Literature Review Matrix

Student: Review Advisor: Date:

Alphinelyn Magdula Silda October 8, 2022
Research Title: “Yield Performance of Pechay under Hydroponics system of production applied with Developed Vermi-Tea Fertilizer”

Authors & Year Title of the Study Findings of the Study Gaps in Knowledge
of Publication`

1. (Churilova & Vermiliquer The importance of adjusting the pH of vermiliquer downwards in Presently, vermiliquer has little economic value other
Midmore, 2019) (Vermicompost order for it to be used as a liquid hydroponic fertiliser, giving fresh than for sale as a soil amendment. An earlier lack of
Leachate) as a yields of pak choi comparable to an inorganic nutrient source, has knowledge on the use of vermicompost leachate for
Complete Liquid been demonstrated. Nitric acid was superior to orthophosphoric acid hydroponic plant production has been stimulated.
Fertilizer for as a pH buffer. The performance of pak choi in vermiliquer grown in
Hydroponically- hydroponic pots was superior to that in NFT when ambient
Grown Pak Choi conditions were less favourable for crop growth. The dilution of
(Brassica chinensis vermiliquer, or the direct linkage of vermifarms with hydroponics,
L.) in the Tropics were both considerably less productive than the control or 100%
batch vermiliquer.
2. (Gruda, 2019) Increasing Soilless culture is one of the best techniques to overcome local The disposal problem for mineral wool has led to criticism
Sustainability of water shortages, while also producing high quality produce, even in of its current usage. Some authors, such as Bussell and
Growing Media areas with poor soil structure and problematic conditions. Reduce, Mckennie (2004), showed some options to reuse
Constituents and reuse, and recycle issues should be more frequently applied in SCS. rockwool, but when analyzing the life cycle assessment
Stand-Alone The application of these systems is likely to increase close to of horticultural growing media, Quantis (2012)reported
Substrates in Soilless existing cities as well as in mega-cities worldwide in the near future. that mineral wool has the highest negative impacts on
Culture Systems human health. In addition, freight costs are relatively
high.
3. (Bidabadi, 2018) Waste Management The research conducted on vermicompost derived liquids More attention is needed towards promoting the use of
Using Vermicompost applications, for plant protection purposes proved them to be organic fertilizers to prevent environmental degradation
Derived Liquids in effective in suppression of pathogens and pest attacks. Capability of while improving crop yields.
Sustainable vermicompost derived liquids to enhance soil biodiversity by Further research into the exact mechanisms and
Horticulture promoting the beneficial microorganisms results in improving plant circumstances that stimulate plant growth by this organic
health and minimizing the yield loss. Therefore, vermicompost material is necessary in order to maintain consumer
derived liquids could be used to promote sustainable agriculture and confidence in this type of fertilizer.
also for the safe management of agricultural, industrial, domestic
and hospital wastes which may otherwise pose serious threat to life
and the environment
4. (Quaik S. et al., “Potential of Results from this study indicated that deficiency in Nitrogen (N) and Although vermicomposting leachate contains high plant
 2012) Vermicomposting Phosphorus (P) on tomato and marigold plants were observed in nutrients and plant growth stimulators, when applied to
Leachate as Organic both compost leachates treatment. Spent mushroom compost plant, extra care is needed to prevent plant damage as it
Foliar Fertilizer and leachate and runoff compost leachate that later amended with N was found to inhibit seed germination and growth to
Nutrient Solution in and P showed improved N and P content in shoot and root tissue. some degree.
Hydroponic Culture: Concentration of N and P present in both non-amended leachates
A Review” are relatively low if compared with concentration of N and P in
vermicomposting leachate derived from sheep manure, cow dung,
vegetable waste and mixture of cow dung and vegetable waste.
Hence, addition of N and P to leachates may or may not be
necessary depends on the mother materials used in deriving the
leachates.
5. (Aslam Z. et al., “Effects of More leaf length is important for maximum photosynthates The studies on its comparative analysis with chemical
2020) vermicompost, production. The analyzed data regarding leaf length showed that fertilizers and its foliar application are limited and need
vermi-tea and vermicompost, vermi-tea and chemical fertilizer had significant to be evaluated.
chemical fertilizer on effects on leaf length. Maximum leaf length was observed where
morphophysiological vermi-tea was foliar applied while minimum leaf length was
characteristics of observed where chemical fertilizers applied and moderate results
tomato (Solanum were obtained where vermicompost applied. Similar findings had
lycopersicum) in been observed in a research work on radish performed by Steel and
Suleymanpasa Dickey (1997) in which maximum yield had been observed.
District, Tekirdag of
Turkey”
6. (Mahmud et al., “Effect of The height of the ex vitro MD2 pineapple plants were measured The production of suckers of MD2 pineapple is
2020) Vermicompost on from 2 months after planting (MAP) until 18 MAP. The plant height expensive and unable to meet the demand for planting
Growth, Plant ranged from 11 to 95 cm (Figure 2A). Based on repeated measures materials, as 43,000 propagules are required per hectare
Nutrient Uptake and ANOVA, it was shown that the height of ex vitro plants (for planting density of 30 × 60 × 90 cm).
Bioactivity of Ex Vitro supplemented with vermicompost (EPV) was comparable to that of Very few research studies and published reports can be
Pineapple (Ananas plants supplemented with chemical fertilizer (EPF). found on ex vitro acclimatization of MD2 pineapple
comosus var. MD2)” The plants treated with each fertilizer type were also significantly plants under field conditions and its fruit quality. Further
taller than the control plants (EPC). However, the supplementation research needs to be carried out to identify the best
with chemical fertilizer produced the highest number of leaves (51 ratio of combination between vermicompost and
leaves per plant) when compared to vermicompost (44 leaves per chemical fertilizer to support plant growth and
plant) and control (43 leaves per plant) (Figure 2B). development, ensure agricultural sustainability and
 further reduce environmental pollution.
7. (Ansari A.A. et “The effect of Vermicompost made from leaves of neem (T2) and lime+neem Growing plants on soil have been developed and
al., 2019) vermiwash and (T3)was slightly acidic (pH 5.89) while it was moreneutralfor practiced from the beginning of human existence.
vermicompostproduc vermicompost made from T1(pH 7.54). All pH levels except However, this conventional agricultural practice can lead
ed from leaves of T2were within the pH ranges 6.5-7.5 which is the pH that most to difficulties in plant growth because nutrient levels in
Azadirachta indica plant nutrients are optimally available for plant growth. Nitrogen many soil types are unpredictable and may be
and Citrus aurantifolia level was the lowest in T3followed by T1and was the highest in T2. inaccessible to some plants, also some plant
on the growth Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that the difference diseases originate from soil.
parameters of celery in physicochemical parameters is not significant (p=0.34).
through hydroponic
system”
8. (Jaikishun et al., Short The plants for all of the designed treatments had significant The farming community is currently confronting critical
2018) Communication: The percentage increases in their height as time progressed. T3 issues on the application of chemicals and rapidly
effects of had the highest percentage increase in height (329.1%), followed decreasing arable lands due to salinization, inundation,
vermicompost and by T2 (313.52%), B (275.16%), A (223.24%) and T1 (33.05%). T3 and desertification (Bennet and Khush 2003; Flowers
vermiwash from the with the combination of neem and lime resulted in higher growth and Colmer 2008; FAO 2011).
medicinal plants, (20.94±0.75cm) than the commercial hydroponic treatment
neem (Azadirachta (16.55±1.81cm). Treatment 1 (17.82±1.39 cm) and Treatment 2
indica) and lime (20.1±1.46 cm) had also exceeded the commercial hydroponic
(Citrus aurantifolia), treatment.
on the growth
parameters of lettuce
in a hydroponic
system
9. (Haghighi et al., The effect of Root FW and DW and root volume increased in all treatments One of the risks of using MSWC is the possible increase
2016) municipal solid waste relative to the control except for V25:P25:PR50. The highest root in heavy metals which could have negative
compost, peat, FW, root DW and root volume were observed in C50:Pr50, although environmental implications (McBride, 1995), although
perlite and there were no significant differences between C25:V25:PR50 and the number of reports on persistent organic pollutants
vermicompost on C75:PR25 in terms of root FW and DW. These treatments were introduced into crop cultures using MSWC remains low
tomato statistically similar to V50:P50 and V75:P25. Mean shoot FW did not (Hargreaves et al.,2008) or underreported.
(Lycopersicum increase significantly in any treatment compared to the control.
esculentum L.) Highest values were observed for C25:V25:PR50 and lowest values
growth and yield in a in P50:PR50. Fruit was largest in V50:P50 but statistically similar to
hydroponic system P75:PR25, C75:PR25 and V20:P25:PR50. Highest fruit weight and
yield/plant were obtained in C25:V25:PR50 and the highest TSS in
C25:V25:PR50.
10. (Alam, 2021) Lettuce Grown in the The data on the weight of lettuce per hill as planted in an open field To obtain affectivity and better results, there is a need to
Open Field and and protected culture applied with the different FPJs . It revealed test plant extracts of different plant sources for FPJ.
Protected Culture that lettuce planted in an open field (C1) were affected significantly
Applied with in terms of weight of the lettuce harvested per hill as it has a mean
Different Fermented of 131.2g of leaves as compared to the protected culture (C2) that
Plant Juices has a mean of 41.1 g.
11. (Khan et al., Exogenous Results demonstrate that high L-methionine concentration reduced The application of a large amount of chemical fertilizer
2019) Application of Amino plant growth due to damage to the photosynthetic apparatus [61] to ensure high crop yield causes serious issues for
Acids Improves the and blocking of nutrient uptake. Higher levels of this nutrient cause agricultural products and the environment . Hence,
Growth and Yield of blockage of photosynthesis in stressed environments. L-methionine there is a need to look for sustainable horticultural
Lettuce by Enhancing led to significant increases in observed physiological factors in practices to counteract chemical-based agribusiness.
Photosynthetic lettuce leaves at lower concentrations because at high However, there is little data on the impact of isolated
Assimilation and concentrations it affects auxin uptake, which can kill plants. In brief, amino acids, particularly in root application.
Nutrient Availabilit L-methionine at a concentration of 0.2 mg/L showed the best effect
on the growth of lettuce plants.
12. (Jamison et al., Assessing the Effects All digestate samples tested well below the EPA limit for Class A The limited research on the effects of digestates on root
2021) of Digestates and Biosolids. Testing of media samples treated with digestate showed growth shows varying and somewhat contradictory
Combinations of
little to no increase in fecal coliforms at harvest, with only one effects on overall root biomass, with some studies
Digestates and
Fertilizer on Yield and sample showing fecal coliforms significantly different from zero. showing increased root biomass under digestate
Nutrient Use of Results suggest that digestates made from lignocellulosic biomass treatment, some showing decreased root biomass with
Brassica juncea (Kai and food waste may not pose a significant biohazard threat when digestates and another showing no difference in root
Choy) applied at appropriate rates for crop growth. However, it is biomass with digestate, as compared with mineral
important to test any digestates for potential biohazards prior to fertilizer.
land application, as their presence would likely be dependent on
both the feedstock used and the conditions under which digestion
took place.
13. (Upendri & Organic nutrient Liquid organic fertilizers used in hydroponic systems are typically High usage of chemical or inorganic fertilizers in
Karunarathna, solution for concentrated solutions of organic nutrients that are diluted for use. agricultural sectors including hydroponics has raised
hydroponic systeM concern towards healthy living environment.
2021) Moreover, most of the nutrients in organic sources, such as waste
material from the agricultural and industrial effluent, are not in
ionic forms and, hence, are not directly available for plants. Also
most of the organic fertilizers are generally insoluble in water, and
nutrients are not readily available for plants as they are converted
 to soluble form by microorganisms.
14. (Haghighi & Growth, yield index, AM fungi inoculation had no influence on nutrient concentration in Vermiculate and cocopeat are limited natural recourses
Barzegar, 2018) and photosynthesis the growth media without applying vermicompost, and AM fungi which are not available everywhere.
traits of sweet inoculation caused higher nutrient uptake in the media containing
pepper grown in vermicompost AM fungi inoculated plants accumulated more P in
vermicompost their shoots than the non- AM fungi inoculated ones in Artemisia
inoculated with annua L.y. In our experiment, AM fungi inoculation increased K
Arbuscular concentration in the media containing high vermicompost with
mycorrhiza mycorrhiza inoculation. Properties of vermicompost in Table 1
show that the pH of vermicompost was more than that of the other
growth media, and this may have resulted in high K concentration
in the leaves.
15. (Kabay et al., Effect of The vermicompost was found to give better results in several If organic materials do not harm human health, are used
2018) Vermicompost parameters. In the plants grown with vermicompost + seedling and spread in grown products, it will be great benefit to
Application on Some
fresh and dry weights, shoot height, stem diameter, root fresh and producers and researchers.
Plant Characteristics
in Lettuce (Lactuca dry weights, total leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll a, carotenoid,
Sativa L.) total chlorophyll content, total phenolic and total antioxidant
content were increased, but chlorophyll b content, leaf
temperature, CAT, SOD and APX contents were decreased.
16. (Ispolnov et al., A Combined Vermifiltration treatment was able to efficiently remove ammonia, Lagoon treatment is, however, ineffective, as it fails to
2021) Vermifiltration- nitrite, and BOD5 from the wastewater, and nitrate accumulation remove and rather increases inorganic nitrogen and
Hydroponic System was observed. Coliform bacteria were reduced by 54% by phosphorus contaminants [10]. Furthermore, lagoons
for Swine vermifiltration. Hydroponic treatment of vermifiltered wastewater have a limited holding capacity; if uncovered, they are
Wastewater was able to remove phosphorus and, modestly, nitrate under the prone to overflowing under heavy precipitation.
Treatment studied conditions. A further decrease in BOD5 was observed due
to the hydroponic treatment. Nitrite and nitrate tended to stabilize
at certain levels over time due to final effluent reuse for feed
dilution. Coliforms were able to recover in the hydroponic unit,
suggesting the need to control their population. Pointed cabbage
(Brassica oleracea L., var. capitata) was able to grow on
vermifiltered swine wastewater, diluted 10-fold with reused final
effluent, as long as its nutritional requirements were met.
17. (Tth, 2021) THE INFLUENCE OF Application of vermicompost showed a positive effect on plant Unfortunately, implementation of this technique in
 VERMICOMPOST ON height in greenhouse conditions (p0.05). The results Cambodia and some countries are still in laboratory and
GROWTH, YIELDS, demonstrated that, after 2 weeks of plantation, 30% of the pilot scales. Therefore, the suitability of this technique
AND DISEASE vermicompost treatment group showed the highest plant-height for Cambodia is questioned since there is little
OCCURANCES OF followed by 20% and 10% of the vermicompost, respectively. This information on the feasibility of vermicomposting in
CUCUMBER PLANT may be due to the enrichment of soil with essential nutrients for Cambodia (Chattopadhyay, 2012). Introducing
(CUCUMIS SATIVUS plant growth provided by vermicompost. vermicomposting in farms comes with its own set of
L.) IN THE challenges.
GREENHOUSE
CONDITION
18. (Ulas et al., 2022) The application of fish The results of lettuce harvest after 35 days of cultivation . The shoot limited studies have investigated replacing chemical
wastewater to and root fresh matter, and total leaf number were significantly (p < fertilizers in nutrient solution experiments with fish
improve the plant
0.001) affected by the treatments. It was obvious that treatment T3 effluents in lettuce production (Dediu et al., 2012; Abbey
growth, development
and yield of lettuce performed remarkably better than other treatments. The and Anderson, 2019; Monsees et al., 2019; Huang et al.,
(Lactuca sativa L.) significantly highest shoot (265.5 g plant-1 ) and root fresh matter 2021).
(48.7 g plant-1 ), and total leaf number (60 LN plant-1 ) were
produced in the treatment T3. Though, significantly lowest shoot
(51.1 g plant-1 ) and root fresh matter (10.9 g plant-1 ), and total
leaf number (47 LN plant-1 ) were produced in the treatment T4.
19. (Hussain & Efficacy of the VC is beneficial to germination, growth and yield of plants. It also There are also reports describing that VC either had no
Abbasi, 2018) Vermicomposts of improves the physical and chemical properties of soil vis-à-vis beneficial effect or had a detrimental effect. Likewise,
Different Organic agriculture productivity. These effects are seen irrespective of there are reports which show that VC can induce
Wastes as “Clean” whether the VC is derived from animal manure, phytomass, or resistance in plants against pests and diseases but it is
Fertilizers: State-of- manure-phytomass blends. The reports also reveal that, in general, not known whether the opposite effect also occurs.
the-Art VC may become detrimental if applied in concentrations far greater
than the ones found beneficial.
20. (Emam et al., PRODUCING The nutrient solution recorded the highest plant height, number of The EC and pH of the nutrient solution is anything but
2022) EGGPLANT BY USING leaves, fresh and dry weight significantly compared to the rest difficult to modify so the plants get the perfect measure
SUSTAINABLE URBAN fertilization treatments. There was no significant difference of supplements. The watering/taking care of cycles can
HORTICULTURE between the nutrient solution and mineral fertilizer on total be constrained by an economical clock with the goal that
chlorophyll content compared to vermi-liquid. The lowest the plants get watered on time, as needed.
vegetative growth characteristics were obtained by vermi-liquid in
both studied seasons.
21. (Salis et al., Closed-Loop Crop The variation of nutrient content of the leachates produced by the Little is known about the potential of a cascade system
 2020) Cascade to Optimize donor crop is a key parameter to plan the amount of plants that can to diminish the nutrient load of drainage flows.
Nutrient Flows and be planted of the receiving crop. The early stage of the donor crop Demands additional infrastructure, which requires high
Grow Low-Impact
could only produce 0.1 lettuces per tomato plant, with N as the investment costs.
Vegetables in Cities
limiting nutrient. On the other hand, the late stage of the donor
crop was able to leach enough nutrients to feed 9 lettuces per
tomato plant. However, attention must be paid on the electrical
conductivity of the water flow to stay within non-harmful values.
Nevertheless, the cascade system was shown to be efficient to
mitigate the nutrient discharge of open systems, especially in terms
of N and P to avoid eutrophication impacts in the early stage of the
tomato crop.
22. (Lee et al., 2020) Waste Nutrient Waste nutrient solution generally has low EC and pH levels and high Only a few studies have examined the potential use of
Solution as an Na, Cl and SO4 ion concentrations compared to regular nutrient waste nutrient solution from plant cultivation in
hydroponics systems as an appropriate irrigation
Alternative Fertilizer solution (Kumar & Cho, 2014). In this experiment, all waste nutrient
solution. Furthermore, most of the studies on waste
in Curled Mallow solutions applied to WNS treatment group had lower EC and pH nutrient solution from hydroponics focused on the
Cultivation levels and NO3, NH4, PO4 and K concentration compared to different effects of irrigation solutions on plant growth, but
nutrient solution, while Mg, Na, Cl and SO4 concentrations were did not analyze the mineral content of the plant tissue nor
higher in waste nutrient solution. This corresponds with the results did they include detailed analysis of soil and plant
of Zekki et al. (1996) and Zhang et al. (2010), who reported Mg, Na, nutrient content.
Cl and SO4 concentration increased in the waste nutrient solution
as the crops grew.

23. (Aruxandei et al., Siliceous Natural Similar to other biorationals from the category of basic substances Effects on seed microbiota and seed viability
2020) Nanomaterials as with low risk, SNNMs efficacy as plant protectants and plant health Effects on beneficial (micro)organisms Volatile releases
Biorationals—Plant
strengtheners is rather low. Complementary active ingredients and predators recruitment
Protectants and Plant
Health Strengtheners should be used to enhance the effects of SNNMs on treated plants. Effects on roots exudates and beneficial microorganism
For SNNMs applied as protectants of stored seeds such strategy, of recruitment Direct effects on rhizosphere microbiome
using complementary biorationals/low risk substances, proved to
be highly effective. Natural zeolites are excellent soil improvers,
especially in poor soil. However, their effects are not limited to the
improvement of chemical and physical characteristics. Natural
 zeolites seem to influence also the recruitment and promotion of
beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, but there is a limited
number of studies and information.
24. (Heerden & ORGANIC AND Only foliar P and Al concentrations were significantly different Organic and mineral fertilizer trials are yet to be
Gerhardus, 2019) MINERAL FERTILIZER between the more concentrated VCT (V2) and water treatments. conducted under Northern Cape conditions in the
FIELD TRIAL ON The increase in foliar P and decrease in foliar Al were attributed to Nieuwoudtville area.
ROOIBOS TEA UNDER the effect of the enhanced soil pH and organic acids in the VCT on
NORTHERN CAPE enhancing P dissolution by enhancing Al complexation. The
CLIMATIC concentrated VCT and tap water contributed negligible amounts of
CONDITIONS plant essential macronutrients such as basic cations and P. The
application of both VCT treatments significantly increased.
25. (Chhandama et Valorisation of food Food wastes represent a source of biofuel, antioxidants, dyes, There is a lack of international standards for food waste
al., 2022) waste to sustainable nutraceuticals etc. Food waste consists of proteins, lipids, classification
energy and other carbohydrates and other organic components like nitrogen, which has posed a barrier for research in valorisation of
value-added phosphorus and potassium which governed the valorisation waste into
products: A review techniques and the products generated. 6.7% of the global products.
androgenic greenhouse gas emission is through wastage of food.
Valorisation of food waste represent an eco-friendly approach to
minimize generation of greenhouse gases, landfills and leachate
while increasing the economy.
26. (Haska et al., Effect of different Seedling growth was affected by growing mediums and biofertilizer -
2022) organic growing application. In general, the quality of seedlings grown in peat
mediums and
medium was markedly better than other mediums. In addition to,
application of
biofertilizer in organic biofertilizer applications have made a significant contribution to
seedling production seedling growth in all mediums and in all species.
27. (Yaser & Yusop, Response of It shows that the IMO did not give a prominent effect on seedling there is no study conducted to determine the effect of
Indigenous stage of Brassica plant. However, T2 and T3 has resulted an IMO using goat dung.
Microorganism (IMO)
increase in plant height, number of leaves, and fresh and dry
on Brassica chinensis
var. parachinensis weight. The suitable rates of IMO for early growth performance on
Seedlings leafy vegetable such as Brassica are in range of 200g and 400 g of
IMO application.
28. (Ramli et al., Consistency and The nutrient solution monitoring system (NSMS) may ease a user to this system highly needs special care for its fertiliser
2019) Effectiveness of monitor the nutrient solution in hydroponic cultivation remotely solution parameters especially the potential of hydrogen
Nutrient Solution without affecting the quality of crop production. This may also lead ion (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), water temperature,
 Monitoring System in to the reduction of workforce and human error. and water level. Moreover, the inaccurate concentration
Hydroponic for of nutrient could give big impacts on crop's growth and
Brassica rapa subsp. productivity (Changmai et al., 2018).
chinensis Production
29. (Jamanun & Growing Indoor of Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L.) grown under white LED lights produced Since the grow light is quite expensive, there is a need to
Arshad, 2019) Brassica rapa L. Using better result compared to Pak Choi grown under red and blue LED find alternative artificial light source that is low in cost
Hydroponic Drip lights in most of plant growth performance, yield, and physiology for growing indoor.
System Under parameters tested.
Different Colour
Spectra of LED
Domestic Light:
White, Red and Blue
30. (Abullah & The Growth of Dwarf Vermicompost spent mushroom substrate is possible to be used as Selection of the best potting medium for the growth of
Ahmad, 2019) Silver Fittonia in growing media for potting plant with combination of sand. plant is a crucial factor that people need to consider in
Different Organic Optimum value of EC in potting mixture at the initial stage and the order to get better production especially to the nursery
Materials positive effect in growth showed by greater number of leaves grower.
produced, higher fresh weight, plant biomass, and root to shoot
ratio reflect in a better plant growth.
31. (Azhari & Ahmad, The Effect of Spent Treatment 3 which is vermicompost made up from 6:3:1 of Peat is derived from the wetland which it is a vital
2019) Mushroom Medium mushroom medium block (MMB): cow dung: banana bark has ecosystem to flora and fauna. These functions have been
Block Compost and shown a positive reaction by having the highest height and number protecting the earth from climate change and decreasing
Vermicompost on of leaves per plants compare to which nearly to the control the impact from global warming. Mining of peat from
Germination and treatments. Even though the reading of height of plant and number the peatland have made the resources getting diminish
Growth of Tomato of leaves in T4 is higher than T3, it was not considered as the best from time to time. As the resource is depleting, it
Seedlings (Solanum treatment as it was a control treatment for this study. Based on the requires 3 to 5 years for the moss to re-establish.
lycopersicum var. results, Treatment 3 have proven to be the best medium compared
cerasiforme) to T1 and T2 by having the highest in number of leaves, plant
height, fresh and dry weight, and root volume.
32. (Jalani & Arshad, Effects of Different The result of this study revealed that supplementing LED domestic There are numerous studies investigating the effects of
2019) Wavelength Sources lights of night interruption has affected the plant growth light on tomatoes, tobacco, and lettuce but it seems to
of LED Domestic Light performance and physiology of Brassica rapa L. The plant grown have a little investigation on the Brassica rapa L. species
of Night Interruption under four different wavelengths showed different growth since they are leafy vegetables (Frede et al., 2019).
on Growth and Yield performances within four weeks of cultivation. Pak Choy (Brassica
 of Brassica rapa L. rapa L.) isolated under T1 (Blue) LED lights of night interruption
Cultivated Using produced better results compared to Pak Choy grown under red
Nutrient Film light, blue + red light and control (untreated) in most plant growth
Technique parameters, yield, and physiological parameters tested.
33. (Rosdi & Arshad, The Effects of The result showed that the Brassica rapa L. grown under treatment Most of the researchers are still finding the optimal
2019) Different Light 1 and 2 had no significant difference. Plant height of Brassica rapa L. amount of blue light needed by different plant species
Intensities of Blue that grown either under more blue light added with constant red and there is still no answer to that question.
Light with Constant lights seems to have no different with Brassica rapa L. that grown
Red Light on Plant under less blue light with constant red light. However, the plant
Growth and height of Brassica rapa L. under T1 (BR-16417lm) and T2 (BR-
Development of 18983lm) which received different blue light intensities had shorter
Brassica rapa L. Using plant height development compared to T3 (Control).
Hydroponic System
34. (Fitriani et al., Improving nitrogen Kailan plants cultivated on vermicompost extract with an addition Fewer nutrient injection into organic fertilizers in
2020) fertilizer efficiency of 100 kg of urea ha-1 exhibited the highest absorption efficiency of compost shape or extracts is another barrier to the
with the addition of N (112.05%). As a consequence, wick hydroponics utilizing compost production of vegetables, like kailan.
compost extracts to extract as a N source can be preferred. The use of vermicompost
kailan (Brassica extract produced the best outcomes for all measured variables,
oleracea L.) plants including number of leaves, plant height, canopy fresh weight, total
with wick hydroponic plant fresh weight, canopy dry weight, leaf greenness level, root
cultivation fresh weight, N uptake and the quality of N uptake. A degree of 200
kg ha-1 urea fertilization culminated in the maximum harvested
kailan plants, overall fresh weight of the plant, number of leaves,
leaf greenness and N uptake.
35. (Tikasz et al., Aerated chicken, The aboveground dry mass of lettuce grown in a 50 g/L turkey The use of organic fertilizers in hydroponics systems,
2019) cow, and turkey manure extract solution was greater than that of the control. The however, remains a challenge as achieving plant yields
comparable to those grown with inorganic fertilizers is
manure extracts largest aboveground wet mass for kale occurred with the control.
more difficult, balancing nutrient solutions is problematic,
diferentially afect Nutrient analyses of all manure extract solutions showed a 29%– and the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of solutions
lettuce and kale yield 79% higher concentration of NH4–N and higher total nitrogen than fuctuate considerably (Williams & Nelson 2014).
in hydroponics the control. Principal component analysis of the nutrient solutions
identifed six nutrients that should be monitored to maximize plant
yield when using manure extracts in hydroponics: NO3 −, NH4 +, Ca,
Mg, Mn, and Na.
36. (Ansari et al., NUTRIENT The chemical composition of the medicinal plant leafy material Studies carried out assessed that it caused significant
2018) COMPOSITION OF determines the composition of vermicompost. All the treatments effect on the growth and productivity of paddy (Oryza
Cassia alata AND exhibited the required range of pH between 7.1 and 7.4 within sativa), maize (Zea mays) and millet (Penisetum
Cordia curassavica which the most plant nutrients are optimally available for plant typhoides) crops only.
DERIVED growth (Edwards and Bohlen, 1996).
VERMIWASH AND
VERMICOMPOST
AND THEIR EFFECT
ON
HYDROPONICALLY
GROWN PAK-CHOI
37. (Bilbase & Bc, Effects of Different The use of different fertilizers and their doses shows different effect It is said that higher the intensity of light during the
2020) Fertilizers on Yield on the yield and vitamin C content of cauliflowers. It can be growing season, the greater is vitamin C content in plant
and Vitamin C concluded that among all the treatment attempted, vermicompost tissues.
Content of shows the maximum influence in the vitamin C content of a
Cauliflower (Brassica cauliflower. The highest vitamin C content with vermicompost
oleracea var. could be it consist of decomposed products by earthworm which
botrytis) ̶ A Review contains various nutrients, essential elements, plant growth
hormones and several enzymes present in it which influence
vitamin C synthesis.
38. (Priadi & Nuro, Seedling Production The highest Pak Choy seedling dry weight was obtained in the Kubota et al. (2013) stated that the use of high-quality
2017) of Pak Choy (Brassica hydroponic solution containing biofertilizer of Beyonic planting materials is critical for success in greenhouse
rapa L.) using Organic StarTmik@Lob (K03). Correlation among Pak Choy seedling growth plant production.
and Inorganic parameters in the nutrient solution used is varied. There was
Nutrient perfectly positive correlation between total leaves (TL) and both
stem dry weight (SW) and whole seedling dry weight (TW) as well
as the correlation between leaf area (LA) and TW and between SW
and TW on K4 nutrient solution.
39. (Islam et al. Effect of Organic, The study showed that the integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS) Earlier reports suggest that a combined application of
2017) Inorganic Fertilizers is suitable for the improved growth and yield of cabbage with plant manures and fertilizers (integrated plant nutrient
and Plant Spacing on spacing (S2, 60 cm × 50 cm). Organic and inorganic mixed fertilizers system, IPNS) increases the yield and improves the
the Growth and Yield in a 60 cm × 50 cm spacing (S2T3) have the potential to enhance quality of vegetables.
of Cabbage yield in cabbage and to reduce the quantity and doses of inorganic
 fertilizer.
40. (Vinci et al., Hydroponic Perlite is the most impacting substrate, as highlighted by LCIA, Several studies suggests considering hydroponics costs
2019) cultivation: life cycle followed by rock wool and vermiculite. The most sustainable ones, and its sustainability.
assessment of instead, are sand and bark. Sand has the lower carbon footprint
substrate choice (0.0121 kg CO2 eq.); instead, bark carbon footprint results in one of
the highest (1.1197 kg CO2 eq.), while in the total impact analysis
this substrate seems to be highly sustainable. Also for perlite the two
results are in disagreement: it has a high total impact but very low
carbon footprint (0.0209 kg CO2 eq.) compared to the other
substrates. From the LCC analysis it appears that peat is the most
expensive substrate (€6.67/1,000 cm3), while sand is the cheaper
one (€0.26/1,000 cm3).
41. (Giménez et al., Application of Directly The fresh biomass (yield) of lettuce was affected by the way of CE Few studies have been carried out on the use of compost
2020) Brewed Compost application in both growing cycles, while yield was only affected by in crops grown hydroponically.
Extract Improves pathogen inoculation in the winter–spring cycle, reducing it by ca. Compost extracts have normally been used as a soil
Yield and Quality in 8% .The highest yield was recorded in plants grown with CENS. In drench or directly sprayed on plants, but, to our
Baby Leaf Lettuce the winter–spring cycle, there was a statistically significant knowledge, their use in hydroponic systems has not been
Grown interaction between pathogen inoculation and way of CE application studied in depth before. The use of directly brewed CE
Hydroponically in terms of percentage of dry matter and SLA. The higher values of has been studied even less despite the fact that they
dry matter were obtained in control inoculated plants and those could be a valuable tool in hydroponic management.
treated by CENS. Inoculation decreased the SLA values in every
combination of factors. In the autumn cycle, there were no significant
differences in dry matter for inoculation treatment, way of CE
application or their interaction. In regards to SLA, there was a
statistically significant interaction between pathogen inoculation and
way of CE application, the highest values being obtained in
inoculated plants.
42. (Monsees et al., Lettuce (Lactuca  The recycling of fish water resulted in a reduction of fertilizer Only a few empirical studies are published yet. To our
2019) sativa, variety application of nearly 63% and a complete substitution of freshwater. knowledge, only two publications comparing decoupled
Salanova) production No significant difference in growth of green open butterhead lettuce aquaponics to conventional hydroponics have been
in decoupled was observed, which is probably based on the same nutrient supply. published so far (Kloas, 2015; Suhl, 2016). Goddek
aquaponic systems: The content of DOC/TOC as well as microorganisms derived from (2016) reported an increased lettuce growth of 39% in
Same yield and RAS had no obvious positive/beneficial effects on the growth and decoupled aquaponics compared to single hydroponic
similar quality as in phenolic compounds of lettuce. treatment and concluded that plant promoting effects like
conventional dissolved organic matter or growth-promoting
hydroponic systems rhizobacteria and/or fungi originating from the RAS water
but drastically could be responsible for such an increased plant growth.
reduced greenhouse On the contrary, Suhl (2016) revealed a comparable
 gas emissions by tomato production in decoupled aquaponics and single
saving inorganic hydroponics and confirmed that the productivity for
fertilizer tomatoes in DRAPS can reach the same level as in
single hydroponics using optimum fertilizer but did not
exceed the yield further as indicated by the results of
Goddek (2016) concerning lettuce.
43. (Saurabh et al., A review on effect of All waste treated treatments led to significant increase in early and Disadvantages of soil less culture which mainly includes
2019) different soil less total yields as compared to control. the higher initial capital investment for the construction
growing media on and maintenance of the soil less setup, the risk of
vegetable production disease infections mainly in the recirculating (close)
systems, occasionally the increase of labour requirement
and the need for higher standard of management and
skill compared to crops growing in soil.
44. (Besas et al., Potential of Significant improvements of the horticultural characteristics of lettuce it has been reported that long-term fertilization of
2020) Vermicompost were observed with the application of different vermicomposting synthetic fertilizers, especially nitrogenous fertilizers,
Drippings and Other products. A single application of either vermicompost, vermitea, and resulted in soil acidification (Barak, et al, 1997; Qiao, et
Vermicomposting vermicompost drippings produced taller plants with bigger and al, 2018) which resulted in nutrient imbalance, making
Products more developed leaves comparable to those plants with the soil less fertile and limiting plant growth and
on the Growth synthetic fertilizer application but growth of lettuce was further biochemical ingredient formation (Li and Xia, 2005).
and Yield of Lettuce improved by combined application of vermicompost and Other drawbacks in using chemical fertilizers include low
vermicompost drippings. efficiency on delivery system due to surface run
off, leaching, and volatilization, which further leads to low
farm productivity.

45. (Riggio et al., Risk of Human The studies presented within this review overwhelming suggest that For hydroponic systems to be a viable risk management
2019) Pathogen human pathogens—both viruses and bacteria—are readily strategy for addressing food safety issues in the leafy
Internalization in internalized within plant tissues via the uptake of contaminated vegetable industry, established CEA producers that use
Leafy Vegetables nutrient solution through the root system. The data also demonstrate hydroponics must strive to balance productivity with
During Lab-Scale the immense amount of variability in the hydroponic system setup, produce safety. Currently, there are minimal science-
Hydroponic bacteria and virus type selection, method of inoculation, and plant based reports on the benefits of CEA overall with respect
Cultivation cultivar selection, as well as techniques for the recovery and to product safety.
detection of microorganisms within plant tissues.
46. (Ahmed et al., EFFECT OF The study conclusion recommended the use of substrate sand + rice The amount of rice husk available is far in excess of any
2017) DIFFERENT husk + vermicompost (40: 40: 20 (V/V)) in pot volume 8 L for local uses, and, thus has posed disposal problems.
VERMICOMPOST producing morehealthy and environmentally food. The economic
RATES AND POT impact assessment of pot volume and vermicompost rate should
VOLUME ON take in consider while they offer more options for food security
PRODUCING planners for selecting the yield or the quality characteristics.
 CELERY AND RED
CABBAGE UNDER
URBAN
HORTICULTURE
CONDITIONS
47. (ÖZTEKİN et al., GROWING SPINACH (1) winter lettuce prescription (mg L-1 : N 150, P 50, K 150, Ca 150, There are not any species-specific nutrient solution
2018) (Spinacia oleracea L.) Mg 50, Fe 5.0, Mn 0.50, Zn 0.05, B 0.50, Cu 0.03, Mo 0.02) could prescription, availability of a nutrient solution other than
IN A FLOATING reliably be used for hydroponic spinach culture without any losses in Hoagland nutrient solution (winter nutrient solution
SYSTEM WITH yield and quality; (2) 50% macro nutrients reduced half dose (mg L - prepared for lettuce) for spinach culture.
DIFFERENT 1 : N 75, P 25, K 75, Ca 75, Mg 25, Fe 5.0, Mn 0.50, Zn 0.05, B
CONCENTRATIONS 0.50, Cu 0.03, Mo 0.02) could be used successfully in hydroponic
OF NUTRIENT spinach culture since the yields of half dose treatments were not
SOLUTION significant different from the full dose treatments and half dose
reduced leaf nitrate contents. In this way, significant savings could
be achieved in fertilizer costs; (3) spinach culture should be
performed under optimum climate conditions for high yield, quality
and earliness since temperature is a limiting factor for growth and
development of vegetables, yields are significantly influenced by low
temperatures.
48. (Rajan et al., Advancement in From the literature reviews on various growing conditions of Urban cities are lacking strategies, processes and
2019) Indoor Vertical microgreens such as medium, light, nutrient solution and containers, technologies to provide stable, healthy, and safe food
Farming for it is found that the current method of growing microgreens
for growing populations. Understanding successful
Microgreen possesses few drawbacks and knowledge gaps which can be
Production rectified by modifying their growing conditions. The innovative innovations by the megacities can help manage the
growing conditions such as BioStrate (made of fibre) and Murashige- future of our planet (Jowell et al., 2017)
Skoog (plant tissue culture) media and Containerised vertical
farming technology involving the production of microgreens in closed
containers should be taken into consideration.
49. (B Frasetya et al., The effect of The application of various vermicompost doses affected plant height Implementation of totally organic farming in some region
2019) vermicompost and number of leaves but did not affect Plant Fresh Weight, Plant cannot increase productivity rapidly.
Dry Weight and Shoot-root Ratio. The application of vermicompost
application on the
fertilizer at a dose of 5 t ha-1 is the best dose to support growth and
growth of lettuce efficiency.
plant (Lactuca sativa
L.
50. (Muchena, 2017) Improved growth of In general seedlings treated with SWEs and VE resulted in an Little work has been done to investigate the effects of
hydroponically grown increase in nutrient uptake. As expected, the concentration of all the vermicast extracts on growth and nutrient uptake of citrus
rough lemon (Citrus nutrients tested (N, Ca, P and K), were the lowest in seedlings seedlings grown under hydroponic conditions.
 jambhiri lush) grown with deionised water (control).
seedlings treated with Application of Seaweed extracts and VE have positive, neutral and
kelp and vermicast inhibitory effects on plant growth, depending on the concentration
extract
applied. It was confirmed that the SWEs and VE are capable of
enhancing root development, above-ground plant growth (chapter
4), photosynthetic capacity and nutrient uptake (chapter 5) in rough
lemon seedlings. By enhancing root development, there was a
significant increase in nutrient uptake as shown by increased levels
of N, Ca, K and P in all plants treated with EM1, EM2 and VE
compared to the deionised water control plants (chapter 5)
51. (Zhou et al., EFFECT OF The results from the present study showed that bacterial inoculation Extent of growth reduction in plants depends on intensity
2019) INOCULATION OF enhanced the photosynthetic pigments measured as SPAD values. and duration of salt stress (Ashraf, 2004).
These results could be related to the findings of Rojas-Tapias et al.,
STRAINS WITH ACC
(2012) who found that bacterial inoculation to maize plants grown
DEAMINASE under saline conditions enhanced the uptake of Mg and
ISOLATED FROM photosynthetic pigments.
VERMICOMPOST ON
SEED GERMINATION
AND SOME
PHYSIOLOGICAL
ATTRIBUTES IN
MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)
EXPOSED TO SALT
STRESS
52. (Lin, 2020) COMBINED EFFECT The results obtained from the present study demonstrate that the No published literature has mentioned a combination of
OF VERMICAST- addition of Trichoderma was not significantly beneficial in vermicast-Trichoderma-sawdust as amendments for kale
TRICHODERMA- (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica). Therefore, it is
enhancing the microbial activities compared to growing media
SAWDUST ON -- --- necessary to investigate properties exhibited by
KALE, SWISS without Trichoderma viride. The mineral nutrients released in the vermicast-Trichodermasawdust mixed medium and the
CHARD, AND PAK mixed media had a high correlation (r>0.7) with the active microbial impact on plant growth, development and harvest yield
CHOY GROWTH groups present. We found six main microbial groups present in the and quality
saw vermicast based media as follows: G+, G-, G+G-, fungi,
protozoa, archaea and eukaryotes. G+, G- as well as the total of G+
and G- bacteria contributed 18.9%, 35.7% and 39.8%, respectively,
to the overall total microbial population observed in the media.
 Treatments A2 and B2 (60% vermicast-40% sawdust, without and
with T. viride) showed higher pH, Protozoa, F/B ratio, and Fe. We
found that treatments B1 and B3 (80% vermicast-20% sawdust and
40% vermicast60%sawdust, both with T. viride) contained higher
amounts of Na and PG than the other treatments. The mineralized
nutrients (eg chloride, sodium, nitrogen, potassium, sulphate,
magnesium, and calcium) in the mixed growing media is associated
with increased active microbial community composition
(eukaryotes, G+, and the ratio of G+/G-).
53. (Weber, 2017) Broccoli Microgreens: This study provides critical insights into the potential for broccoli Xiao et al., note that the nutritional aspects they
A Mineral-Rich Crop microgreens to provide a dense source of minerals that can be measured varied widely among microgreen types,
That Can Diversify grown with a small ecological footprint by individuals in a distributed providing fodder for future study. Additionally, Weber
Food Systems agricultural model. Microgreen production could also diversify the noted that the methods used to grow microgreens (i.e.,
average diet, as broccoli is only one of many nutrient-rich soil, compost, hydroponic) can significantly impact their
microgreens that can be easily produced and consumed by nutritional value. A systematic comparison of the
individuals. environmental impacts (i.e., water use, nutrient demand)
of microgreen cultivation methods has not been
conducted and should be considered alongside their
impacts on nutritional value when deciding how to grow
microgreens and if they are a nutrient-rich crop that can
be sustainably produced.
54. (Messiga et al., Supplement of Cabbage and lettuce fresh yields were reduced at 50% N application Several studies have been conducted to understand the
2020) biochar and rates compared with the commercial recommendations, but the feasibility of using organic materials to replace
vermicompost extent was limited under amended growing media compared with conventional growing media, totally or in part, but results
amendments in coir conventional growing media alone. Two growing media mixtures in are still limited to an experimental level, making the
and peat growing particular, (1) 90% peat + 10% biochar and (2) 90% coir +10% assessment widely dependent on crop cultivation
media improves N vermicompost, maintained expected yield at 50% N application systems (Barrett et al. 2016; Depardieu et al.
management and relative to the commercial recommendation. Biochar retained NH 4+-N 2016; Lévesque et al. 2018).
yields of leafy released by peat early in the growing season, and this N was used
vegetables by plants later in the season when the root system was well
developed. This is highlighted by N uptakes greater than fertilizer N
inputs at both commercial recommended rates and at 50% N
applications particularly for cabbage. Additionally, the affinity of
biochar to NH4+-N decreased the concentration of residual mineral N
in the growing media as well as in the leachates, which could be
beneficial for the environment. 
55. (Donohoe, 2018) Chemical and The findings show that a poor worm‐bed substrate can drastically The benefits of vermicompost to plant growth have
 Microbial reduce earthworm reproduction, and even stop it altogether, in the been well established. However, less evidence is
Characteristics of case of newspaper pulp. A poorly chosen worm‐bed substrate can available on the benefits of vermicompost leachate, the
Vermicompost also reduce the amount of weight gained by juvenile earthworms. As liquid by‐product. In addition, little is known about the
Leachate and their earthworm weight is directly related to the volume of substrate
Effect on Plant consumed (Munroe, 2007) small earthworms will consume much effect of different organic substrates fed to worm‐beds
Growth less substrate, which will drastically reduce the volume of waste that on the properties of vermicompost leachate. 
the vermicompost system can recycle. As these small earthworms
will consume much of your poorly chosen worm‐bed substrate, this
substrate may begin to rot. Rotting food can attract pests
(Ciavarella, 2013) and lead to anaerobic conditions (Growing and
Gathering, 2014) and odours (Eurobodalla Shire Council, n.d.)
56. (Filho, 2020) An integrated plant The individual and combined application of HA and biofertilizer The current study cannot conclusively affirm that the
nutrition system following the Integrated Plant 141 Nutrition System (IPNS) generally integrated use of HA and biofertilizers following the IPNS
(IPNS) for corn and influenced corn development, to varying degrees. In 2017, corn
is iv a superior practice than the application of each
cannabis in the Mid- height, NDVI, greenness and vigor were sensitive to the application
Atlantic USA of biostimulants in different magnitudes and growth stages, however compound individually and further studies should be
grain yield and nutrient content were not affected. In combined conducted to validate these findings.
studies from 2018 and 2019 corn height was not impacted by
biostimulant application but NDVI, PE, greenness and vigor were
affected at different doses and corn growth stages. The combined
use of HA + biofertilizer (Microlife Humic + Microgeo) was the only
treatment leading to increased grain yield.
57. (Akter et al., Effects of foliar and Growth and production of beetroot was better in T1 (epsom salt as Aquaponics has some limited nutrients supply as it lake
2020) root application of foliar spray) than T2 (epsom salt as root application) and T0 the traditional soil growbed. Several efforts have been
epsom salt on (control), which might favor to conclude that addition of epsom salt made to supplement aquaponicsally grown plants with
aquaponics beetroot supplied maximum minerals and nutrients to the plants. In the nutrients (Bethe et al., 2017; Zahan et al., 2018).
(Beta vulgaris) present experiment, beetroot was appeared in epsom salt based
production in aquaponics system 15 days earlier than T0. Therefore, it may be
confined condition stated that epsom salt has a significant role in decreasing the
harvesting period and increasing production of beetroot in
aquaponics.
58. (Khoramivafa et Quantity and Quality Considering that, increasing carvone is an aim of crop production Levels of plant essence are affected by climatic
al., 2018) of Dill Essential Oil as and breeding in dill, use of 20 t.ha-1 of cow manure with 15 t.ha-1 of conditions, harvest time and application of fertilizers
Influenced by Organic vermicompost, along with soil applied compost tea was the best making various food elements available to plants which
Fertilizers organic fertilizer combination based on the present study. Use of increases production and changes the composition of
vermicompost with soil applied compost tea resulted in the highest essence
grain yield and consequently increased essential oil yield in dill.
59. (Nyathi et al., Benchmarking Although nutritional water productivity data can provide useful The challenge with this approach is that some studies did
 2019) nutritional water information in an agricultural context, in relation to human nutritional not indicate whether water use was total water applied or
productivity of requirements, water use of crops, and crop productivity, nutritional evapotranspiration. This has placed a severe limitation
twenty vegetables - water productivity data of traditional vegetables is minimal. on water productivity values reported by this study.
A review Another complexity was that the estimates of nutritional
water productivity values (Fe-NWP, Zn-NWP, and β-
carotene-NWP) of this study came from two
60. (Soliman A.A., Effect of Organic Results indicated that adding fertilization systems and organic Silicon (Si) has not been proven to be an essential
2020) Nutritional substances generally had effective roles on enhancement of growth element for higher plants, but its beneficial effects on
Supplement on and yield of peanut grown in sandy loam soil. Application of 50 % growth have been reported in a wide variety of crops.
Growth, Nodulation compost + mineral ores mixture produced the highest growth
and Yield of Peanut characters i.e number of main branches and leaves /plant, stem and
Cultivated Under leaves dry weight/plant and leaf area/plant . However, application of
Different Fertilization 100 % compost exhibited more total chlorophyll content, number and
Systems nodules weight/plant, yield and its components (number of pods/
plant, number of seeds / pod, weight of seed /plant and pod yield per
plant and per fed and seed oil percentage compared with other
tested fertilization treatments. The response of peanut Chlorophyll
and nodulation, yield and oil percentage significantly differed by
foliar application of organic substances. Application of Jeta Plus
(KP) and Si-ElGhanem (KSi ) surpassed the other organic
substances for producing highest values of most above mentioned
characteristics. However, untreated plants recorded the lowest
values of all studied characteristics. The interactions between the
fertilization systems and organic substances were found to be
significant for most studied traits. The maximum pod yield/fed was
obtained by soil application of 100 % compost combined with foliar
application with KP, which is found to be the best combination for
maximizing peanut productivity.
61. (Mintz, 2019) INTEGRATING As a result of compost tea addition. P, Ca, Mg, and Mn in Carex Research shows that fish waste does not adequately
SUSTAINABLE obnupta decreased by 22%, 17%, 18%, and 13% respectively, while provide all those nutrients.
PRACTICES: Deschampsia cespitosa nutrient concentrations did not significantly experiment was not able to show that compost tea
COMPOST TEA AS A change. This difference may be due to rapid growth in C. obnupta could act as a nutrient supplement in aquaponic water,
NUTRIENT versus slower growth in D. cespitosa. suggestions are given for improving the research design
SUPPLEMENT FOR including improving the compost tea recipe, extending
AQUAPONIC PLANT the experimental timeline, measuring plant growth, and
PRODUCTION analyzing water samples.
62. (Muhammad, Potential of dairy Results showed that NS produced significantly higher leaf area (LA), Further research is needed to reduce Ammonium-N/Nitrate
 2020) digestate as a chlorophyll content, root dry weight, yield, minerals and vitamins (NH4⁺/NO3⁻) in DD without dilution to avoid phytotoxic
biofertilizer: effects concentration of lettuce, compared to DD solution which produced lower effects of NH4⁺ and loss of other macro and micro nutrient ,
on growth, yield and LA, chlorophyll contents, yield and higher concentration of phenolics and to establish the utilization of DD as a sole fertilizer
phytochemicals of (chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, luteoline, quercitin-3-b-d-gluconide, source in hydroponic system.
lettuce in quercitin-3-glucoside and quercitin-b-malonyl) and antioxidants.
hydroponics Romaine lettuce showed superior performance and produced higher LA,
chlorophyll contents, root dry weight, yield, minerals, vitamins, total
phenolics, total antioxidants and polyphenols than Newham. It can be
concluded that DD can be used as an organic fertilizer/nutrient source in
hydroponics to enhance phenolics and antioxidants of lettuce without
significant reduction in yield.
63. (Dube et al., Regulation of growth, Vermicompost leachate application enhanced the growth of D. The majority of the quantified phenolic acids were not
2018) nutritive, maculata, particularly, the leaves (VCL 1:10) and bulbs (VCL 1:20) significantly enhanced in bulbs. Antioxidant activity of D.
phytochemical and which were significantly bigger than the controls. Apart from the maculata extracts was generally higher in leaves than in
antioxidant potential concentration of phosphorus which was significantly lower in the the bulbs. The leaf extract from VCL (1:10 and 1:20)-
of leaves of VCL (1:20)-treated plants, the quantity of all four macro- treated plants exhibited lower oxygen radical absorbance
cultivated Drimiopsis nutrients analysed were similar with and without VCL. Similar capacity (ORAC) when compared to the control. 
maculata in response observations were also demonstrated in the majority of quantified
to biostimulant micro-nutrients in D. maculata. Relative to the control, VCL-treated
(vermicompost plants had higher concentrations of the 10 phenolic acids quantified
leachate, VCL) in the leaves. 
ap(plication

64. (Ibrahim et al., Evaluate the efect Conjunction of compost tea, as a foliar spray or soil drenching with Compost tea with two chelated forms was not signifcant
2018) of compost tea chelates forms EDTA and humic acid micronutrient solutions (p>0.05) in the two seasons, for plant dry weight, weight
and some chelated increased plant height, dry weight and weight of seeds, oil of seeds and oil percentage.
micronutrients forms percentage and volatile oils in black cumin. High performance in the
on black cumin availability, uptake and accumulation of nutrients occurred. NPK
productivity percentage increased in seeds and straw of black cumin. Compost
tea enhanced the effect of micronutrients on black cumin productivity
and oil contents beside the uptake of NPK, when applied in a
combination.
65. EFFECT OF The number of leaves, fresh weight of leaves, dry weight of leaves, The measured parameters for C. asiatica were not
(Emui et al., ORGANIC AND average length of the stalk, fresh weight and dry weight of the roots significantly different in Albert’s solution, compost tea,
2020) INORGANIC LIQUID were taken as growth parameters of C. asiatica while the plant jeevamruta and fish tonic while lower values were
FERTILIZERS ON height, stem girth, number of pods and fresh weight of pods were recorded in vermiwash. The girth of the stem was high in
GROWTH AND recorded in C. annuum. The measured parameters for C. asiatica Albert’s solution and fish tonic treated plants while the
YIELD OF Centella were not significantly different in Albert’s solution, compost tea, plant height was high in Albert’s solution treated plants at
asiatica (L.) AND jeevamruta and fish tonic while lower values were recorded in flowering.
 Capsicum annuum vermiwash. The girth of the stem was high in Albert’s solution and
(L.) VAR. annuum fish tonic treated plants while the plant height was high in Albert’s
solution treated plants at flowering. However, the highest number of
pods per plant and the fresh weight of pods per plant were recorded
only by fish tonic treated plants in C. annuum var. annuum. The
liquid organic fertilizers found to be effective replacement to the
synthetic liquid fertilizer, Albert’s solution to improve crop growth of
C. asiatica L. and yield of C. annuum var. annuum.
66. (Kannan & Effect of growing The results indicated that growth, yield and quality parameters were Open field agriculture is difficult as it involves large
Arulmozhiselvan, media and fertilization highest in the growing media having Cocopeat : Vermicompost : Fly space, lot of labour and large volume of water. In most
2019) methods on growth ash fertilized by fertilizer solution, which consequently resulted the urban and industrial areas, soil is less available for crop
and yield of snake highest fruit yield (19.64 kg pot-1 ). Relatively high yield of snake growing, or in some areas, there is scarcity of fertile
gourd grown under gourd (16.17 kg pot-1 ) was recorded in Cocopeat : Vermicompost cultivable arable lands due to their unfavorable
matric suction with fertilizer solution. Followed by, growing media of Cocopeat : geographical and topographical conditions.
irrigation Vermicompost : Pressmud with fertilizer solution gave moderate
yield (13.38 kg pot-1 ) which was at par with Cocopeat :
Vermicompost : Fly ash with Fertilizer Pellet Pack (13.05 kg pot-1 ).
67. (Solmaz et al., EFFECT OF THE With the increasing doses of vermicompost implementation, Cr, Co, The idea of the extension of vermicompost in agriculture
2017) VARIOUS DOSES Cd, Ni and Pb contents of cucumber decreased. While the Cr will be a solution by contributing to the increase of
OF content of cucumber is 65.94 mg/kg with the implementation of VC1
organic matter in soil, and by being an important input
VERMICOMPOST (control) dose, it decreases to 20.58 mg/kg with VC4 dose. The
IMPLEMENTATION plant’s Co, Cd, Ni and Pb contents decreases with the increasing for providing nutrients to the plants.
ON SOME HEAVY doses of vermicompost implementation, as well, and, VC1and VC4
METAL CONTENTS doses of vermicompost are determined as 7.66- 2.09, 1.05-0.71,
(Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Pb) 47.93- 14.57 and 15.68- 5.01 mg/kg respectively.
OF CUCUMBER
(Cucumis sativus L.)

68. (Alturki et al., THE NUTRITIONAL The foliar application of 2 g L-1 dry yeast and compost tea It could be argued that the positive results were due to
2020) STATUS OF TOMATO treatmentsrecorded the best growth parameters of tomato the beneficial effects of different plant bio-stimulants,
which differ from compost tea to amino acids, during this
SEEDLINGS AND seedlings. Similarly, the bio-stimulants significantly affected the N, P
study.
PEROXIDASE and K contents of plant tissues. The peroxidase activity was
ACTIVITY UNDER significantly affected by the application of 200 mg L-1 amino acid.
FOLIAR Overall, the results suggested that the foliar application of dry yeast
APPLICATIONS OF extract and compost tea are advantageous for the production of
SOME safe and healthy tomato production.
BIOSTIMULANTS
69. (Libutti et al., Biochar, Swiss chard responded positively to organic amendment and, Several studies focused on the effects of different forms
2020) Vermicompost, and particularly when the soil was treated with compost from animal and rates of mineral nitrogen fertilizers on Swiss chard
Compost as Soil wastes, higher plant growth and pigment leaf content were quality, showing that high levels of N fertilizer, although
Organic observed. Nitrate leaf content was always well below the they increase the production, compromise the quality of
Amendments: NO3− thresholds established by the European Commission fresh-cut yield.
Influence on Growth Regulations. The yield response to compost or biochar applications
Parameters, Nitrate are often contrasting; generally, either positive or
and Chlorophyll negative and sometimes also neutral effects on crop yield
Content of Swiss and quality have been reported. In Swiss chard, Paredes
Chard (Beta et al. found no significant differences on plant growth and
vulgaris L. yield comparing inorganic fertilizer and two doses of
var. cycla) compost from olive mill wastewater; while other authors
using a vermicompost mixed with coir for container-
grown plants or compost from organic domestic wastes
and crop residues observed higher growth and yield
increases. As to biochar, Trupiano et al. found that this
amendment stimulated leaves number and total biomass
of lettuce in soil poor in nutrients.
70. (Cao et al., 2020) Crop response and In Anthrosols, the highest crop yield and nutrient uptake were The beneficial results of HPC in soils and crop could
quality of soil as obtained from the HPC or COM, although crop yields did not reduce the use of mineral fertilizer for the sustainable
affected by significantly (P > 0.05) differ from the yields of CF-treated soils. In production of vegetables.
hyperthermophilic the less fertile Fluvisols, crop yields were significantly higher in HPC
compost in Tai-Lake and COM treated soils than CF treatment. Application of HPC and
region of China COM increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (N),
available phosphorous (Pav.) and available potassium (Kav.) by 23.1%,
6.1%, 55.3%, 17.4%, respectively in Fluvisols and 28.1%, 5.5%,
43.8%, 34.3%, respectively in Anthrosols compared to CF. HPC
amendment increased soil bacterial populations by 19 and 8-fold
and fungal populations by 1912 and 9-fold in Fluvisols and
Anthrosols, respectively. Chinese cabbage yield was positively
correlated to TN, NO3−, Pav. and exchangeable Ca and chili pepper
yield was positively correlated to TN and NO3−.
71. (Shah et al., Performance of The results obtained from the experiment indicated that both The large quantities of inorganic fertilizers are provided
2016) Sponge Gourd cultivars and regimes have significant variations on growth and to vegetables in order to get higher yield and maximum
Cultivars under yield parameters of sponge gourd. In case of cultivars, minimum income (Stewart et al., 2005).
Organic and days to emergence (11.14 days), days to flowering (36.76 days),
Inorganic Fertilizer days to blooming (43.86 days) while maximum seed emergence
Regimes (80.43 %), numbers of leaves plant-1 (45.87), leaf area (99.87 cm2 ),
 number of fruit plant-1 (7.94), fruit weight (289.20 g), fruit volume
(193.84 cm3 ), yield plant-1 (2.42 kg) and total yield (12.09 t ha-1)
were obtained by Jaipuri cultivar. While in case of manure regimes
maximum vine length (465.50 cm), number of leaves plant-1
(49.13), leaf area (110.48 cm2 ), (14.09 cm), number of fruit plan-1
(9.25), yield plant-1 (3.35 kg), total yield (16.75 t ha-1) and
minimum days to blooming (43.67 days) were recorded in the
application of FYM (full) + NPK (full) while maximum fruit weight
(361.28 g) and fruit volume (218.87 cm3) was noted on FYM (full) +
NPK (half ).
72. (Toledo et al., Effects of inorganic Results evidenced that above ground biomass was proportional to There is scant information on the possible limiting
2019) and organic P the amounts of Pi applied and, hence, to Pi availability. With
effect of low P availability on BNF, and it is still
availability on N fixing adequate Pi supply, the shoot/root ratio is the highest, suggesting
capacity of Vicia that the plant allocated less C and other nutritional resources below unclear if, and to what extent, the dominant form of
villosa ground for soil exploration for nutrient acquisition by developing an P in soil (Po vs Pi) can affect BNF. 
extended rooting system. Plants receiving organic P, conversely,
needed a longer time to increase P availability with the progressive
hydrolysis of organic P sources, requiring a greater investment of
plant resources.
73. (Chrysargyris et Biochar Type and Biochar material had high K content and pH ≥ 8.64 which resulted in Effective applications are questionable, as farmers need
al., 2019) Ratio as a Peat increased pH of the growing media. Biochar A and C at 20% to combine biochar application with sustainable
Additive/Partial Peat reduced cabbage seed emergence. Biochar A, B and D maintained
fertilizers and water input [5]. Biochar efficacy on yield
Replacement in or improved plant growth at low ratio (i.e., 5–10%) while all Biochars
Growing Media for increased N, K and P content in leaves. Biochars A and D were increase was attributed to the application of the
Cabbage Seedling further examined at 7.5% and 15% with the addition of two doses of material in unfertile/barren lands, rather than to fertile
Production minerals (1-fold and 1.5-fold). Biochar A and D, initially stimulated Soils (Hussain et al., 2017) and the biochar co-
seed emergence when compared to the control. High dose of application with fertilizers has been suggested (Sadaf et
fertilizer favored plant growth in Biochar A at 7.5% and Biochar D at al., 2017).
15%. Leaf stomatal conductance was decreased at Biochar A+Fert
Little information is accessible for the physiological
at 7.5% and Chlorophyll b content was decreased at Biochar A+Fert
at 15%. The presence of Biochar A increased the antioxidant activity responses of plants following biochar applications, as
(as assayed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-DPPH). Lipid biochar is mainly acting as a soil conditioner and thus
peroxidation was higher in plants grown with fertilized peat and mitigating the effects of climate change (Alvarez et al.,
Biochar A at 15%, activating antioxidant enzymatic metabolisms. 2018)
74. (Zurayk & Lad, A STUDY OF THE Results showed cultivars differed in their resistance to salinity and More studies is required to determine the profitability of
2019) IMPACT OF ranked in general from tolerant to susceptible: ‘Ayah’; ‘Alam’; ‘Majd’; these approaches before a commercial recommendation
SALINITY ON ‘Asalah’ and ‘Bahjah’. In the second objective the same procedures can be made.
 GROWTH AND as described above was followed, but where two banana cultivars,
DEVELOPMENT OF ‘Grand Nain’ and ‘Paz’ were assessed for salinity tolerance. Similar
IMPORTANT to the tomato experiment, plants were subjected to five increasing
TOMATO AND NaCl concentrations that was added to the daily fertigation solution,
BANANA for both a summer and winter planting phase of six weeks each.
CULTIVARS OF THE Again, the increase in salinity concentration significantly decreased
JORDAN VALLEY all plant growth parameters. In addition, results showed a
WITH AN significance decrease in growth rate and associated morphological
ASSESSMENT OF traits with increasing salinity concentration, with ‘Grand Nain’ being
THE EFFICACY OF the more vigorous cultivar compared to the ‘Paz’ cultivar, although
BIOSTIMULANTS AS not significant so for all parameters. In the third objective the efficacy
AMELIORANTS FOR of compost, glycine betaine, bacteria, kelp, sulphuric acid and a mix
INCREASED of compost and glycine betaine treatments was evaluated for their
TOLERANCE TO ability to ameliorate the effect of salinity on the two tomato cultivars,
SALINITY ‘Ayah’ and ‘Bahjah’, by assessing both morphological and
production traits such as plant height, leaf number, leaf width, fruit
number and weight, along with fresh and dry weights of the shoot
and roots.
75. (Nephali et al., Biostimulants for Current knowledge and phenotypic observations suggest that Current definitions, claims and applications of plant
2020) Plant Growth and biostimulants potentially function in regulating and modifying biostimulants are pointed out, also indicating the lack of
Mitigation of Abiotic physiological processes in plants to promote growth, alleviate biological basis to accurately postulate the mechanisms
Stresses: A stresses, and improve quality and yield. However, to successfully of action of plant biostimulants. The review articulates
Metabolomics develop novel biostimulant-based formulations and programs, briefly key aspects in the metabolomics workflow and the
Perspective understanding biostimulant-plant interactions, at molecular, cellular (potential) applications of this multidisciplinary omics
and physiological levels, is a prerequisite. Metabolomics, a science in the biostimulant industry.
multidisciplinary omics science, offers unique opportunities to
predictively decode the mode of action of biostimulants on crop
plants, and identify signatory markers of biostimulant action.
76. (Altaf et al., 2019) Potential Role of There is a dire need of increasing the growers’ interest to adopt the There has been an increase in the excessive use of
Plant Growth technology of PGPR along with the use of chemical fertilizers in fertilizers which is consequently causing pollution, thus
order to enhance their efficiency, and mitigate the negative impact of harming the environment.
Promoting
chemical fertilizers by abating their excessive use, which not only
Rhizobacteria (PGPR) rise the input cost of crop production but also harm the environment
to Reduce Chemical and human health.
Fertilizer in
Horticultural Crops
77. (Weintraub et al., Arthropod Pest Growers of most agricultural and horticultural crops use IPM Further research in organic greenhouse production
2017) Management in strategies, which is now required of all conventional European Union remains and includes the following proposed
 Organic Vegetable farmers under the Sustainable Use Directive (SUD). Within this research areas: 1. Ventilation in tropical and subtropical
Greenhouse framework, organic pest management relies heavily on the use of climates needs improvement to reduce plant pathogens
preventative control measures because there are few registered and could be addressed with innovative cladding material
organic pesticides. These preventative measures include soil that will still exclude most arthropod pests. 2. Predator
amendments such as vermicompost which is rarely used in and parasitoid populations could be enhanced through
conventional greenhouse management. Preventative measures can the use of supplemental food while eliminating the need
extend to establishing BCAs in the form of open banker plants for secondary plants. 3. The search for more efficacious
before pests establish. Therefore, biological control is extensively predators and parasitoids needs to continue for a) Pests
relied upon as a primary pest management technique. that currently have no commercial BCAs, b) Species that
poorly establish in greenhouses, and c) Species that can
tolerate a range of environmental situations. 4.
Elucidation of new and selective pesticides that can be
registered for organic production, with improved and
innovative delivery systems.
78. (Anandhi et al., Effect of bio- Foliar spray of bio-stimulants and growth regulators like TNAU The demand for fenugreek seeds and leaves increased
2019) stimulants and growth Panchagavya (3%), Moringa Leaf Extract (3%), PPFM (1%), because of it's higher medicinal values.To meet out the
regulators on plant Vermiwash (3%), Humic Acid (1000 ppm) and Cytozyme (1000 ppm) demand the production needs to be increased through
growth and herbage were used as a treatments. Among the different treatments, the adoption of improved cultural practices.
yield of fenugreek mean value of number of leaves (62.24), number of primary
(Trigonella foenum- branches (6.87), leaf area (255.68cm2 ) and herbage yield per plot
graecum L) (5.49 kg plot-1 ) was recorded highest in the treatment T2
(vermiwash @ 3%). While in plant height (30.01cm) PPFM recorded
best compared to all other treatments. B:C ratio was also high in
treatment T2 (3.85) compared to control (1.88).
79. (Padoan & Potential release of The waterlogging of the soils resulted in two somehow different When a highly contaminated soil becomes flooded, a
Marsan, 2019) zinc and cadmium in behaviors. In Soil 1, Mn levels in the soil solution increased number of chemical reactions may occur and define if the
soils contaminated by gradually while in Soil 2 the Mn reduction started immediately after metals will be retained or released.
heavy metals under flooding and also Fe was slowly reduced and solubilized after the
flooding 5th week of the experiment. Zn contents in soil solution increased
during the first week in both soils, decreasing almost linearly from
the 2nd week and until the end of the experiment. Regarding Cd, in
Soil 1 the soluble concentration decreased gradually over time while
in Soil 2 a small peak of release appeared during the first days of the
experiment followed by a sharp decrease after 28 days of
experiment. The geochemical modelling predicted both metals
precipitating in Soil 1 as Zn and Cd carbonate. Clays and Fe oxides
seem not to have a great influence on the concentrations, as both
metals are preferentially complexed by SOM. In Soil 2, metals
precipitate as Zn and Cd carbonate during the first days while
 sulphides are calculated after 60 days of submersion. In this case,
Fe oxides seem to adsorb Zn while not Cd and both metals are
preferentially complexed by SOM. These results show that, during
an occasional flooding, the metals could be promptly released both
in the soil solution and in the aquifer. 
80. (Naumova et al., Yield and Fruit Basic soil chemical properties and fruit pH and dry matter, total
2019) Properties of Husk carbon, nitrogen, and ascorbic acid content were determined. Both
Tomato (Physalis cultivars grew and yielded very well, producing on average 70 fruits,
phyladelphica) or 1.46 kg, per plant, with 14 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g fresh
Cultivars Grown in weight, 9.0% dry matter, and juice pH of 4.1. Variation in
the Open Field in the environmental conditions among sites was the major factor
South of West Siberia determining production and fruit property variation, with cultivar
biology accounting for 10%. The cultivars responded differently to
some soil properties, but generally their yield and fruit quality
depended on soil pH and labile phosphorous and potassium.
81. (Kiran, 2019) ALLEVIATION OF The experiments were performed with different concentrations of VC
ADVERSE EFFECTS (0, 2.5 and 5% VC on a weight per weight basis of soil-w/w) and salt
OF SALT STRESS stress treatments (4 and 8 dS m–1 NaCl levels). Under salt stress,
ON LETTUCE shoot height, relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance
(Lactuca sativa var. (gs ), chlorophyll a (Chla) content decreased, while electrolyte
crispa) BY leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and superoxide
APPLICATION OF dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities significantly
VERMICOMPOST increased in parallel with the severity of the stress.
82. (Vujinovic et al., Biostimulant Action of . All tested DHS fractions induced the upregulation of nitrate
2020) Dissolved Humic reductase (NR), and in particular the OF2 DHS stimulated the
Substances From a expression of both tested transcripts encoding for two NR isoforms.
Conventionally and Characteristics of DHS varied during the experiment in both OF and
an Organically CF soils: a decrease of high molecular weight fractions in the OF
Managed Soil on soil, a general increase in the carboxylic groups content, as well as
Nitrate Acquisition in diverse structural modifications in OF vs. CF soils were observed.
Maize Plants These changes were accelerated in planted soils. Similarity of
chemical properties of DHS with the more easily obtainable water-
soluble humic substance extracted from peat (WEHS) and the
correspondence of their biostimulant actions confirm the validity of
studies which employ WEHS as an easily available source of DHS
to investigate biostimulant actions on agricultural crops.
Currently, little is known about husk tomato production
and possible cultivar differences in the open field in West
Siberia. In addition, there are no data about biological
production (i.e., biomass of major plant components,
including those that are non-consumable by humans) of
husk tomato.
Detailed studies are needed to elucidate its response to
varying solar radiation and atmospheric precipitation.
However, the effect of salt stress on plants varies
depending on the duration and severity of stress
(Tavakkoli et al. 2010)
 The authors suggested that quantitative
differences alone might not provide full reason
for the several benefits induced by organic
farming on soil resilience and on the
sustainability of soil biological fertility.
 Conventional farming, on the other hand, often
results in reduced biological fertility with a
decreased capacity of soils to support healthy
crop growth. Reasons for this are still poorly
understood: loss of SOM, nutrient imbalance,
and massive use of agrochemicals are proven to
contribute, but do not fully explain the observed
outcomes.
 A frequent criticism raised by studies on the
stimulatory activity of humic substances is that
 the investigations carried out so far have been
implemented with humic substances extracted
from organic-rich substrates (e.g., sphagnum
peat, vermicompost, leonardite; Aguirre et al.,
2009; Zanin et al., 2018) and none has actually
employed DHS from cultivated mineral soils.
 Poor information is also available on the
chemical properties of DOM in soils under OF vs.
CF and on the relationships between SOM and
DOM in calcareous soils.
83. (Shafeek et al., Enhancing the 1- Adding cattle manure fertilizer at high levels (20 m3 /fed.) had a Unlike the fertilizer recommendation for this vegetable
2019) productivity and significant increased growth characters, i.e. plant length, number of crop, which considers the content of exchangeable K +
quality of beetroot leaves/plant, fresh and dry weight/plant as well as root fresh and dry present in the soil, the recommendation of K top dressing
(Beta vulgaris) by weight and its components (root length and diameter). Also, gave fertilization is not based on objective criteria, probably
using organic manure the highest percentage of total sugar, vitamin C and TSS contents. because there are no research about K in top dressing in
and potassium foliar 2- By increasing concentration of potassium increased growth Brazilian conditions.
application characters, root yield parameters and increment the percentage of
total sugar, vitamin C and TSS contents of beet root tissues.
3- The highest values of the growth characters, roots parameters
and the percentage of total sugar, vitamin C and TSS contents in
beet root tissues were associated with that plants received higher
cattle manure level (20 m3 /fed.) with higher concentration of
potassium (2 cm/L).
84. (Abido & Omar, Bradyrhizobium and Physicochemical analysis revealed the high nutrients content of Attempts should be undertaken to improve the viability
2020) humic substances humic substances as well as their nano-sized diameter and potential of this technique to compensate the extra cost
fertigation improved abundance of active functional groups. Organic inputs (compost in and labor for procuring humic substances. Further field
fertility and particular) improved water retention and the lateral water movement investigations should be undertaken with several
productivity of drip- in the rhizosphere compared to the prevalence of gravity dominated leguminous field crops and symbiotic N-fixing bacterial to
irrigated sandy soil: vertical movement in the mineral fertigation treatment. Compost establish a holistic approach for widespread application.
Field observations on application recorded the highest soil organic matter content, which
peanut (Arachis decreased soil pH value. However, Bradyrhizobium and humic
hypogaea L.) substances fertigation exhibited the highest concentrations of
available nutrients (N, P and K) and nodulation parameters (nodules
number and their dry weight) compared to compost and mineral
fertilizers. Although mineral fertigation induced the highest
vegetative growth characters, Bradyrhizobium and humic
substances fertigation elicited the highest quantitative and qualitative
yield indices.
85. (Joushan et al., Investigating the The results showed that salinity stress was significant for all After drought, salinity is the second most common
2019) Effect of Foliar characteristics, so that by increasing levels of salinity all traits were environmental agent that restricts agricultural production.
Application of Glycine reduced except chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline and soluble
Betaine on Some sugars. Salinity reduced plant height (29.47%), fresh weight of shoot
Quantitative and (49.56%), dry weight of shoot (56.87%), root volume (47.89%), fresh
Qualitative weight of root (52.15%), dry weight of root (43.92%), photosynthetic
Characteristics of pigments (a) (18%) and (b) (29.41%), protein content (17.79%),
Mint (Mentha spicata proline (30.98%) and soluble sugars (3.58%). Application of
L.( under Salinity glycinebetaine reduced the negative effects of salinity stress, but it
Stress caused reduced height (9.16%) and chlorophyll b (26.31%)
compared to control. Also, interactions between salinity stress and
foliar application of glycinebetaine were significant for shoot fresh
weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weigh, root dry weight, proline,
protein.
86. (Molina et al., From Laboratory The data reveal that, despite the advantages that are associated Most of these substances are micro- or
2020) Tests to the with bioremediation, it is not the first option in the case of the nanocontaminants dispersed almost ubiquitously with
Ecoremedial System: recovery of systems contaminated with PPCPs. The results also unknown impacts. While the effects of eutrophication and
The Importance of show that fungi and bacteria are the most frequently studied heavy metal pollution have been relatively well
Microorganisms in microorganisms, with the latter being more easily implanted in characterized, the outcome of emerging contamination
the Recovery of complex biotechnological systems (78% of bacterial manuscripts vs. has been barely elucidated, and less known regarding
PPCPs-Disturbed 40% fungi). A total of 52 works has been published while using their interaction with abiotic factors as well as responses
Ecosystems microalgae and only in 7% of them, these organisms were used on a in non-target organisms (Leston et al., 2014)
large scale.
87. (Parveen et al., Management of The result clearly indicates that CFA and ST could be potentially In India, coal fly ash and sugarcane trash are produced in
2020) sugarcane trash and used as raw substrate in vermicomposting if mixed with CD in 1:1:8, large quantities and the storage or spreading of this
coal fly ash through 2:2:6 and 3:3:4 ratios, respectively. It was further found that waste on land causes contamination of the atmosphere,
vermi biotechnology vermicompost obtained by below method was rich in Sodium, soil and water.
Calcium, Magnesium content i.e. 33.5, 23.3 and 19.9 (g kg1 )
respectively, while it was also rich in some micronutrients i.e. Iron,
Zinc, Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), and content i.e. 1064, 169,
402and 165 ppm respectively.
88. (Huang & Gu, Effects of Biochar on The effects of biochar incorporation on plant growth in container Most of the plants tested in these studies were
89. 2019) Container Substrate substrates depend on biochar properties, plant type, percentage of herbaceous plants. More plant species should be tested
Properties and biochar applied and other container substrates components mixed for a broader assessment of the use of biochar. Toxic
Growth of Plants—A with biochar. A review of the literature on the impact of biochar on substances (heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic
Review container-grown plants without other factors (such as irrigation or hydrocarbons and dioxin) in biochars used in container
fertilization rates) indicated that 77.3% of the studies found that substrates has rarely been studied.
certain percentages of biochar addition in container substrates
promoted plant growth, and 50% of the studies revealed that plant
 growth decreased due to certain percentages of biochar
incorporation.
90. (Loubser, 2020) Analysis of the The results of this study provide evidence that BC204 elicits a major  Although several reports indicate that they elicit
molecular and change in a variety of metabolic processes which forms part of a an increase in overall plant growth, induce
physiological effects complex network activating a broad priming response. These resistance to both abiotic and biotic stresses,
following treatment priming responses seem to start with enhanced photosynthesis, increase crop yield and improve fruit/vegetable
with BC204 in allowing additional energy to be channelled towards complex quality, the molecular data to back up these
Arabidopsis thaliana metabolic changes through RNA regulation and signalling. Very few claims has generally been missing.
and Solanum metabolic plant processes seem to be unaffected by BC204  No molecular data is available to explain the
lycopersicum treatment specific mechanisms associated with the
increase in plant growth and tolerance to
environmental stresses.
91. (Soud M. & URBAN The obtained results indicate that using vermi-liquid as a nutrient Nowadays, the utilization, nature of materials used for
Mancy, 2015) HORTICULTURE OF solution gave the highest yield of molokhia and spinach compared to SCSs, and growing media are diverse (Gruda et al.,
MOLOKHIA AND chemical nutrient solution. On the other hand, increasing the rate of 2005). Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics
SPINACH vermicompost from 0 to 10 % led to increase the yield of molokhia of the substrates must correlate with water and fertilizer
ENVIRONMENTALL (10.0 to 14.1 and 9.4 to 16.3 Kg/season/m2 ) and spinach (6.2 to 9.2 supply, climate conditions, and plant needs.
Y VIA GREEN ROOF and 6.2 to 9.7 Kg/season/m2 ) during the both seasons respectively
SYSTEM AND while increase the rate up to 30 % led to decrease the yield and
VERMICOMPOSTIN increase N, P, K (%) contents of molokhia and spinach. The highest
G OUTPUTS N, P, K (%) contents of molokhia and spinach were recorded by
vermicompost rate 30 % combined with vermi-liquid. The revealed
results of Pb (mg/Kg) provided that increasing the rate of
vermicompost had appositive effect on decreasing Pb content of
molokhia and spinach. Also the use of vermi-liquid as a nutrient
solution had the lowest contents of Pb in both of molokhia and
spinach. The results of Cd (mg/Kg) were zeros in the different
treatments.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
10
0.