REVIEW TOPICS

• The ENGINE: An Introduction

• Types of Engine

• Piston Engine Operation

• Engine Types and Classification

• Basic Engine Systems

ENGINE - a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical
energy.
- a device that converts the heat from the combustion of fuel
in air into mechanical energy or useful work.

HEAT WORK
 HEAT WORK

Heat : energy transferred from one body or system to

another due to a difference in temperature, cal or
joule

Work : the amount of energy transferred by a force

TYPES OF ENGINE

• Internal Combustion Engine

• External Combustion Engine

TYPES OF ENGINE

Internal Combustion Engine

Exhaust Gas Air & Fuel

Combustion
Gases

Engine
Cylinder
TYPES OF ENGINE

External Combustion Engine

TYPES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE

1. PISTON (Reciprocating)ENGINE 2. WANKEL (Rotary) ENGINE

TYPES OF PISTON ENGINE
1. SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE
2. COMPRESSION- IGNITION ENGINE

Differences between Spark-ignition and

Compression-ignition Engine:
1. The type of fuel used
2. The way fuel gets into the cylinder
3. The way fuel is ignited
ENGINE OPERATION

INTAKE COMPRESSION POWER EXHAUST

STROKE STROKE STROKE STROKE
CLASSIFICATION BY CYCLE
FOUR-STROKE CYCLE
CLASSIFICATION BY CYCLE
TWO-STROKE CYCLE
WANKEL ENGINE
Cylinder head

Cylinder head gasket

 CYLINDER HEAD
- the part of the engine that covers and encloses the cylinder.

(1) Exhaust camshaft (2) Intake camshaft

(3)
(4)
(10) Timing chain (5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(11) Chain tensioner slipper (9) Valve

(12)Chain
vibration
damper

(13) Timing chain tensioner

(14) Crankshaft timing sprocket
 CYLINDER HEAD
(1) Exhaust camshaft (2) Intake camshaft
Valve mechanism etc.
(1) Exhaust camshaft
(2) Intake camshaft
(3)
(3) Valve lifter (4)
(10) Timing chain (5)
(4) Keeper (6)
(5) Valve spring retainer (7)
(8)
(6) Valve spring (11) Chain tensioner slipper (9) Valve
(7) Valve stem oil seal
(8) Spring seat
(9) Valve (12)Chain
vibration
(10) Timing chain damper
(11) Chain tensioner slipper
(12) Chain vibration damper
(13) Timing chain tensioner (13) Timing chain tensioner(14) Crankshaft timing sprocket
(14) Crankshaft timing sprocket
1.Valve opening and closing system

Valve Mechanism
The valve mechanism opens or closes the intake valve and
exhaust valve at the proper timing in order to draw the air-fuel
mixture into the cylinder and discharge the combustion gas into the
outside.
1.Valve opening and closing system

1. Valve opening and closing system

The rotation of the crankshaft is transferred to the camshaft via the
timing chain (timing belt), rotating the cam.
The number of teeth on the camshaft sprocket (pulley) is double
that of the crankshaft so that the camshaft rotates once for every
two rotations of the crankshaft.
As the camshaft rotates, the cam forces the valve to open or close.
CAMSHAFT – the shaft in the four-cycle engine which has a series
of cams for operating the valves.

cam
2.Valve

INTAKE VALVE – the valve that opens during the intake stroke to allow the
air or air-fuel mixture to enter the cylinder.

EXHAUST VALVE – the valve that opens during the exhaust stroke to allow
burn gases to flow from the cylinder.
 Double spring

Uneven pitch spring Uneven pitch spring

(symmetrical) (asymmetrical)

Top

a
d

b Inner Outer

e
c

a=c<d d>e

VALVE SPRING - the coil spring in each valve assembly which has the
job of closing the valve.
L-HEAD
OVERHEAD VALVE (OHV)
 Rocker arm
Adjusting screw

Valve lifer
SINGLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (SOHC)
DOUBLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (DOHC)
 Automobile Variable valve Timing Technology

variable valve timing (VVT) is the process of altering the

timing of a valve lift event, and is often used to improve
performance, fuel economy or emissions.
Manufacturers use many different names to describe their implementation of the
various types of variable valve timing systems.

AVCS (Subaru) VCT (Ford, Yamaha)

AVLS (Subaru) VTEC (Honda, Acura)
CPS (Proton) VVC (MG Rover)
CVTCS (Nissan, Infiniti) VVL (Nissan)
CVVT (Alfa Romeo, Citroën, Geely, Hyundai, Iran Valvelift (Audi)
Khodro, Kia, Peugeot, Renault, Volvo) VVEL (Nissan, Infiniti)
DCVCP - dual continuous variable cam phasing VVT (Chrysler, General Motors, Proton, Suzuki,
(General Motors) Volkswagen Group)
DVVT (Daihatsu) (Perodua) VVT-i (Toyota, Lexus)
MIVEC (Mitsubishi) VTVT (Hyundai, Kia)
MultiAir (Fiat)
N-VCT (Nissan)
S-VT (Mazda)
Ti-VCT (Ford)
VANOS (BMW)
VarioCam (Porsche)

Source: wikipedia
Engine
Model: 1GD-FTV
Type: 4-Cylinder In-Line DOHC 16
Valve
Displacement: 2,755 cc
Maximum Output: 174hp/3,400rpm
Maximum Torque: 450Nm / 1,600 ~
2, 400rpm
Emission Standard: Euro 4
Transmission: 6 Speed Automatic
with Sequential Control and Paddle
Shifters
Fuel System: Fuel Injection Common
Rail
Engine
Model: 2TR-FE
Type: 4-Cylinder In-Line Dual VVT-I,
DOHC 16 Valve
Displacement: 2,694 cc
Maximum Output: 163hp /
5,200rpm
Maximum Torque: 245Nm /
4,000rpm
Emission Standard: Euro 4
Transmission: 6 Speed Automatic
with Sequential Control and Paddle
Shifters
Fuel System: EFI
 Cylinder block

CYLINDER BLOCK – the basic framework of the engine in which the other
engine parts are attached. It is usually cast in one piece from gray iron
(cast iron) or iron alloyed with other metals, such as chromium and tin.
 Cylinder block

CYLINDER – in an engine, the circular bore in the block in which the piston
moves up and down.
 Piston

Connecting rod

Crankshaft

Bearing cap
 Connecting rod

Crankshaft

Bearing cap Bearing cap

CONNECTING ROD – the rod that connects the crank on the crankshaft
with the piston.
 Crankshaft
bearing
Thrust
washer
Connecting
rod bearing

Crankshaft

Bearing cap

BEARING– a part that transmits a load to a support and in so doing

absorbs most of the friction and wear of the moving parts.
 Piston pin Piston

Crankshaft

Piston
rings

Bearing cap

PISTON– in the engine, the round plug that slides up and down in the
cylinder and which, through the connecting rod, forces the crankshaft to
rotate.
 Compression ring No.1

Compression ring No.2

Crankshaft

Oil ring side rail (upper)

Oil rings Oil ring expander

Oil ring side rail (lower)

PISTON RING- is designed to prevent the pressure from leaking out of

the gap between the piston and the cylinder.
 Crankshaft

Bearing cap Crankcase

CRANKSHAFT – the main rotating member, or shaft, of the engine

with the cranks to which the connecting rods are attached.
- converts up and down motion into circular motion.
 Crank pin

Crank journal Balance weight

Crankshaft

Oil hole

BALANCE WEIGHT – reduce vibration and bearing loads due to the

inertia of moving parts
Manual Transaxle
Clutch fluid reservoir

Clutch pedal

Engine Clutch Manual transaxle

FLYWHEEL – a heavy metal wheel attached to the crankshaft which rotates

with it. It helps smooth out the power surges from the power strokes.
FLYWHEEL
Automatic Transaxle

sensors
(Various signals) Engine & ECT
Vehicle speed Counter gear ECU
sensor speed sensor
Oil pump Planetary
Torque converter gear unit

Input turbine
speed sensor

Solenoid valves

Shift lever
Hydraulic control unit
 Oil Pan

OIL PAN – the detachable lower part of the engine which encloses the
crankcase and acts as an oil reservoir.
 ENGINE
CLASSIFICATION
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION:

1. Number of Cylinder
2. Arrangement of
Cylinders
3. Arrangement of Valves
4. Types of Cooling
5. Number of Strokes per
cycle
6. Type of fuel used
7. Method of Ignition
8. Firing Order
9. Reciprocating or Rotary
NUMBER OF CYLINDER
TYPICAL CYLINDER ARRANGEMENTS
ARRANGEM
ENT OF
VALVES
• CAM-IN-BLOCK
ARRANGEM
ENT OF
VALVES
• OVERHEAD CAM

• SINGLE OVERHEAD
CAM (SOHC)
ARRANGEM
ENT OF
VALVES
• OVERHEAD CAM

• DUAL OVERHEAD
CAM (DOHC)
 TYPES OF COOLING
• WATER COOLED
 TYPES OF COOLING
• AIR-COOLED
NUMBER OF STROKE PER CYCLE

Four-stroke Operation Two-stroke Operation

 TYPES OF FUEL USED:
• SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE
- Gasoline
- Gasohol
- Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
- Compressed natural gas (CNG)

• COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE
- Light oil (diesel)
- Biodiesel
METHOD OF IGNITION:
 FIRING ORDER

• 1-3-4-
IN-LINE IN-LINE
FOUR 2 SIX-
CYLINDER CYLINDER 1-5-3-6-2-4
ENGINE • 1-2-4- ENGINE
3
 FIRING ORDER

1-2-4-5-3-6
V6 1-4-2-5-3-6
ENGINE
1-4-2-3-5-6
 FIRING ORDER

1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2
V8 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
ENGINE
1-3-7-2-65-4-8
RECIPROCATING OR ROTARY
 References:
• https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/688769336750
235017/
• https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/ca
mshaft-vs-crankshaft/
• https://everythingaboutboats.org/over-head-
cam-ohc/
• https://stateofspeed.com/2020/07/07/the-
wankel-rotary-a-revolution-in-internal-
cumbustion-2/
ENGINE
MESUREMENTS
and
PERFORMANCE
 BORE and STROKE

• The size of an Engine

cylinder is given by its
bore and stroke.

BORE – is the diameter

of the cylinder.

STROKE – is the distance

the piston travels from
BDC to TDC.
 PISTON DISPLACEMENT
• Piston displacement is sometime called as
“Swept volume”. This is the volume that the
piston displace or sweeps out as it moves
V= πxD
from BDC to TDC.xL
2

The larger the displacement, the larger the engine. Engine size in
North American vehicles used to be described in CID, or cubic inch
diameter. In late-model vehicles, volume is described in liters or cubic
centimeters.
 COMPRESSION RATIO

• The compression ratio is

the measure of how
much the air-fuel
mixture is compressed
during the compression
stroke. Compression
ratio is found by
dividing the volume of
the cylinder and the
combustion chamber
when the piston is at
BDC by the volume
when the piston is at
TDC.
• PROBLEM

One Engine has a cylinder volume of 42.35

cubic inches at BDC. It has a clearance volume of
4.45 cubic inches. What is the compression ratio
of the engine?
 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY

• Volumetric Efficiency (VE) – is the measure of how

completely the cylinder fills with air and fuel mixture
during the intake stroke.
 ENGINE TORQUE

• Engine torque results from combustion pressure

pushing down on the pistons. When the piston is
moving down on the power stroke, it applies torque
through the connecting rod to the engine crankshaft.
 ENGINE POWER

• Engine power is the power available in the crankshaft

to do work.
 INDICATED POWER
• Indicated Power is the power developed inside
the combustion chamber during combustion.
It is determined by measuring the pressure in
the cylinder. For 4-stroke
Engine
 FRICTION POWER

• Friction power is the power required to overcome the

friction of the internal moving parts.
 BRAKE POWER

• Brake Power is the

power available
from the engine
crankshaft to do
work.
 BRAKE POWER

• Relating BP, IP, and FP

BP = IP - FP
 ENGINE EFFICIENCY

– MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

– Mechanical Efficiency = BP / IP

– THERMAL EFFICIENCY
– Engine Thermal Efficiency is the relation
between the power produced and the energy in
the fuel burned to produce power.
• PROBLEM No. 1

A six cylinder, 4-stroke Diesel engine with 3 x

3.5 inch cylinder , when tested in the laboratory
was running at 2,000 rpm. The brake torque is
0.153 KN-m when all the cylinders are firing. The
indicated power is 38.2 KW. Determine the brake
power, the mechanical efficiency of the engine and
the mean effective pressure.