Evolution of

Smartphone
 Evolution of Smartphone
INTRODUCTION

Smartphones usually work as a go-to source for staying notified about breaking news and
community incidents, getting from place to place, conducting transactions, and cruising
life events such as finding a new job or getting information about a health condition. It is
also a medium of communication and entertainment. Smartphones are being used from the
start of a person's day to the end. They are being used as an alarm clock, calendar, meeting
organizer. Smartphones are also being used to run businesses, order foods, booking tickets,
ordering medicines, sharing media and files. These options were not always in the palm of
hands. Now, the average person rubs their phone an unreal 2,617 times per day. More
people in the world have access to a mobile phone than a toilet. In an average year, people
spend just under 800 hours on their mobile phones (that’s over a whole month!). And with
these figures rising all the time, it’s no surprise that the last ten years have been labelled
as the ‘decade of the smartphone’
 INTRODUCTION TO
SMARTPHONES

Back in the early days of mobile phones, their sole use was for calling other people whilst
on the move. Soon after, the capability to 'text' other mobile phones was included.

Martin Cooper, a senior engineer at Motorola, made history when he called a competitive
telecommunications organization and told them that he was conversing from a mobile
phone .The call was made with a prototype of their DynaTAC model – the first handheld
mobile phone on the market was released a whole ten years later. Saying that this sort of
'mobile phone' was more like a two-way radio than the phones that we are familiar with
today. First launching in 1994, IBM's Simon Personal Communicator is widely considered
as the world's first 'smartphone.' Way ahead of its time, and the IBM Simon featured a
touchscreen display and countless pre-installed apps such as an address book, calculator,
calendar, digital notepad, world clock and more. While it was only on the market for six
months, IBM still managed to sell 50,000 units of the handset
 EVOLUTION OF SMARTPHONES:

The Simon Personal Communicator, created by IBM, revealed in 1992 and launched in
1994, was the leading smartphone. At that time, after only six months of being in the
market, it sold 50,000 units. Smartphones began to familiarize through the year 2007-2010.
The LG Prada, being the first touchscreen device to hit the market. However, the 1st
generation iPhone, with its touch screen device, genuinely set the path for smartphone
trend. The notable features of smartphones in this era were NFC (Nokia 6131, 2006),
Capacitive Touchscreen (LG Prada, 2007), Mobile Apps (Apple App Store, 2008),
Wireless Charging (Palm Pre, 2009) .
In 2010, Samsung entered the smartphone market with Samsung Galaxy S, operating on
Android 2.1 and possessed an 800 x 480 Super AMOLED display. It also had a single-
core 1GHz processor and 0.5GB of RAM. The rear camera was 5-megapixels, while the
front was just 0.3-megapixels. The thing that stood out about it was the customization of
Android . Although people had seen some of TouchWiz on other devices, it felt like it just
worked flawlessly on the Galaxy S. Since then, Samsung has been dominating the
smartphone market to this date. Now every year, Samsung launches about 30 new
smartphones in the different price range. The Samsung Galaxy S and Samsung Galaxy
Note lineup are the high-end smartphones that Samsung offers right now, with a hefty price
tag. They also manufacture the Samsung Galaxy A and Samsung Galaxy M lineup,
targeting the mid and low budget range .

From 2007 to 2020, Smartphones have changed drastically. It is not just the product that
has changed; smartphones also changed the entire world economically, culturally,
socially. As a typical lifestyle was becoming integrated into smartphones, everyone
started adding tons of other features. Now smartphones have up to 6 cameras, capable
of taking DSLR level pictures, 6.5 inches screen, long battery life that lasts up to two days,
fast charging technology that can charge a phone within 1 hour, wireless charging,
wireless fast charging, extra storage that are super-fast, state of the art level processing
power, FM radio, High-Speed internet that is compatible with 5G [7], Maps, GPS tracker,
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Support. The evolution of smartphone throughout
the year is presented below .

Evolution of IBM brought out the Simon which had a

smartphone touchscreen and a very early form of what we all
throughout know today as ‘Apps’. It cost $899 and only
decades 1994 worked in 15 states in the US.
1996 The first ever phone with the ‘slider’ form factor
came in the shape of the Nokia 8110. It had the
nickname the banana phone due to its shape and
even made an appearance on the big screen in the
 Matrix. It was also the first device to feature a
monochrome LCD screen
1999 WAP launches on the Nokia 7110 making it the
first phone capable of browsing the web

albeit a trimmed down version which didn’t provide the full HTML experience
we know today.
2000 The Sharp J-SH04 becomes the first camera phone on the
market but only available in Japan. BlackBerry launch their
857 which support email and web browsing signifying the
start of BlackBerry’s reign as the business phone kings.
2001 Full-colour displays start to hit the market first with the
Mitsubishi Trium Eclipse but the Ericcson T68i.
2003 The Finnish giant’s best-selling phone of all time, the Nokia
1100, hit the shelves and has since sold over 200 million
units.
2005 Android, the mobile operating system was acquired by
Google which sent the message the Mountain View giant
was serious about mobile technology.
2006 The Nokia N95 launched providing the first real
smartphone experience. It ran on Symbian, had 160mb of
RAM, the world's first 5-megapixel phone camera,
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
2008 The first Android phone is released called the G1. It has a
limited touchscreen and a slide out keyboard.
2010 Google release the Nexus One.
 CURRENT SMARTPHONES
All smartphones have some basic structure and components. The basic components
of a smartphones are as follows:
A. Display
It is the most important component of any smartphone. Although it seems like it is
an external component but it is an internal part of the whole device. There are two
major types of display LCD and LED.
1) LCD
The LCD display has a backlight which lights up through some filters and some
polarizers. On the back side of display there are a huge of amount of color available.
The lights that we see as output are not generated by the display rather the lights
behind the display generates it. This display consumes a lot power than LED. While
generating a black color the crystal display gets manipulated so that no light can pass
through the display and shown outside. But the lights behind the display are still on
which consumes a part of battery life. The LCD display are pretty chip than LED
displays .
2) LED
These displays have small but a lot number of light emitting diodes attached with
the display. They emit red, green and blue lights. Which then combinedly forms up
the pictures shown as output of the smartphone. These displays are known as
AMOLED or Super AMOLED. It has a clear advantage in terms of battery
consumption. If a pixel is off the LED behind is turned off and black color on that
region can be seen. So it has a lot less battery consumption than LCD displays .
B. Battery
The smartphones manufacturers are using lithium-ion battery which are removeable
or non-removeable. These battery have high charge density and high production cost
C. SoC (System-on-a-chip)
This component of smartphone consists of CPU, GPU, LTE modem, display
processor, video processor and many other chips. Qualcom, MediaTek, Huawei are
some of the best SoC makers in the market.
D. Camera
All smartphones right now have multiple camera attached to its body. It has three
main part: Lens, light senor, image processing unit.
E. Storage and memory
RAM and memory is one the key component of smartphones. The smartphones are
now using LPDDR4 and LPDDRX RAM. LP stand for low power. The memory
used in smartphones are flash memory. The size varies from 32GB to 256GB [8] .
F. Modems
This part is used for communication purpose. It can receive and send calls and
messages. The most fastest LTE modem is CAT.9 .
G. Sensors
There are lot of sensors available in smartphones for giving a better user experience.
GPS sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope scope sensor. They are mostly used by
application .
H. Manufacturer of smartphone parts
Samsung is produces the best memory card in the market. Samsung Evo plus
microSD has ranked top in 2020 microSD market which cost 10.99 dollar. Apple
A14Bionic is the best SoC of 2020. The best camera maker in the industry is also
Apple .
CURRENT CELLULAR NETWORK
A. Structure of a Cellular Network:
Cellular systems offer wireless and mobile telephone stations for the same service
provided by fixed stations over conventional wired loops. The components of the
cellular system, which we shall see now, facilitate the interconnectivity of different
cells and cell networks. Figure 1 gives a brief overview of all the components in the
Cellular Network.

B. Functions of Major Cellular Network Equipment:

1. BTS (Base Transceiver Station) -
The function of BTS is it connects the cells or mobile devices to the network. For
data transmission it sends and receive the radio signals to mobile devices and
converts them to digital signals so that it passes on the network. For transmission of
data it uses several antennas for spread across the cell [9].
2. BSC (Base Station Controller) –

The function of BSC is it manages the BTSs and radio sources. Also controls and
monitors a number of BS (Base Station) and provide the interface between the cell
sites and the MSC (Mobile Switching Center) [9].

3. MSC (Mobile Switching Center)-

MSC is the coordinator of a cellular network. The function of MSC is logging calls,
controlling calls and switching calls. It routes calls between BSCs and mobility
management over the radio network and other networks. It interfaces with PSTN,
ISDN, PSPDN [9].

4. Home Location Register (HLR)-

The HLR is a database that holds information upon the subscribers. It is considered
as the most important database. The HLR stores following information [10]-
• • The subscription information.
• • The International Mobile Station Identity (IMSI)
• • One or more Mobile Station International ISDN numbers (MSISDN)
• • Some location information enabling the charging and routing calls towards
the MSC where the MS is registered.
• 5. Visitor Location Register (VLR)-

VLR is database that stores temporary data about a subscriber. It contains a copy of
most of the data that stored at the HLR. The VLR provides a temporary local
database for the subscriber. This function reduces the need for excessive and time-
consuming references to the HLR database [10].
The additional data stored in the VLR is listed below:
• • Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI).
• • Location Area Identity (LAI).
• • Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN).
• 6. Equipment Identity Register (EIR) –

The EIR is a database located near the MSC and it stores IMEI for all registered
mobile equipment which is unique to every ME [10].
EIR contains three lists:
• • White list (for valid MS equipment)
• • Black list (for stolen or denied service MS)
• • Gray List (IMEI having problems like faulty software, wrong make of
equipment etc.)
• C. Mobile Phone –

A Mobile phone consists of few components. Their functions are given below [6] :
SIM: The basic functions of a Sim card are
identification and authentication. It is an integrated circuit card that stores the
identity information of subscriber.
Radio Transceiver: Radio Transceiver is used for both transmit and receive
information through a transmission medium. It is a low power radio transmitter and
receiver.
Antenna: Antenna is located inside the phone and the function of it is to receive and
transmit signals from mobile to MSC (Mobile Switching Center). There are also
some other antennas for different purposes like Wi-Fi antenna, GPS antenna,
Bluetooth antenna and so on. Control Circuitry: It formats the data sent to and from
the BTS. Also control signal transmission and reception.
Man-machine interface: It consists of a keypad and a display and is managed by the
control circuitry.
Battery: The power unit of the phone usually Li-ion.
 CONCLUSIONS

By analyzing technical features incorporated into the smartphone models, we have

the following findings on current industrial dynamics in the smartphone industry.
First, novel categorical features are in different stages of diffusion, implying that
smartphone vendors might choose to retrofit certain features to smartphone models
in response to market demand. For example, the need for taking self-portrait photos
popularizes smartphones equipped with secondary cameras. Second, core hardware
components, such as CPU, RAM, and storage, still undergo significant improvement
to support faster processing power, as more computing resources are required for the
increasing usage of sophisticated mobile apps. Third, smartphone screens have
become more extensive with a better resolution due to the advances in display
technology. Fourth, more battery capacity may help to ensure steady battery life
given the growing power consumption. Fifth, performance benchmarks further
provide us with a holistic view of the technological evolution of smartphones.
Moreover, the benchmark allows customers to quickly grasp the smartphone
performance and compare across models without comprehending all technical
specification details.
Role of Technology
In Education
 Role of Technology in Education
INTRODUCTION

We will first compare two technological advancement, which is vital for

implementing information technology.
Way back in 1995 the computers looked very old fashioned. These big giant were
merely used for doing processing work and nothing more. But in the present scenario
the computers are equipped with latest technology with very high processing speed.
There has been a massive improvement in terms of technology if you examine and
compare the computers of 1995 with the present computers.

The same holds good for the mobile phone. Way back in 1995 mobiles were
expensive, bulky, high running cost, and with very few features. Now if you see the
present day mobile they are as good as small computers. Again a dramatic and drastic
change of technology but for the betterment. Well so far so good.
Now let us see how schools use to operate during the 90’s. Teachers use to explain
a topic via black boards. Students on the other hand could hardly find any extra
reference or material on that very topic easily. Teachers and text books were
considered to be the source of knowledge. Even the teachers used to stick to the
contents of text books which was infrequently updated and contains many errors.
Many other problems also need to be addressed. We will discuss them in the coming
slides. Now if we see the present scenario of school then we are sorry to say that not
much has changed since the 90ies. We still are using black board; we are still using
the contents of text books which are too old to needs updation. Teachers are referring
to the same text books are the only source of information and knowledge available
to most of the students as well as teachers. So we see that almost nothing has changed
ever since.
So when a computer technology can change and when a mobile technology can
change why can not the educational technology?

From the convincing point of view let us share some benefits of using information
technology in education:
a) It induces scientific, economic, technological, information and multicultural
literacy and global awareness.
b) It promotes inventive thinking.
c) It develops effective communication which leads to teaming, collaboration and
interpersonal skills. Moreover, it induces personal, social and civic responsibility.
It leads to high productivity which given the ability to plan and manage results. It
also gives you a sense of using real-world tools with effective, relevant, and high
quality results.
Now suppose a decision is taken to use technology in the field of education shifting
the focus from traditional teaching to educational technology then a question still
needs to be answered? How and where do we fit in? For this to answer, we need to
explore the various ways of clubbing and implementing information technology in
education.

Aim
a. To examine the education scenario in the present context.
b. To explore various possibilities of implementing technology in education for the
betterment of the students, teachers and in turn the society.
 THE TWO COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
The teacher and student plays an important role in education where teacher acts as a
facility center of information and knowledge and student acts as a learner of
information and knowledge. The teacher after gathering information from specified
sources like text books, personal notes, library etc communicates it to the students.
That means communication plays a vital role in the delivery of information and
knowledge from teacher to student. Now, if the teacher’s as well as student’s scope
of gathering information and knowledge is limited how can you expect magic and
wonders from teachers as well as students?
So far we have explored those aspects of the problems faced equally by the teacher
and student. Now let us explore those aspects of problems which the teacher,
students and administration face as an individual.
A. The student’s perspective (with technology less education)
The students are facing the following problems in a technology less educational
environment:-
a) They are missing information.
b) They do not know exactly what to learn.
c) They go to classes that were cancelled without any notification.

All of this decreases the motivation level of the students.

B. The teacher’s perspective (with technologyless education)
The teachers are facing the following problems in a technology less educational
environment:-
a) They do not know what students are doing.
b) They have difficult with spreading information.
c) They are hard to reach for students.
d) A majority of teachers themselves are either not updated or under-qualified and
due to lack of information & knowledge they do not benefit from new advances
and continue to teach outdated material.
e) They have often complains of high work load.

C. The administrative perspective (with technology less education)

The school administration is facing the following problems in a technology less
educational environment:
a) Significant absenteeism of teachers in schools.
b) There do not appear to be mechanisms in place to ensure that the curriculum keeps
pace with developments in the fields being taught.
c) There do not appear to be any established principle on the timely revision of
textbooks.

These above problems were identified when they have no idea of technology and its
use in the field of education.
III. BENEFITS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
Now, in order to convenience the teacher, student and management to use
information technology in education we need to share the following benefits:
a. It induces scientific, economic, technological, information and multicultural
literacy and global awareness.
b. It promotes inventive thinking which induces the following:
a) Adaptability & managing complexity.

b) Curiosity, creativity and risk taking.

c) High-order thinking and sound reasoning.
a) It develops effective communication which leads to teaming, collaboration and
interpersonal skills. Moreover, it induces personal, social and civic
responsibility.
b) It leads to high productivity which given the ability to plan and manage results.
It also gives you a sense of using real-world tools with effective, relevant, and
high quality results.
 EDUCATION WITHOUT TECHNOLOGY VERSUS
EDUCATION WITH TECHNOLOGY
To measure the benefits of using information technology we are dividing education
into two categories:-
If we impart education without technology then these are the outcomes:-
a. It is Passive.
b. It is formal.
c. It is instructor driven.
d. It is time dependent.
e. Content defined by others.
f. Grade is given only after final evaluation.
g. Not all the students fully participate.

Now, if we impart education with technology then these are the outcomes:-
a. It is Active.
b. It is informal.
c. It is student driven.
d. It is not time dependent.
e. Content defined by students.
f. Individual contribution is measured.
g. Progress is accessed throughout.
h. All students fully participate.
 ACCEPTING THE TRUTH (EDUCATION

THROUGH TECHNOLOGY

Now suppose a decision is taken to use technology in the field of education shifting
the focus from traditional teaching to educational technology then a question still
needs to be answered? How and where do we fit in? For this to answer, we need to
explore the various ways of clubbing and implementing information technology in
education.
f) Ways of implementing information technology in education

We can find the following ways of implementing Information Technology in

education:
a. Becoming a volunteer in promoting Information Technology in the field of
Education by using blogs, forums, etc.
b. Adapting to e-learning techniques.

Becoming a volunteer in promoting information technology in education

Now looking at this slide we can see how a volunteer can help himself and the
society in promoting information technology in education. Presently, we see the old
face of the volunteer i.e., as a consumer mugging up outdated text books. And the
new face looks very promising in which the volunteer plays the role of a
a. Creator
b. Contributor
c. Communicator
d. collaborator
 e. coordinator

Changing Teacher, Student and Administrative Perspective (with technology in

education)
When students have access to up-to-the-minute, current information, and when that
information is shared with their peers and faculty, the learning experience changes
dramatically. Teachers, who used to be the subject matter experts and the deliverers
of all content, will transfer more of the learning process and responsibility to
students. Students then become responsible for understanding where to access
information and how to collaborate in a Web-based environment. Students must ask
themselves: How do I learn? How can I use information and technology to gain
information? Such an experience prepares an individual to be a life-long learner,
which is critical for success in the workforce of tomorrow. So the whole learning
paradigm changes. On top of that, technology enables students to express themselves
differently than they ever have before. Students are no longer limited to using a piece
of paper and a pencil or pen, but instead have a unique online environment in which
they can express what information they have been able to gather, internalize that
data, and then integrate it into their assignments.
b) Information Technology Tools
A volunteer can find the following tools useful in promoting information technology
in the field of education:
Blogs, Forums, Communities, Webcast, PodCast, User Groups, Picassa (Google)
and Flickr (Yahoo), W3Schools.com, Webopidia, Wikis, Webconferencing,
VideoConferencing, Chat, E-mail, Instant Messaging, Bulletin Board, VOIP, Data
Conferencing, Shout Box, Image Board, YouTube, SlideShare
A. Adapting to e-Learning Techniques
We have seen the volunteer part of implementing information technology in the field
of education. Now see the administrative part of implementing information
technology in the field of education i.e., adapting to e-learning techniques.
A new model should be developed or an existing model could be used which
contains the following features:
a) A model for designing relevant curriculum
a. A system that encourages the mass participation of experts, teachers, and
students in shaping and updating curriculum in a timely manner.

b) A model for authoring training material and teaching aids

A system that :
a. allows teachers and students to comment and discuss sections of text books.
b. Link supplementary material for further study.
c. share lectures, assignments, exercises, tests and so on.
d. allows development of training material for helping teachers and
administrators update and enhance their skills.
 c) A model for providing access to teaching aids
a. A system where every teacher is able to access and use teaching aids developed
anywhere, and by anyone.
A system that can provide flexible ways of teaching students, in the face of
socio-economic pressures that make it difficult or students to attend regular
classes, and systemic pressure that have resulted in a shortage of qualified
teachers.