Comprehensive solutions to Dispatch and Control

Renewables within the Saudi Electric Network

Abdurhman A. Al-Yamani
Saudi Aramco South Ghawar Gas
Producing Department
Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
abdulrhman.alyemni@aramco.com
Mounir Bouzguenda
Department of Electrical Engineering
King Faisal University
AlAhsa Saudi Arabia, PC 31982
mbuzganda@kfu.edu.sa
Abduallatif A.Al-Omair
Saudi Aramco Southern Area Pipeline
Department
AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia
abdullatif.aalomair@aramco.com

Mohammed A. AlAqil
Department of Electrical Engineering
King Faisal University
AlAhsa Saudi Arabia, PC 31982
malaqil@kfu.edu.sa

Abstract—Using renewable energy sources (such as solar,
wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric) instead of fossil fuels
(coal, oil, and natural gas) reduces greenhouse gas emissions
from the power sector. Renewable energy plants are more
difficult to control and present challenges for grid operators
because their output is based on variable natural resources.
Power grid operators need to be aware of how much renewable
energy is being generated at any given moment, how much
renewable energy is expected, and how to respond to changing
generating capacity when needed, in order to properly balance
supply and demand. Dispatchable electricity sources are those
that can provide the power we require when we require it and
non-dispatchable sources are ones that are outside the control
of power providers. Solar and wind power are examples of
renewable energy sources that are neither constant nor
regulated. Requirement for Accurate Dispatch such as Black-
start capability, Frequency response, and control, Automatic
Generation Control, Reactive power capabilities for voltage
control, Congestion management, etc. there are issues and
challenges that can be classified as technical and non-technical.
A case study of the integration of RSE with the existing
network in cook island is discussed. This project focuses on
understanding what are the possibilities and challenges in
terms of dispatching renewables by providing a holistic
approach of how it is important for grid stability and giving a
macro-level understanding of and interconnection with the
existing network.
Keywords—National Renewable Energy Program, Variable
Renewable Generation, Variable Renewable Energy, Fast
Frequency Control Ancillary Services, Rate of Change of
Frequency, Battery Energy Storage System, Renewable
Generating Technologies, Fast Frequency Response, Automatic
Generation Control, Supervisory System Control, Gulf
Cooperating Council Interconnection Authority, Transmission
System Operator.
I. INTRODUCTION
Most developed countries around the world are actively
adding renewable energy to their current energy sources.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is taking an ambitious and active
move toward a more sustainable and green energy portfolio
(waste-to-energy, solar, nuclear, wind), in the context of an
expected sharp increase in power consumption in KSA as
high as 120 GW by 2032 [1].
Among all types of renewables, wind and solar energy
are emerging as the fastest-growing type. Due to their highly
variable and poorly predictable characteristics, wind and
solar energy sources are creating a new set of challenges for
the electricity industry, including grid operators and energy
suppliers. Integrating large amounts of highly variable
resources, such as wind and solar, poses a real problem to
grid operators whose role is to ensure system reliability and
maintain demand-supply matching [2].
Unlike other types of generation, wind and solar usually
cannot be dispatched up and down by controlling the amount
of fuel used in the process. Even though most modern wind
and solar plants do support dispatch-down set-points and
some level of ramp control, there is a limit to how much can
be done to control the plant output.
When the penetration of renewables reaches significant
levels, the whole system may be at risk. Fast-changing
renewable output may create unexpected power flows or
excessive stress on conventional generation which may not
be able to respond to sudden variations.
Challenges posed by renewable resources fall into two
main categories:
• Transmission constraints (typically, congestions and
local stability issues)
• Load following constraints (typically, lack of reserves
and system-wide stability issues)
This calls for a dedicated set of functions, applications,
and systems, encompassing all aspects of Renewable Energy
(RE) challenges. However, the study proposes a holistic
approach that will take into consideration all possible
combinations of solutions to reach the required outcome.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Renewables
Electric power networks have evolved over the last
century to the point where dispatchable generation is
employed to deliver electricity when customer loads require
it. Coal, nuclear, hydropower, diesel, and natural-gas plants
are the primary energy sources for dispatchable electricity.
The fundamental feature of these traditional sources is their
reliance on synchronous generators to generate a 50 or 60-Hz
alternating current (AC) waveform [4]. Wind and solar
power generation have drastically expanded in the generating
mix during the previous 30 years. Renewable energy is a
viable source of energy that can help to minimize global
warming by reducing CO emissions. Existing power systems

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

that are largely supplied by synchronous generators will
progressively see a structural change in generating portfolios
over the next several years and eventually may move to a
100 percent renewable power system with significant
asynchronous renewable generation. These sources,
however, are inherently volatile. The term "variable
renewable energy" (VRE) was coined as a result [5]. VRE
integration is difficult due to the variability and
asynchronous nature of wind and solar photovoltaic (PV)
production. PV and wind turbines have a special feature in
place of a synchronous generator.

B. Modern power system

Figure.1: Power Generation Dispatching System [6].
Renewable energy systems are designed using power
electronic interfaces to the grid that must be compatible with
the power grid. The fast progress of inverter technology over
the last thirty years has allowed both PV and wind
technologies to be readily incorporated into AC electricity
networks. As a result of this high penetration, dependability
has emerged as the most significant challenge for many
systems in many countries, as investigated [6].

C. Dispatch of conventional units

When you turn on a light, you expect it to work right
away. Everyone would anticipate quick results if they all
turned on a light switch at the same time. Whether or not the
electric production sources that generate the electricity for
those numerous switches are "dispatchable" is a major aspect
in determining whether or not consumers get the light they
anticipate [7].
Dispatchable electricity sources are those that can
provide the power we require when we require it. The crucial
principles are "when" and "how much," because our power
use fluctuates continually and fast, and suppliers must adapt Figure.2: Methodology Flow Chart.
swiftly to satisfy demand. Dispatchable also refers to the
amount of electricity delivered, because overproducing when
demand is low is equally as wasteful as underproducing IV. EXISTING NETWORK
when demand is high. The electricity network is handled by the Saudi
Electricity Company, the company's main activity is the
Non-dispatchable sources are ones that are outside the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power.
control of power providers. Solar and wind power are As the only provider of electric power throughout the
examples of renewable energy sources that are neither Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the company is vertically
constant nor regulated. The amount of solar energy that integrated and divided into three main domains.
reaches solar cells and generates power is influenced by
darkness, cloud cover, and the cells' geographic position. A. Generation
Similarly, the wind does not always blow. Air density and
The Saudi Electricity Company seeks to meet the need
temperature, which change during the day, influence wind
for electrical energy and invest the capital projects to deliver
currents. For the wind to create energy, it must be neither too
plans to meet the future needs for electrical energy in the
powerful nor too feeble.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
III. METHODOLOGY B. Transmission
In this paper, a qualitative approach is used, and it is It is a major activity undertaken by the National Grid SA
defined as a formal, objective, systematic process to describe Company, which was established in 2012. Its mission is to
and test relationships and examine cause and effect transfer electric power from generation stations to
interactions among variables. The information was collected distribution. Moreover, its role is to operate and maintain
by reading and analyzing research papers. electricity transmission lines of 110 kV and up to 380 kV.
The total area of transmission network lines reached 89,162,
electric power transmission 10.3 million substations [7].
C. Distribution
The major activity of the distribution system is to receive
and distribute energy from the transmission network, and to
provide customers with a highly relevant service while
developing the level of services provided. Electrical activity
of electric energy on subscribers implements its plans and
programs; get service. From the commercial activity of the
foundations, objectives, and price standards, plans to raise
the prices of electrical service connection prices for new
subscribers in cities, villages, and population centers, and the
continuous improvement of distribution networks.
D. Kingdom Network Data
KSA electric network consists of six interconnected areas.
At present, the GCCIA links Oman, United Arab Emirates,
Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait with KSA. As of 2020, the
cumulative generation in KSA is 77 GW.
Figure.3: Kingdom Network Data [7].
E. Expansions and Improvements
The existing grid has been under further expansion by
about 2.372 circular kilometers of overhead and underground
lines, or 2.66 % percent of the 2020 size. The grid includes
• 1457.250 circular km of ultra-high-voltage (UHV
230-380 kV).
o 48.940 km of underground lines
o 1408.310 km of overhead lines.
• 914.430 circular km of high-voltage (HV 110-132
kV) lines.
o 338.760 km are underground lines
o 575.670 km are overhead lines.
V. NEWLY RENEWABLE INTEGRATION
A. Some Common Mistakes
When Saudi Arabia first announced its Vision 2030
economic development plan, much was made of the
country's ability to harness solar energy to reduce emissions
and eventually replace the use of liquid fuel in electricity
production — with the goal of exporting it instead,
monetizing its crude. Solar objectives for 2023 and 2030
were raised significantly upwards in 2019, with a target share
of 20 Gigawatts (GW) and 40 GW for solar photovoltaics
(PV) accordingly [Figure 4].
Figure.4: Planned Capacity (Gigawatts) [8].
Installed solar capacity has grown from 0.35 megawatts
(MW) before the turn of the century to 2.35 megawatts
(MW) by 2010. By 2018, it had risen to 84 MW, with 50
MW coming from concentrating solar power. Solar capacity
expansion accelerated in 2019, reaching 394 MW, thanks to
the 300-MW Sakaka PV facility, which connected to the grid
that November with a commercial operation date the
following year in Q2 2020 [8].
Seven independent power producer schemes for roughly
3 GW (2,970 MW) of PV projects were stated to have signed
power purchase agreements (PPAs) when the kingdom
launched Sakaka, its first-ever utility-scale renewable energy
project under the National Renewable Energy Program in
April 2021. Sudair, Jeddah, and Rabigh, which together
account for 2.1 GW, had attained financial closure by mid-
2021; both Jeddah and Rabigh are planned to come online in
2022, while the first phase of Sudair is slated to start
producing power in the second half of 2022 [Figure 4]. This
will bring total solar capacity deployed to around 2.5 GW, or
12.5 percent of the revised 2023 objective [8].
Figure.5: Solar PV IPPs [8].
minimum Saudi Arabia, which is recognized for being a
global oil exporting superpower, has received its first wind
farm. It's named Dumat al-Jandal and it's located around 900
kilometers north of Riyadh in the Al-Jouf area. It's an
outstanding factory. Each of the 99 wind turbines connected
to the grid has a hub height of 130 meters and a rotor
diameter of 150 meters, capable of producing 4.2 megawatts
of power. This results in a total output of 400 megawatts,
enough to power 70,000 houses. This is a solid beginning
step in the right direction. It will save 988,000 tons of CO2
per year once fully functioning. The farm is part of Saudi
Arabia's Vision 2030, a reform initiative aimed at
diversifying the economy and weaning the country off its
reliance on oil [9].
 VI. REQUIREMENT FOR ACCURATE DISPATCH
In the context of NCC, measurements and controls won't
come/go directly to the renewable plant controllers but will
transit through the regional centers' SCADA systems, using
the SCADA interstice communication. Figure below shows
the implementation approach. Only one RCC is shown for
simplicity, but this will be implemented for the 4 RCCs
(WRCC, ERCC, CRCC and SRCC).
Figure.6: Renewable Dispatch Implementation.
Waste-to-energyDue to variability nature of renewables,
transmission infrastructure is therefore critical if large
amounts of new VRE generation are to be reliably
interconnected. The new infrastructure is needed to:
• Interconnect variable-energy resources planned in
remote regions or offshore.
a) Smooth the variable generation output across a
broad geographical region and resource portfolio.
• Deliver ramping capability and ancillary services from
inside and outside each balancing area to equalize supply
and demand. Furthermore, in terms of technical and tactical
modifications and improvements, here’s a breakdown of
them.
A. Black-Start Capability
The process of returning a power plant or a portion of a
power grid to operation without relying on the external
power transmission network is known as a black start. In the
event of large disturbances in the power system to which
they are linked, VRE plants, like hydro or thermal
production, should have black-start capabilities as part of
their overall active- power management; otherwise, some
loads could go without power for an extended length of time.
When there is a high amount of VRE penetration into the
grid, black-start capability becomes important [10].
B.Frequency Response and Control
2.1. Synthetic Inertia
The speed of modern converter-controlled wind turbines
is almost completely isolated from the grid frequency.
Therefore, wind turbines do not respond naturally to
frequency deviations. However, various control concepts
allow wind turbines to participate in grid frequency control,
such as the following:
• The use of pitch control together with the provision of
reserve capacity by operating the wind turbine in part-load
mode.
• The use of a wind turbine's kinetic energy to provide
frequency support for a limited time following a disturbance.
This may involve a control scheme that initiates the partial
release of kinetic energy immediately after the frequency
drop is detected.
• The fastest power reserves employed to balance sudden
changes in load or generation usually need a few seconds
until the reserve power is activated. It is vital that this delay
be tuned to the maximum rate of change of frequency
(RoCoF) expected in the system to limit the magnitude of
any frequency excursion.
The RoCoF primarily relies on the inertia of the rotating
masses of the synchronous generators connected to the
system, and on the magnitude of the power imbalance. VRE
generators usually do not provide inertia. At high
instantaneous penetrations of VRE generation, the remaining
conventional generation with synchronous generators may
not provide sufficient inertia. The RoCoF might then be too
high for the system to stay within the designated frequency
limits in the case of the highest expected imbalance. This is a
factor causing the must-run conventional capacity in the
system. Advanced control techniques employed by VRE
generator control systems can permit the implementation of
inertia, or so-called synthetic inertia, from VRE generation.
This kind of implementation requires in the case of high
penetration of renewables [11].
significant design effort and may also necessitate added
hardware components, so agreeing on rules for future grid
codes will involve considerable research, development, and
discussion. Once achieved, these practices will help increase
the limits of attainable VRE penetration levels.
2.2. Over-Frequency Control
To handle over-frequency disturbances (>50.0/60.0 Hz),
every wind generator within a wind power plant must be
equipped with a frequency control system with a permanent
droop adjustable over a range of at least 0% to 5% and a
dead band modifiable between 0% and 10% of the nominal
frequency.
2.3. Under-Frequency Control
In the distinguishing case of Types 3 and 4 wind turbine
generators, under-frequency disturbances can be controlled
by synthetic inertia from the wind turbines. With this type of
frequency control, the necessary inertia lives in the rotating
masses of each wind turbine on-line. This control system is
developed to handle only significant frequency. Variations
following a major loss of generation on the power system,
though it must stay in service continuously.
The synthetic inertia carries the state of an
overproduction (active power) released in a controlled way
shortly after a frequency dead band is reached, reaching a
maximum level held for a specified period before ramping
back down towards the initial level. During the
overproduction, the turbine rotor will naturally decelerate;
once the overproduction is terminated, a recovery phase is
likely to follow to let the rotor reaccelerate. During this
recovery phase, the power output is decreased to a level
lower than that prevailing before the instant of the activation
of synthetic inertia.
However, in a wind power plant, not all wind turbines are
utilized at the same power output at a given time. Some
turbines may maintain their blades pitched to limit the power
output to their rated capacity. These turbines can deliver
synthetic inertia simply by using the additional energy
available in the wind, and then the recovery phase can be
avoided. Attention must be given to determining the
requirement that fixes the quantity of power decrease during
the recovery phase as this can drive the system frequency to
experience a second dip. Furthermore, a varying wind speed
will affect the behavior of the inertia response.For papers
published in translation journals, please give the English
citation first, followed by the original foreign-language
citation [6].
Figure.7: Linearized Inertia Requirement from Wind Power Plants [11].
C. Automatic Generation Control
Historically, VREs have not participated in market-based
frequency regulation, even though wind turbines made by
many of the leading manufacturers can control their active
power output. The wind turbine control system is capable of
providing active power control services and can be used to
track automatic generation control (AGC) power commands.
AGC uses real-time data from different units to adjust
their power output to optimize operations and sustain power
system frequency. Control signals are automatically
transmitted to generators to cause an increase or decrease in
power output to match the changing load conditions and
maintain the frequency within defined limits. In
automatically controlled power systems, the number of
dispatchable generators under AGC can be increased, and the
control algorithms can be optimized to secure adequate
regulation while ensuring that dispatching is as economical
as possible [12].
As the variability and uncertainty of the generation
increase with the increased share of VRE, and control of
generators become more sophisticated, it is more suitable to
introduce automated control systems not only limited to
synchronous machines but also for VREs. The participation
of VREs in frequency regulation mandates that each wind
power unit designate communication with the system
operator to receive the power dispatch schedule, the
regulation capacity, and the AGC power command. The
wind power plant control system has the ability to send
power adjustment commands to each turbine individually
[13].
frequency control can be achieved through wind plants
by obtaining the stored inertial energy from the wind
turbines. The response time is considered a good response
(within 10-15 seconds following a large frequency dip)
which is faster than the traditional governor response of a
larger conventional thermal generation plant and it has
shown a significant improvement in system performance.
D. Reactive Power Capabilities For Voltage Control
VRE generators must be equipped with an automatic
voltage regulation system. It supposes to supply and absorb
the amount of reactive power corresponding to a leading and
lagging power factor less than or equal to 0.95, as per the
Saudi Grid Code. The voltage regulation system must have a
permanent droop adjustable between 0 and 10 percent.
Reactive power should be available, at the point of
interconnection (POI), over the optimum voltage and
frequency range under normal operating conditions (voltage:
0.9-1.1 p.u.; frequency: +1 percent of nominal).
Nevertheless, at voltages shorter than 0.95 p.u., a VRE
generator is not mandated to absorb reactive power
corresponding to a lagging power factor of 0.95. It always
must be able to supply reactive power corresponding to a
leading power factor of 0.95. Likewise, at voltages more
significant than 1.05 p.u., a VRE generator is not mandated
to supply reactive power corresponding to a leading power
factor of 0.95, though it still must be able to absorb the
reactive power corresponding to a lagging power factor of
0.95 [14].
E. Congestion Management
The capability of the grid to adapt to new VRE capacity
may not only be constrained at the point of connection but
also could constrain the track of power delivery from the
location of VRE connection to demand centers. The grid
congestion usually reflects lines that have a lower capability
to transmit power than surrounding grid as they maintain an
amount of power close to their thermal limit [15]. As a
result, the output of power plants on one side may have to
be shortened, while on the other side others may have to be
incremented. Such "re-dispatching" of plants is usually
suboptimal because low-price energy from wind or solar
plants is shortened on one side of the bottleneck while a
fuel- based power plant is re-dispatched upwards on the
other, which raises the transmission losses. Grid congestion
is possible to occur as a result of the introduction of new
VRE generation capacity to the grid that has theretofore
seen limited or no locally connected power plants. The wind
or solar resources could vary quite dramatically over the
area linked by a grid. Grid reinforcement is mandatory to
overcome the serious congestion of the grid. Nevertheless,
opportunities to disperse VRE power plants geographically
and to smooth their output over time should be explored at
the same time as measures to manage existing and emerging
bottlenecks are considered. Before pursuing grid
reinforcement, extensive analysis has to be conducted to
identify any weaknesses in the infrastructure that may cause
bottlenecks.
F. Demand Response
Demand response and energy storage are facilitating
technologies that can decrease curtailment and enable more
penetrations of VRE on the grid. They are sources of power
system flexibility that improve the alignment among
renewable energy units and demand. Demand response (DR)
is playing an increasing role in delivering capacity, but also
in mitigating shorter-term circumstances, likely impacting
reliability. While DR is mainly used as a capacity resource -
i.e., as a way of guaranteeing that the combination of supply
resources and DR is adequate to maintain a stable supply of
electricity, especially during the times of highest demand - it
is also utilized for emergencies, such as when generation
outages lead to short-term supply shortages. Many DR
programs determine the number of times, and define the
duration, of such calls each year and do not need advanced
technology. In the future, advances in technology such as
smart meters, home energy management systems, and smart
appliances, will increasingly make further possibilities to
use DR in situations other than emergencies. More robust
DR can thus create an important contribution to integrating
larger shares of renewables [16].
G. Forecast Accuracy
The TSOs can anticipate the expected generation from
renewable sources in distinctive areas by utilizing the
weather forecast data. Wind velocity and solar irradiance are
the primary elements for selecting the generation from wind
turbines and PV panels. The accuracy of the forecast data
reduces with long-term prediction. Therefore, the operator
requires to combine multi-scale forecast information and
anticipate the uncertainties in generation up to the next
dispatch. When multiple renewable sources are combined,
the precision of forecasting the overall generation varies
relying on the type and combination of the renewable
generators. With incorporated forecast information, there
should be a calculation of a reasonable range of generation
within a distinct duration and reported to the TSO. Then, the
TSO computes the optimal power flow (OPF) and dispatch
plan for each generator without breaking the security
constraints. In case the security constraints are violated due
to excess generation of RES, the TSO may choose to limit or
shorten their output.
Several differences exist between PV and wind
generation regarding their pattern and forecasting
techniques. For less than 30 min, the persistence forecast
approach works fairly accurately for wind turbines [4]. This
is a prediction approach based on the most recent output
values from wind turbines; since wind plants usually have
large mass and inertia, their output does not alter
immediately. However, for vast forecast periods, e.g.,
beyond an hour or day, this method becomes inaccurate
quickly. The most suitable forecasting technique for wind
turbines combines the results from several projection
models and data and produces a complex dynamic space
model to improve the forecast accuracy [14].
Changes in solar irradiance could be more severe and
noisier, compared with the variability of wind. For example,
a small group of clouds passing over a solar panel can
induce variations in the irradiance level on the PV panels,
which will cause a rapid reduction in the overall generation.
Therefore, the formation of clouds and the motion of clouds
and the sun are important elements in the forecasting of
solar energy. Similar to wind forecasts, meteorological data
and projection can provide long-term forecast data, such as
day-ahead prediction or much longer. For short-term
forecasts, satellite images of clouds can deliver accurate
information about the time and location a shadow would
cover an area. For a more accurate forecast, a high-
resolution wind-angle camera can be installed in PV units to
find and track nearby clouds [15]. The system operator can
utilize multiple pieces of forecast information for an
accurate prediction and report it to the TSO for dispatch.
The forecast accuracy of PV and wind power generation
plays a major role in specifying the range of dispatch for the
next few minutes. Generally, the forecast errors for PV
power plants are brief but drastic, since the prediction of
solar irradiance is considered accurate when no interference
is caused by clouds. On the other hand, although wind
power plants have less variability in the short term, long-
term uniform errors could exist [16].
Figure.8: Operation of an energy storage system (ESS) in a dispatchable
substation [17].
The interconnection of renewable generation could
create voltage fluctuations due to its variable output. The
renewable generator must preserve the power factor within a
stable range, and in some countries, they are required to
maintain the voltage level more actively. In the distribution
system, a transformer usually controls the overall voltage
level; if the fluctuations are instantaneous, the distribution
grid fails to preserve the voltage within the spectrum
specified by the grid code. Creating a grid code to limit the
output fluctuations of renewable generation can enhance the
voltage stability of the network [18].
VII. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF RES - GRID
INTEGRATION
Since renewable energy sources are intermittent,
integrating them into the power grid is a challenging task.
Various challenges and issues are associated with the grid
integration of renewable energy sources, particularly solar
photovoltaics and wind conversion systems. The following
is a description of technical and non-technical challenges
[19].
•Technical Issues:
The following are some of the technical issues:
❖ Power quality
• Harmonics
• Frequency and voltage fluctuation
❖ Power fluctuation
• Small-time power fluctuations
• Long-time or seasonal power fluctuations
❖ Storage
❖ Protection issues
❖ Optimal placement of RES
❖ Islanding.
• Non-Technical Issues:
❖ Due to scarcity of technically skilled workers.
❖ Less availability of transmission line to
accommodate RES.
 ❖ RES technologies are excluded from the
competition which discourages the installation of
new POWER PLANTS FOR RESERVE PURPOSES.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Renewables are not an easy choice of power source
especially in terms of dispatch, and with the current
increasing renewable penetration that is considered a threat
to the system reliability due to the intermittent behavior.
Therefore, the need to analyze and understand the tools and
techniques for better dispatch possibility. Many researchers
have proposed new technologies and/or improved existing
techniques or methods to facilitate more integration of
renewables. Furthermore, the project tried to give a holistic
understanding what are the possibilities and challenges in
terms of dispatching renewables, and how critical it is to grid
stability, by giving a macro-level understanding of the
interconnected system with the existing network along with a
case study.
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