2.

Nutrition
 INDEX
• 2.0. Objectives
• 2.1. Food and nutrients
• 2.2. The digestive system
• 2.3. The respiratory system
• 2.4. The circulatory system
• 2.5. The excretory system
• 2.6. Healthy habits and illnesses
 2.0. Objectives
• 1. Tell the difference between nutrition and
feeding
• 2. Recognise the components of the
nutrition systems
• 3. Explain different processes involved in
the human nutrition
• 4. Recognise healthy eating habits and
disorders related to nutrition
• 5. Carry out a research task
 2.1. Food and nutrients
• Food
– Substance that we eat or drink in order to
maintain life and growth.
 2.1. Food and nutrients
• Nutrients
– Biomolecules that make up our bodies
– They are called proximate principles
 2.1. Food and nutrients
• Types of nutrients
– Inorganic
• Water
• Mineral salts
– Organic
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Vitamins
 2.1. Food and nutrients
• Types of nutrients
– Water
• Most common molecule in our body
• Functions
– Solvent for most other nutrients
– Medium for transporting some substances
– Regulation of the body temperature
– Mineral salts
• Different inorganic substances
• Functions
– Creation of structures
– Regulation of metabolic reactions
 2.1. Food and nutrients
• Types of nutrients
– Carbohydrates
• Function
– To obtain energy
– Lipids
• Not soluble substances with oily appearance
• Functions
– To obtain energy
– Creation of structures
– Regulation of the body
 2.1. Food and nutrients
• Types of nutrients
– Proteins
• Complex molecules formed by amino acids
• Functions
– Creation of structures
– Transport of substances
– Defence against infections
– Muscle contraction
– Regulation of biological responses
– Vitamins
• Substances with varied chemical composition
• We need them in small quantities, different functions
 2.1. Food and nutrients
• Nutrition
– Intake of food to obtain nutrients, to maintain
our structural, energy and regulatory needs
– Systems involved
• Digestive system
– Introduces and prepares food to the body
• Respiratory system
– Obtains O2, eliminates CO2
• Circulatory system
– Transports nutrients and waste substances
• Excretory system
– Releases waste substances to the outside
 2.1. Food and nutrients
• Exercises
– Page 27, exercise 4
 2.2. The digestive system
• Function of the digestive system
– To perform the digestion (introduction and
preparation of food to obtain nutrients)
• Structure of the digestive system
– Gastrointestinal tract
• Organs that carry and processes the food
• With mucous membrane, muscular layers
– Accessory glands
• Organs that discharge their secretions to the
gastrointestinal tract
 2.2. The digestive system
• Gastrointestinal tract
– Mouth
– Oral cavity
– Pharynx
– Oesophagus
– Stomach
– Small intestine
– Large intestine
– Anus

• Accessory glands
– Salivary glands
– Liver
– Pancreas
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestion
– Process by which foods are transformed into
simpler substances (nutrients)
– Types of digestions
• Mechanical processes
– Crushing and mixing foods with digestive juices
– Chewing, muscular action
• Chemical processes
– Breaking down of substances in the food to transform
them in simpler components
– Made by digestive enzymes
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestion
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestive process in the mouth
– Mechanical and chemical process
• Food → bolus
– Processes
• Salivation
• Chewing
• Swallowing
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestive process in the mouth
– Salivation
• Mechanical and chemical process
• Salivary glands
– They release the saliva
• Saliva
– Watery liquid with enzymes and mucus
– Chewing
• Mechanical process
• Teeth
– Very hard structures responsible of crushing and grinding
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestive process in the mouth
– Swallowing
• Mechanical process
• The bolus passes from the mouth to the stomach
• Tongue
• Pharynx
• Oesophagus
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestive process in the stomach
– Chemical process
• Bolus → chyme
– Stomach
• Gastric juices
– Liquid with enzymes and
hydrochloric acid
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestive process in the small intestine
– Mechanical and chemical process
• Chyme → chyle
– Small intestine
– Liver
– Pancreas
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestive process in the small intestine
– Small intestine
• Intestinal juices
– Liquid with enzymes
• Absorption
– Passage of nutrients to the blood
– Made by villi and microvilli
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestive process in the small intestine
– Pancreas
• Hormones
– Insulin
Regulate the glucose
– Glucagon
• Pancreatic juice
– Liquid with enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
– Liver
• With the gallbladder and
the ampulla of Vater
• Bile
– Liquid with bile salts
 2.2. The digestive system
• Digestive process in the large intestine
– Mechanical process
– Large intestine
• Absorption
– Passage of salts and water to the blood
– Anus
• Defecation
– Expulsion of faeces
• Faeces
– Intestinal mucosa cells
– Bacteria
– Food waste
 2.2. The digestive system
• Exercises
– Page 57, exercise 6
– Page 60, exercise 5
 2.3. The respiratory system
• Function of the respiratory system
– To perform the respiration
• Obtaining O2 from the air
• Expelling CO2 from our body
• Structure of the respiratory system
– Respiratory tract
– Lungs
 2.3. The respiratory system
• Respiratory Tract
– Nasal cavity
– Pharynx
– Larynx
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Bronchioles
• Lungs
– Pulmonary alveoli
 2.3. The respiratory system
• Gas exchange
– Lungs
• Made by capillaries
– Pleura
• Membranes that constitute an envelope to lungs
 2.3. The respiratory system
• Pulmonary ventilation
– Diaphragm
• Muscle under the lungs
• Responsible of the pulmonary ventilation
 2.3. The respiratory system
• Exercises
– Page 63, exercise 4
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Function of the circulatory system
– To connect the other three nutrition systems
• Digestive system
• Respiratory system
• Excretory system
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Structure of the circulatory system
– Blood
– Blood vessels
– Heart
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Components of the circulatory system
– Blood
• Components
– Blood plasma
» Water
» Nutrients
» Waste products
» Proteins
» Hormones
– Blood cells
» Erythrocytes
» Leukocytes
» Thrombocytes
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Components of the circulatory system
– Blood
• Function
– To transport nutrients and oxygen to all the cells
– To collect waste products produced by cells
– To contribute to regulate body temperature
– To fight against infections
• Blood groups
– AB0 system: type A, type B, type AB, type 0
– Rh system: type Rh+, type Rh-
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Components of the circulatory system
– Blood vessels
• Arteries
– They carry blood from heart to organs
– In the organs they become arterioles
• Capillaries
– Microscopic vessels located in all tissues
– They connect the arterioles and the venules
• Veins
– They carry blood from organs to heart
– In the organs they become venules
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Components of the circulatory system
– Blood vessels
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Components of the circulatory system
– Heart
• Atrium (2): left and right
• Ventricle (2): left and right
• Atrioventricular valve: connects atrium and
ventricle
• Venae cavae: arrives to the right atrium
• Pulmonary veins: arrive to the left atrium
• Pulmonary artery: originates from the right
ventricle
• Aorta artery: originates from the left ventricle
• Sigmoid valve: connects ventricle and artery
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Components of the circulatory system
– Heart
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Blood circuits
– Systemic circuit
Left ventricle Aorta artery Arterioles TISSUES
HEART Capillaries
Right atrium Cava veins Venules ORGANS

– Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary
Right ventricle Arterioles LUNGS
artery
HEART Capillaries
Pulmonary
Left atrium Venules
veins
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Blood circuits
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Blood circulation
– Double circulation
• Blood has to travel twice through the heart
– Complete circulation
• Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood never mix
– Close circulation
• The blood and its cells never leave the blood
vessels
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Heartbeat
– Constant movement of the heart
– Concepts
– Heart rate
– Number of times the heart beats per unit of time
– Cardiac output
– Volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute
– Blood pressure
– Pressure of the blood on the artery walls
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Heartbeat
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Lymphatic system
– Part of the circulatory system
– Functions
• To maintain a balance in the internal environment
• To play a role in protecting the body
• To collect products from fat digestion using lacteals
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Components of the lymphatic system
– Lymph
• Interstitial plasma + lymphocytes
– Lymphatic vessels
• Lymphatic capillaries
• Lymph veins
– Lymphatic organs and tissues
• To produce and mature lymphocytes, to purify blood
– Lymph nodes
• To make lymphocytes and to release lymph plasma
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Components of the lymphatic system
 2.4. The circulatory system
• Exercises
– Page 73, exercise 2
– Page 75, exercise 2
 2.5. The excretory system
• Function of the excretory system
– To eliminate the waste products
• Structure of the excretory system
– Organs
• Liver
• Respiratory system
• Sweat glands
• Urinary system
– Waste products
• CO2
• Urea and ureic acid
• Toxic substances
 2.5. The excretory system
• Urinary system
– Kidneys
– Urinary tracts
 2.5. The excretory system
• Urinary system
– Kidneys
• Parts
– Renal cortex
– Renal medulla
– Renal pelvis
• Nephrons
– Bowman's capsule
– Convoluted tube
– Loop of Henle
 2.5. The excretory system
• Urinary system
– Urinary tracts
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra
 2.5. The excretory system
• Urinary system
– Urine formation
• Urine
– Liquid obtained from blood
– Composition
» Water
» Minerals
» Urea and ureic acid
• Stages
– Glomerular filtration
– Tubular reabsorption
 2.5. The excretory system
• Exercises
– Page 76, exercise 1
– Page 78, exercise 2
2.6. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Food related illnesses
– An inadequate diet can cause illnesses due to
• Poor diet and lack in certain foods
• Genetic characteristics
• Unhygienic conditions during food handling
2.6. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Food related illnesses
– Types of illnesses related to food
• Malnutrition
• Inadequate nutrition
– Deficiency-related diseases (beriberi,
scurvy), obesity, diabetes type 2
• Eating disorders
– Anorexia, bulimia
• Intolerances
• Food allergies
• Food poisoning
– Salmonellosis, botulism
2.6. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Digestive system
– Healthy habits
• Chew food slowly
• Brush your teeth after each meal
• Visit the dentist once a year
• Don’t eat or drink foods that are very hot
• Wash your hands before eating and preparing food
• Avoid eating out of meal times
• Ensure the condition of the food
• Eat foods with fibre
• Don’t consume alcohol regularly
2.6. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Digestive system
– Illnesses
• Mouth
– Caries, gingivitis, pyorrhoea
• Stomach
– Gastritis, ulcers
• Liver
– Hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones
• Intestine
– Gastroenteritis, appendicitis, constipation, diarrhoea,
celiac disease, colon cancer
2.6. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Respiratory system
– Healthy habits
• Don’t smoke
• Try to avoid sudden changes of temperature
• Do physical exercise regularly
• Try to avoid being in contact with dust and
atmospheric contaminants
2.6. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Respiratory system
– Illnesses Nasal catarrh, pharyngitis, tonsillitis,
• Infectious illnesses bronchitis, pneumonia
Flu
Aphonia
Sinusitis
Allergic rhinitis
Asthma
• Non-infectious illnesses Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Pleurisy
Lung and throat cancer
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4.5. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Circulatory system
– Healthy habits
• Avoid excessive consumption of food with cholesterol
and saturated fats
• Don't smoke
• Avoid being overweight
• Don't eat too much salt
• Try to avoid stress
• Exercise regularly to increase your cardiac capacity
and reduce the chances of arteriosclerosis
4.5. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Circulatory system
– Illnesses
• Blood vessels
– High blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis,
aneurism, varicose veins
• Heart
– Myocardial infarction (heart attack), angina pectoris,
heart failure (HF), endocarditis
• Blood
– Anaemia, leukaemia, hemophilia, thrombosis
4.5. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Excretory system
– Healthy habits
• Drink sufficient water and other liquids
• Don't eat excessively salty foods
• Avoid toxic substances (alcohol, unnecessary
medications)
• Maintain a balanced diet
• Exercise regularly
• Go to the toilet when you feel the need to urinate
4.5. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Excretory system
– Treatment
• Dialysis
– Artificial filtration of blood to eliminate waste and toxic
products
– Types
» Hemodialysis
» Peritoneal dialysis
4.5. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Excretory system
– Illnesses
• Urinary system
– Renal failure
– Nephritis
– Cystitis
– Incontinence
– Stones
2.6. Healthy habits and illnesses
• Exercises
– Page 37, exercise 3
– Page 61, exercise 8