See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/234572983

An Interactive Program for Doing Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh

Microcomputer

Article  in  Journal of Geological Education · May 1989

DOI: 10.5408/0022-1368-37.3.171

CITATIONS READS
8 115

1 author:

Declan G. De Paor
Old Dominion University
112 PUBLICATIONS   2,034 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Independent project View project

GEOPATH Research Project on Accessible Field Learning Experiences in the Geosciences View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Declan G. De Paor on 23 December 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

An Interactive Program for Doing
Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer
Declan G. De Paor
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
ABSTRACT
This paper describes a Macintosh application for per-
forming Fry's (1979) technique of strain analysis either as a
research tool or teaching exercise. To acquire data for the
program, an oriented section is cut through a rock
specimen and the centers of deformed objects are located.
The x,y coordinates of these centers are fed into a Macin-
tosh™ microcomputer using either a mouse, keyboard,
digitizing tablet, or pre-existing data file. All center-to-center
distances are calculated and plotted by the computer in a
matter of seconds, and the user is then given the oppor-
tunity to fit a strain ellipse to the characteristic central hole
in the Fry plot. The goodness-of-fit of the ellipse is checked
by a novel technique. The center-to-center vectors are re-
stored to their pre-strain condition, and their distribution is
evaluated for compatibility with the assumptions of the Fry
method.
The program is compiled from source code using the
Microsoft™ BASIC compiler and conforms to the standard
Macintosh user interface. A diskette containing compiled
code, a user manual, and a data set from the archives of E.
Cloos is available on request.
Key words: Computer assisted instruction; structural geol-
ogy, problems - geomathematical.
Introduction
One of the most successful and widely applied methods of
geological strain analysis is the center-to-center technique of
Fry (1979). Commonly, objects (pebbles, ooids, porphyro-
blasts, and so forth) in a rock have definable centers, and there
are zones around each center that exclude other objects by
physical or chemical processes. These exclusion zones may
be visible, as in the case of an object's physical periphery, or in-
visible, as in the case of a chemically depleted region around a
metamorphic nucleation site. In either case, if exclusion zones
are roughly equal in size and if they touch but do not overlap,
the distribution of object centers will be anti-clustered, or
"spaced out." If the shapes of exclusion zones are equant (or
elongate but randomly oriented), the distribution of centers will
also be equant or "isotropic." After deformation, their spatial
statisitics record the amount of strain endured by the rock. This
record is revealed by plotting center-to-center distances as a
function of direction. If each center-to-center vector is recorded
by a dot marking its tip after translation of its tail to an arbitrary
origin, a vacant area or hole is observed about the origin. The
hole reflects the cumulative effects of all deformed exclusion
zones. If the assumptions of initial anti-clustering and isotropy
hold, the shape of this hole yields the finite strain ellipse.
The advantages of the Fry technique are its ease of applica-
tion and its suitablility for a wide variety of objects and deforma-
tion conditions (see Hanna and Fry, 1979; Ramsay and Huber,
1983). Unlike the Rf/<J> technique, it can handle such phenom-
ena as non-elliptical object shapes and deformation by pres-
sure solution (Ramsay, 1967; Onasch, 1986; Bhattacharyya
and Longiaru, 1986). However, the assumption of no primary
Journal of Geological Edi :ation, 1989, v. 37, p. 171
sedimentary fabric is a constraint (see discussion in De Paor
1988). Recently, Erslev (1988) has described a modified
method of Fry analysis which has remarkably improved resolu-
tion and definition. However, readers should note that Erslev's
technique requires more data (and more work) than mere mea-
surement of center-to-center distances. The shapes of all ex-
clusion zones surrounding centers must be defined in order to
calculate normalized center-to-center distances.
Since the Fry technique is easily applied without mathemati-
cal intricacies or computing aids, it may seem strange that one
should feel the need to automate the procedure beyond the
low-resolution level presented in Fry (1979). My main motiva-
tion in doing so was to add flexibility in the interpretation of
results. The computer program presented here speeds up the
procedure of calculating and plotting center-to-center distan-
ces (see Simpson, 1988), but much more importantly, it allows
the user to try various best-fit strain ellipses by means of inter-
active graphics and provides an objective goodness-of-fit test
for the chosen strain ellipse.
Because of the graphical and interactive nature of the task,
the program is designed as a Macintosh™ application. The
standard Macintosh user interface is adhered to, so a variety of
options are constantly available from the menubar. The pro-
gram never "hangs," even in the hands of a novice. This makes
it suitable for undergraduate laboratory use.
Data Input
Data are collected from a plane face or saw-cut of an ori-
ented specimen. If object centers are immediately obvious,
they can be photographed and their cartesian coordinates can
easily be determined manually or with a digitizer. Alternatively,
the centers can be traced or xeroxed onto transparent paper. If
object centers are not visible but peripheral outlines are, then
centroids must be guessed or calculated (see, for example,
Zarkos and Rogers, 1987). For the purpose of this paper, an
oolitic limestone from the Ashton area, central Appalachians,
was chosen from the archives of E. Cloos (Figure 1: see Cloos
1947, 1971). In it, object centers are clearly defined by con-
centric growth rings.
Center coordinates can be entered into the computer in a
variety of ways. Using either a word processor such as Mac-
Write™, or a digitizing tablet such as MacTablet™, they can be
stored in simple x,y format in an ASCII text file which is later
opened when the Fry analysis program is run. Alternatively, the
'new file' option can be chosen and a file name specified for
storing the data. (A 'save' option is not required, since new files
are automatically saved.) Center coordinates are fed into this
new file using the mouse, which controls a high-resolution cur-
sor (crosshairs) whose screen coordinates are continuously
monitored and echoed. Thus mouse and monitor serve as an
integrated digitizing tablet (Figure 2). One way to enter the data
is to measure center coordinates on graph paper, move the
mouse until the appropriate coordinates are echoed on the
screen, and then click the mouse button. Alternatively, for
casual demonstration purposes, a teacher may tape an acetate
xerox of the data against the computer monitor and view the
cursor through it, clicking the mouse under each visible object
 Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer

Figure 1 Oolitic limestone from Ashton, central Appalachians. Height of photo = 5 cm. Concentric structure clearly
identifies the center of each object. Only part of the field analyzed in this paper is shown. From the Archives of the late
Prof. E. Cloos, Johns Hopkins University.
center. At any stage, mistakes in inputting data can be cor-
rected (both on the screen and in the data file) by using an
UNDO command.
To speed program execution, center-to-center distances
are calculated and stored during the natural pauses that occur £ Fi l e Pr o ced u r e Op t i o n s I AiiX
while the user locates subsequent centers. The number of
centers and of center-to-center calculations are echoed on the
screen. The program is dimensioned for 100 centers, which
ID
generates 9,900 center-to-center calculations. Readers may
wish to increase this number if they have enough memory avail-
able, but they will probably find that the Fry plot doesn't be-
come clearer, only darker! To end data input, the user simply
selects another menu option. At any stage, the current data set e>
can be abandoned, the pensize changed, axes displayed or
hidden, and so on, by toggling the appropriate menu item.
After plotting center-coordinate data, PANFRY (Eoint
AMticlustering) is selected from the menu. This results in the
display of the familiar plot of all center spacings as a function of
direction (Figure 3). By toggling the PANFRY option, the plot of
center coordinates (Figure 2) is returned so that the user can
study the sources of spatial anticlustering or identify maverick
points, for example. Another menu option, termed STIRFRY
(STandardized Initial Radii) is included for future implementa-
tion of Erslev's (1988) method of center-to-center analysis.
The FRENCHFRY menu option (fitting Radial Extensions
Mear Central Hole) generates a centrosymmetric line which
tracks the cursor and is refreshed whenever the latter is moved
(the 'stick/ line familiar to MacPaint™ users). By clicking the
mouse button, the user positions the line, first along the desired
maximum and then the minimum extension direction in the
central hole, after which the computer calculates and displays

Figure 2 (right). Appearance of computer screen during

plotting of center coordinates. Clicking the mouse marks a
point at the cross-hair location and places its coordinates
in a data file (cursor changes to wristwatch while writing to
file). Cursor location is echoed in parentheses at bottom.
Number of points digitized and calculations required are
shown. Menubar at top is always active. Options include 93 pts., 8556 calcs. (-45,+43)
UNDO under the EDIT menu, for correcting input mistakes.
Journal of Geological Education, 1989, v. 37, p. 172
 Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer

Op t i o n s im

Figure 3. Center-to-center (PANFRY) plot for the Ashton data. Note the characteristic central hole. The strain ratio and
axial orientation are echoed at top left.

the consequent strain ellipse (Figure 3: the computer pays at-
tention to the minimum axial magnitude only, since axial direc-
tions are constrained to be mutually perpendicular). Axial
lengths, orientations, and ratios are echoed on the screen
(Figure 3, top left). A menu option permits the selected ellipse's
axes to be shown or hidden. If the first choice of ellipse is not
acceptable to the user's eye, the FRENCHFRY option can be
reselected and the maximum and minimum extensions ad-
justed as often as necessary.
To test the fit of a strain ellipse to the data set, the
GOODNESS-OF-FIT menu option is selected. In response, the
computer calculates the reciprocal strain ratio, retrodeforms all
center spacings, and then plots a histogram of initial center-to-
center distances (Figure 4). In evaluating this histogram, the
longest center-to-center distances on the right hand side
should be ignored, for they reflect the rectangle obtained by
retrodeforming the photograph in Figure 1. Such bad
Journal of Geological Education, 1989, v. 37, p. 173
boundary conditions are unavoidable in Fry analysis; the only
good boundary to the field of inspection is a scaled-up strain
ellipse, which is unknown. However, initial distribution anti-
clustering is marked by a sudden jump in the histogram reflect-
ing the most closely spaced points. Maverick points that lie
inside the strain ellipse plot in isolation in the gap on the left of
the bulk of the histogram data. The goodness-of-fit is improved
by minimizing the number of mavericks and maximizing the fre-
quency jump for the smallest center-to-center spacings (com-
pare Figures 4 and 5). Toggling the GOODNESS-OF-FIT menu
option removes the frequency histogram from the screen, leav-
ing the user free to try for a better fit.
Once a satisfactory strain ellipse has been fitted to the data
(or indeed at any previous stage), results can be output to a
printer or saved as a MacPaint™ file using the PRINT menu op-
tion. The user can modify the appearance of the plot, add
labels, figure captions, etc., using MacPaint™ software.
 Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer

£ Hi e PnyvAKhne Opt ions Uiil

Figure 4. Evaluating the strain ellipse using a histogram of restored center-to-center distances. A good choice of ellipse
leads to a sharp peak on the left. See text for explanation.

Discussion The Macintosh computer is ideally suited to interactive

The Fry technique is easily applied to a wide variety of data
sets, but it is not always a simple matter to interpret the results.
Central holes are often vaguely defined owing to cut effects
(Longiaru and Bhattacharyya, 1985; Crespi, 1986). They may
be far from elliptical and may contain maverick points. Center
spacings greater than the minima may reflect superposed
fabrics, as in the cases discussed by Lacassin and van den
Driessche (1983). Field-of-view boundary effects have to be
avoided, a point emphasized by Fry (1979, p.100). Conse-
quently, any totally automated best-fit procedure is likely to
yield spurious results. The solution presented here is to rely on
the geologist's eye to fit an ellipse to the central hole and then
use the computer to evaluate the fit objectively by means of a
histogram of retrodeformed center spacings. A best-fit solution
is approached iteratively. Although the data in Figure 1 appear
to be of high quality, the strain field is not in fact homogeneous.
When 100 points were selected from another part of this
photograph, the resultant best-fit ellipse was almost circular.
Practicing the fitting routine presented here leads to a better ap-
preciation of the reliability of one's strain data.
Journal of Geological Education, 1989, v. 37, p. 174
graphics input and output operations. Programming the Macin-
tosh is radically different from programming other computers;
consequently, much of the code listed below may appear un-
familiar even to experienced programmers. Figure 6 illustrates
how to incorporate the Macintosh user interface into a BASIC
program. The current application has been tested by my most
notorious student hackers and will not hang or crash under nor-
mal use (provided that the necessary Microsoft files 'ToolLib'
and 'bas.rl' are on disk and that adequate memory is available).
It is possible to generate some undesirable effects, for exam-
ple, by changing pensize in between the PLOTting and
UNDOing of a point. Trapping all such events would have
restricted user creativity and added unwarranted length to the
code. The core of the program can be translated for other
hardware, but the availability of an interactive cursor (such as
the Tektronix™ GIN option) is essential. IBM PC users should
note that an alternative program is available commercially from
Rockware Inc. at a cost of $150.
A diskette containing source code, compiled code, all
necessary library files, Cloos's Ashton data, and user manual
 Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer
Figure 5. Repetition of the FRENCHFRY ellipse-fitting routine using a purposefully poor choice. Note flatness of his-
togram and absence of peak to the left.
text is available on request to those who send the author a
blank diskette or $5 and a stamped addressed parcel. In order
to avoid viruses, I will accept unused diskettes only.
Acknowledgements
Version 1.0 of this program comprised part of a short
course on Strain and Kinematic Analysis, presented by C.
Simpson and D. De Paor in Tempe, Arizona, in October 1987.
References Cited
Bhattacharyya, T., and Longiaru, S., 1986, Ability of the Fry
method to characterize pressure-solution deformation -
Discussion: Tectonophysics, v. 131, p. 199-200.
Cloos, E., 1947, Oolite deformation in the South Mountain
Fold, Maryland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.
58, p. 843-918.
Cloos, E., 1971, Microtectonics along the Western Edge of the
Blue Ridge, Maryland and Virginia: Baltimore, Johns Hop-
kins University Press, 234 p.
Crespi, J.M., 1986, Some guidelines for practical application of
Fry's method of strain analysis: Journal of Structural Geol-
ogy, v. 8, 799-808.
Journal of Geological Education, 1989, v. 37, p. 175
De Paor, D.G., 1988, Rf/cf* strain analysis using an orientation
net: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 10, p. 323-333.
Erslev, E.A., 1988, Normalized center-to-center strain analysis
of packed aggregates: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 10,
p. 201-210.
Fry, N., 1979, Random point distributions and strain measure-
ment in rocks: Tectonophysics, v. 60, p. 806-807.
Hanna, S.S., and Fry, N., 1979, A comparison of methods of
strain determination in rocks from southwest Dyfed
(Pembrokshire) and adjacent areas: Journal of Structural
Geology, v. 1, p. 155-162.
Lacassin, R., and van den Driessche, J., 1983, Finite strain
determination of gneiss: application of Fry's method to por-
phyroid in the southern Massif Central (France): Journal of
Structural Geology, v. 5, p. 245-254.
Longiaru, S., and Bhattacharyya, T., 1985, Computer based ex-
perimental studies of the Fry method of strain analysis on 2-
and 3-dimensional grain populations: Geological Society of
America Abstracts with Programs, v. 17, p. 646.
Ramsay, J.G., 1967, Folding and Fracturing of Rocks: New
York, McGraw-Hill, 568 p.
 Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer
Appe ndix

'Program Fry Analysis, Version 2.0

'Compile with the Microsoft™ BASIC compiler
'Microsoft™ ToolLib and bas.rl files must be in folder
'Alerts file is optional. May be removed by experienced users.

CLEAR:'clear memory
ON ERROR GOTO errorhandler:'trap errors
ChangeCursor 4:'wristwatch
LIBRARY "ToolLib":'open subroutine library
OpenResFile "Alerts",ref%: 'open MS BASIC™ resource file
WINDOW CLOSE 1:'disable default window & menubar
FOR i = 1 TO 5: MENU 1,0,0,"": NEXT i

DIM x(100),y(100),dx(10000),dy(10000): 'adjust to fit RAM

DIM dxinv(10000),dyinv(10000),Sinv%(10000)
DIM D(2,2), Dinv(2,2), image%(20000),freq(10000)

'initialize variables'
ref% = 0: but% = 0
pi = 4*ATN(1): size$ = "1"
axisflag = 1 :oldpen% = 1 :penmag% = 1
title$ =" Untitled ":datafile$ = "Untitled"
xscreen% = 640:yscreen% = 470
xcenter% = .5*xscreen%-7
ycenter% = .5*yscreen%-20
echox% = xcenter% + 20
echoy% = 2*ycenter%-10
CALL PENMODE (10):'pen XOR's with screen

WINDOW 2,"",(30,70)-(480,295),2: 'credits window

TEXTSIZE (24): TEXTFACE (8)
PRINT: PRINT: PRINT " FRY ANALYSIS"
TEXTSIZE (12):TEXTFACE (1)
PRINT: PRINT" Version 2.0. Copyright 1988. Declan De Paor,"
PRINT" The Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved."
TEXTFACE (0)
TEXTSIZE (10): PRINT "Click & drag the mouse to select menu";

now = TIMER: 'pause

WHILE TIMER-now<2
WEND
FOR color% = 1 TO 5000 STEP 16
radius = radius -l-1/50
CIRCLE (500*RND,300*RND),radius*RND,color%
NEXT color%
WINDOW CLOSE 2: 'end credits
CALL INITCURSOR:'pointer

'set-up menu
MENU 1,0,0,"File"
MENU 1,1,1,"New"
cmdKey 1,1,"N"
MENU 1,2,1,"Open"
CmdKey 1,2/0"
MENU 1,3,1/Print"
CmdKey 1,3/P"
( Quit ) MENU 1,4,1,"Quit"
CmdKey 1,4/Q"
Figure 6. Outline of event-trapping progra m structure.
MENU 2,0,0,"Procedure"
MENU 2,1,1/Plot centers"
Ramsay, J.G., and Huber, M.I., 1983, The Techniques of MENU 2,2,1,"STIR FRY"
MENU 2,3,1/FRENCH FRY"
Modern Structural Geology, Volume 1: Strain Analysis, Lon-
don, Academic Press, 30 p. MENU 3,0,0,"Options"
Simpson, C., 1988, Analysis of two-dimensional finite strain, in MENU 3,1,1,"Show axes"
S. Marshak and G. Mitra, editors, Basic Methods of Struc- MENU 3,2,1/Pensize"
tural Geology, Part II, Special Topics: Garden City, New Jer- MENU 3,3,1/PANFRY"
sey, Prentice Hall, p. 333-359. MENU 3,4,0, "Show ellipse axes"
MENU 3,5,0,"Goodness of fit"
Zarkos, R.W., and Rogers, G.F., 1987, A complete algorithm for
computing area and center of gravity for polygons: Com- MENU 4,0,1, "Mac I.D."
puters and Geoscience, v. 13, p. 561. MENU 4,1,1, "Mac, Mac + , SE"
MENU 4,2,1, "Macintosh II"

Journal of Geological Education, 1989, v. 37, p. 176

 Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer
MENU 5,0,0,"Edit" MENU 5,0,0
MENU 5,1,0,"Undo" RETURN: 'to File
CmdKey 5,1,"Z'
reinit:
'trap events FOR i = 1 TO numpoints
ON MENU GOSUB menucheck: MENU ON x(i) = 0
idle: y(i) = 0
next i
GOTO idle FOR i = 1 TO k
dx(i) = 0
menucheck: dy(i) = 0
MENU: 'reset selected item NEXT i
MENU ON i=0
ON MENU(O) GOSUB menu1,menu2,menu3,menu4,menu5 k=0
IF undo$ = "chosen" THEN undo$ = "": GOTO returnfromundo flag = 0
RETURN: 'to point of menu call goodflag = 0
menu1:'file RETURN: 'to New or Open
MENU 5,0,0: 'disable Undo
ON MENU(1) GOSUB menul 1 ,menu12,menu13,menu14 missingfile:
MENU 2,1,1 CLOSE
RETURN: 'to menucheck OPEN title$ FOR OUTPUT AS #1
CLOSE #1

RESUME: 'resume Open

menul 1: 'New
GOSUB reinit: 'reinitialize some variables
WINDOW CLOSE 1 editor:
WINDOW 2,"", (50,30)-(300,100),-2 PRINT message$: 'user inputs new or existing datafile name
message$ = "Enter new file name:" EDIT FIELD 1, title$,(5,30)-(250,45)
GOSUB editor BUTTON 1,1,"O.K.", (200,49)-(250,67)
WINDOW CLOSE 2 hanginthere:
WINDOW 1,title$, (0,40)-(xscreen%,yscreen%) userresponse = DIALOG (0)
IF userresponse = 0 OR userresponse = 5 THEN hanginthere
'hide reference axes and ellipse axes in case they're showing 'event other than waiting or typing detected'
IF axes$ = "Hide axes" THEN axes$ = "Show axes":GOSUB title$ = EDIT$(1)
MENU31 RETURN
IF eaxes$ = string2$ THEN eaxes$ = string 1 $: GOSUB menu34
CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%) 'return to New or Open routine
MENU 2,0,1: 'enable menu selection
MENU 3,0,1 menu13:= 'Print
alerterS "Type command-shift-4 (or 3) for screen dump to
IF eaxes$ = string1$THEN MENU 3,4,0 Imagewriter (or MacPaint file)"
MENU 5,0,0 GET (92,0)-(409,158),image%
RETURN: 'to File Alert ref%,2,300,but%,alerterS
'wait for response
menu 12: 'Open WHILE but% = 0
GOSUB reinit WEND
WINDOW CLOSE 1 PUT (92,0),image%,OR
CLOSE RETURN: 'to File
WINDOW 2, "Open existing file",(50,30)-(300,100),-2
message$ = "Enter file name:" menu14:'quit
GOSUB editor FOR i = 1 TO 4
WINDOW CLOSE 2 WINDOW CLOSE i
WINDOW 1,title$, (0,40)-(xscreen%,yscreen%) NEXT i
ChangeCursor 4: 'mimic original input sequence' CloseResFile ref%
ON ERROR GOTO missingfile CLOSE
OPEN title$ FOR INPUT AS #1 END: 'point of no return!
ON ERROR GOTO errorhandler
WHILE NOT EOF(1) AND i < 101 menu2:'Procedure
'get points and plot on screen MENU 5,0,0: 'disable Undo
i=i+ 1 ON MENU(1) GOSUB menu21,menu22,menu23
numpoints = i RETURN: 'to menucheck
INPUT #1,x(i),y(i)
CALL MOVETO (x(i),y(i)) menu21:'Plot centers
CALL LINE (0,0) 'avoid superimposing plots until File is selected again
'calculate center-to-center distances MENU 2,1,0
FORj= 1 T O M 'prompt user on how to input data
dx(k) = x(i)-x(j) alerterS = "Enter data by clicking mouse"
dy(k) = -y(i)+yO) GET (92,0)-(409,158),image%
dx(k + 1) = -dx(k) Alert ref%,2,300,but%,alerterS
dy(k + 1) = -dy(k) 'wait for response
k= k+2 WHILE but% = 0
NEXT j WEND
WEND
CLOSE PUT (92,0),image%,OR: 'refresh screen
CALL INITCURSOR MENU 3,1,1: 'activate relevant menu items
CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%) MENU 3,3,1
MENU 2,0,1:'enable menu selection CLOSE: 'incase file was left open
MENU 3,0,1 OPEN titleS FOR OUTPUT AS #1
MENU 3,4,0 i= 0

Journal of Geological Education, 1989, v. 37, p. 177

 Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer
WHILE i < 101: 'limit input to range of arrays PRINT "Click on long axis ";
returnfromundo: WHILE MOUSE(O) < 0
'prevent Undoing beyond starting point 'while mouse is down, draw flashing long axis
MENU 5,0,1 dx1 =MOUSE(1)-xcenter%: dy1 = MOUSE(2)-ycenter%
IF i < 1 THEN MENU 5,1,0 ELSE MENU 5,1,1 CALL MOVETO (xcenter% + dx1 ,ycenter% + dy 1)
TEXTSIZE (9) CALL LINETO (xcenter%-dx1,ycenter%-dy1)
CALL MOVETO (10,echoy%) 'repetition causes flashing when penmode is XOR
PRINT "No. points = ";i;"; No. calculations = ";k; CALL LINETO (xcenter%+dx1,ycenter% + dy1)
ChangeCursor 3: 'cursor = crosshairs' WEND
'when mouse is released, draw long axis
'Wait for mouse event: echo mouse location dx1 = MOUSE(5)-xcenter%
WHILE MOUSE(0) = 0 dy1 = MOUSE (6)-ycenter%
x= MOUSE(1 )-xcenter% CALL MOVETO (xcenter% + dx1 ,ycenter%+dy 1)
y = -MOUSE(2) +ycenter% CALL LINETO (xcenter%-dx1,ycenter%-dy1)
CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%) S1= SQR(dx1*dx1 +dy1*dy1)
PRINT"("; I F d x I o O THEN phi = -ATN (dy1/dx1) ELSE phi =-pi/2
PRINT USING " + # # # . # "; x; 'dx1,dy1,S1,phi are coords, semilength, & orientation of long axis
PRINT","; LOCATE 1,1
PRINT USING " + # # # . # "; y;
PRINT")"; 'same for short axis
WEND: 'MouseUp: plot datum location and record PRINT "Now click on short axis ";
i=i+ 1 WHILE MOUSEJO) < 0
numpoints = i dx2 = MOUSE(1 )-xcenter%
x(i) = MOUSE(5) dy2 = MOUSE(2)-ycenter%
y(i) = MOUSE(6) CALL MOVETO (xcenter% + dx2,ycenter% + dy2)
WRITE #1,x(i);y(i) CALL LINETO (xcenter%-dx2,ycenter%-dy2)
CALL MOVETO (x(i),y(i)) CALL LINETO (xcenter% + dx2,ycenter% + dy2)
CALL LINE (0,0) WEND
dx2 = MOUSE(5)-xcenter%
'calculate center-to-center distances dy2= MOUSE(6)-ycenter%
FORj= 1 TOi-1 S2 = SQR(dx2*dx2 + dy2*dy2)
dx(k) = x(i)-xG) CALL MOVETO (xcenter% + dx1 ,ycenter% + dy1)
dy(k) = -y(i)+y(j) CALL LINETO (xcenter%-dx1,ycenter%-dy1)
dx(k + 1) = -dx(k)
dy(k + 1) = -dy(k) truncate S1 etc. to S11 for display
k= k+2 S11 = INT(S1*10)/10
NEXT j S22= INT(S2*10)/10
'usually, this while-wend loop is interrupted by menu event Rs = INT(S11 *10/S22)/10
WEND: 'fall through wend implies number of points 100 Phii = INT (phi*180/pi)
CLOSE #1 LOCATE 1,1
CALL INITCURSOR PRINT "S1 =";S11;", S2 = ";S22;", Rs = ";Rs;", Phi = ";phii;"
MENU 5,0,0: 'disable Undo
RETURN GOSUB ellipse
'return to Procedure 'fix menu item'
eaxes$ = "Show ellipse axes"
menu22:'STIRFRY- Standardized Initial Radii MENU 3,4,1,eaxes$
GET (92,0)-(409,158),image% CALL INITCURSOR
alerter$ = " The STIR FRY option is for implementation of Erslev's" RETURN: 'to Procedure
alerter$ = alerter$-f "technique which is not currently available."
Alert ref%,3,300,but%,alerterS ellipse:
'draw user-determined best-fit ellipse
'wait for response 'D = deformation (gradients) tensor
WHILE but% = 0 D(1,1) = Sl*COS(phi)*COS(phi) + S2*SIN(phi)*SIN(phi)
WEND D(2,2) = S1 *SIN(phi)*SIN(phi) + S2*COS(phi)*COS(phi)
D(1,2)= (S2-S1)*SIN(phi)*COS(phi): D(2,1) = D(1,2)
'refresh screen 'move to perimeter of ellipse
PUT (92fO),image%,OR CALL MOVETO (D(1,1) +xcenter%,D(2,1) +ycenter%)
MENU 2,2,0 'draw ellipse
RETURN: 'to Procedure FOR i = 0 TO 360 STEP 5
alpha = i*pi/180
x = D(1,1 )*COS(alpha) + D(1,2)*SIN(alpha) + xcenter%
'Fitting Radial Extensions Near Central Hole
y= D(2,1)*COS(alpha) + D(2,2)*SIN(alpha) +ycenter%
menu23: 'FRENCHFRY
CALL LINETO (x,y)
ChangeCursor 2: 'cursor = thin crosshairs
CALL LINE(0,0): 'prevents white spots in XOR penmode'
IFeaxes$< >"Hide ellipse axes" THEN skipl
NEXT i
CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%)
'wipe previous ellipse axes using correct size pen flag = 1: 'flag indicates that ellipse will need to be wiped
CALL PENSIZE(oldpen%,oldpen%) MENU 3,5,1
GOSUB menu34 RETURN: 'to FRENCHFRY routine
CALL PENSIZE (penmag%,penmag%)
skipl:
menu3: 'Options
IF flag 1 THEN skip2
MENU 5,0,0:'disable Undo
ON MENU(1) GOSUB menu31,menu32,menu33,Menu34,menu35
'wipe previous ellipse RETURN: 'to menucheck
CALL PENSIZE(oldpen%,oldpen%)
GOSUB ellipse menu31:'show/hide reference axes
CALL PENSIZE (penmag%,penmag%) 'toggle menu item
skip2: IFaxes$ = "Hide axes" THEN axes$ = "Show axes" ELSE axes$ =
LOCATE 1,1 "Hide axes"

Journal of Geological Education, 1989, v. 37, p. 178

 Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer
MENU 3,1,1,axes$ Dinv(2,1) = -D(2,1)/unit
CALL MOVETO (xcenter%,0)
CALL LINE (0,yscreen%) 'retrodeform center-to-center plot
CALL MOVETO (0,ycenter%) 'dxinv.dyinv = retro coords, Sinv% = dist from origin/circle radius
CALL LINE (xscreen%,0) maxSinv% = 0
CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%) FORi = OTOk
RETURN: 'to options dxinv(i) = dx(i)*Dinv(1,1) + dy (i)*Dinv(1,2)
dyinv(i) = dx(i)*Dinv(2,1) +dy(i)*Dinv(2,2)
menu32:'Pensize Sinv%(i) = SQR(dxinv(i) ~ 2 + dyinv(i) ~ 2)
'retain oldpensize for screen wiping routines 'monitor maximum center-to-center distance'
oldpen% = penmag% IF Sinv%(i) > maxSinv% THEN maxSinv% = Sinv%(i)
GET (40,0)-(310,110),image%: 'retain screen image 'monitor frequency of center-to-center stretches
freq(Sinv%(ij) = freq(Sinv%(i)) +1
'find out desired pensize NEXT i
WINDOW 2, "Pensize",(50,30)-(300,100) ,-2
PRINT "Enter pensize:" 'construct histogram of retro center-to-center stretches
EDIT FIELD 1, size$,(5,30)-(250,45) FOR i = 0 TO maxSinv%
BUTTON 1,1,"O.K.", (200,49)-(250,67) hist% = -freq(i)
hangabout: response = DIALOG(0) CALL MOVETO (i,echoy%-20)
IF response = 0 OR response = 5 THEN hangabout IF hist% < 0 THEN CALL LINE (0,hist%)
size$ = EDIT$(1) NEXT i
WINDOW CLOSE 2 CALL INITCURSOR
PUT (40,0),image%,OR: 'refresh screen
'disable menu items except for goodness-of-fit: force wipehisto
'convert to integer MENU 1,0,0
penmag% = VAL(size$) MENU 2,0,0
IF penmag% < 1 OR penmag% > 5 THEN penmag% = 1 FOR i = 1 TO 4
CALL PENSIZE (penmag%,penmag%) MENU 3,i,0
CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%) NEXT i
RETURN: 'to Options
'monitor menu activity but do not goto menucheck
menu33: 'PANFRY (Point ANticlustering diagram) MENU ON
MENU STOP: 'disable menu during long plots ON MENU GOSUB wipehisto
ChangeCursor 4: 'wristwatch waiting:
FOR i = 1 TO numpoints GOTO waiting
CALL MOVETO (x(i),y(i)) RETURN: 'to options
CALL LINE (0,0)
NEXT i wipehisto:
'sweep through histogram in reverse direction
'draw all center-to-center plot on first call: wipe on next call FOR i = maxSinv% TO 0 STEP -1
FOR i = 1 TO k hist% = -freq(i)
CALL MOVETO (dx(i) +xcenter%,dy(i) +ycenter%) CALL MOVETO (i,echoy%-20)
CALL LINE (0,0) IF hist%<0 THEN CALL LINE (0,hist%)
NEXT i 'reinitialize frequency array for
freq(i) = 0
'erase point at origin NEXT i
CALL MOVETO (xcenter%,ycenter%)
CALL LINE (0,0) 'enable menu
CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%) CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%)
CALL INITCURSOR MENU 1,0,1
MENU ON MENU 2,0,1
RETURN FOR i = 1 TO 4
'return to Options MENU 3,i,1
NEXT i
MENU34: 'Show/hide ellipse axes
'restore main menu monitoring
'toggle menu item ON MENU GOSUB menucheck
string 1$ = "Show ellipse axes" RETURN: 'to Goodness-of-fit
string2$ = "Hide ellipse axes"
IF eaxes$ = string 1$ THEN eaxes$ = string2$ ELSE eaxes$ = menu4:'Mac I.D.
string 1$ 'select screen size to suit Mac in use
MENU 3,4,1, eaxes$ IF MENU(1) = 1 THEN xscreen% = 506: yscreen% = 295
CALL MOVETO (xcenter%-dx1,ycenter%-dy1) IF MENU(1) = 2 THEN xscreen% = 640: yscreen% = 470
CALL LINETO (xcenter% + dx1,ycenter% + dy1)
CALL MOVETO (xcenter%-dx2,ycenter%-dy2) 'screen center ajusted for window border width
CALL LINETO (xcenter% + dx2,ycenter%+dy2) xcenter% = .5*xscreen%-7
CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%) ycenter% = .5*yscreen%-20
RETURN: 'to options echox% = xcenter% + 20
echoy% = 2*ycenter%-10
MENU35:'Goodness of fit'
ChangeCursor 4: 'wrist watch' 'enable other menu selections
MENU STOP MENU 1,0,1: 'no future use of menu 4: prevents chaos!
'given ellipse, determine circle of equal area' MENU 4,0,0,""
det = D(1,1)*D(2,2)-D(1,2)*D(2,1) RETURN: 'to trap events
unit = SQR(det)
Dinv(1,1) = D(2,2)/unit menu5: 'Edit'
Dinv(2,2) = D(1,1)/unit 'Undo is only choice'
Dinv(1,2) = -D(1,2)/unit Undo$ = "chosen"
Journal of Geological Education, 1989, v. 37, p. 179
 Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer
MENU STOP RETURN: 'to trap events
'note: repetition of point in file will wipe with XOR'
WRITE#1,x(i);y(i) errorhandler:
CALL MOVETO (x(i).y(i)) 'open brand new window in case existing ones are not visible
CALL LINE (0,0) WINDOW 4
'remove point coordinates from arrays' PRINT "error"; ERR;" at line"; ERL
x(i) = 0 INPUT "O.K.";any$
y(i)=o CloseResFile ref%
'remove center-to-center distances from arrays: reset WINDOW CLOSE 4
center-to-center count' CLOSE
F O R j= 1 T O M END:'do not resume
dx(k) = 0
dy(k) = 0
dx(k +1) = 0
dy(k +1) = 0 About the Author
k = k-2 Declan De Paor is Associate Professor of Structural
NEXT j Geology at Johns Hopkins University. He was formerly
i = i-1 Visiting Senior Fulbright Scholar at SUNY, Albany and Lec-
turer at the National University of Ireland. His current inter-
'echo revised count
CALL MOVETO (10,echoy%)
ests include the mathematical theory of deformation,
PRINT "No. points = ";i;"; No. calculations = ";k; computerized structural analysis and section balancing,
MENU ON Phanerozoic tectonics of Ellesmere Island, and Archean
CALL MOVETO (echox%,echoy%) tectonics of the Slave Province.

Journal of Geological Education, 1989, v. 37, p. 180

View publication stats