p-chart will show two
non-conformant items, while the c-chart will show 10 faults.
22. Compare Type 1 error and Type 2 error in sampling plan.
Answer.

BASIS FOR
TYPE I ERROR TYPE II ERROR
COMPARISON

Meaning Type I error refers to non-acceptance of Type II error is the acceptance of

hypothesis which ought to be accepted. hypothesis which ought to be
rejected.

Equivalent to False positive False negative

What is it? It is incorrect rejection of true null It is incorrect acceptance of false null
hypothesis. hypothesis.

Represents A false hit A miss

Probability of Equals the level of significance. Equals the power of test.

committing error

Indicated by Greek letter 'α' Greek letter 'β'

22. Explain fraction defective, percent defective and defect per unit.
Ans. Fraction Defective = It is define as the ratio of the number of nonconforming items in the
population to the total number of items in that population.
Percent defective = The percent defective is the number of values of a variable that fall outside of some
user specified tolerance limits.
Defect per unit = A measure of quality that measures how many defects are associated with a single
product or service unit.

23. Summarize statistical quality control and its advantages.

Ans. The use of the statistical method in the monitoring and maintaining of the quality of products and
services.
For example: SQC serves as a medium allowing manufactures to attain maximum benefits by following
contolled testing of benefits by following controlled testing of manufactured products.
Advantages

• Prevent recalls from happening.

• Re-evaluate set production processes to increase efficiency.

• Generate complete confidence in our product.

24. Distinguish between ‘variable charts’ and ‘attribute charts’.

Ans.

S.No. Variable Control Chart Attribute Control Chart

1 Measured Data Counted Data

Data is continuous like diameter, width, length, Data is discrete like go-no-go, good-not good,
2
etc. etc.

X bar and Range Chart, I (Individual) chart, MR

3 p, np, c, u Chart
(Moving Range) Chart, etc.

Quantitative value (Example: Diameter: 10.15

4 Qualitative Value (number of defects)
mm)

5 More costly Less costly

The decision takes time as the sample size is

6 Quick decision with small sample size
bigger

The time delay between the ‘out of control’ signal The time delay between ‘out of control’ signal to
7
to corrective action is shorter corrective action is longer

8 Improvement can be quantified Improvement can not be quantified