Visvesvaraya Technological University

Belagavi, Karnataka-590 018

A Mini Project Report

On

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM”

Submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
Of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted by
BHAGYA P K 3NG20EE401

MHENDRA KUMAR K H 3NG19EE004

P. SAVITHRI 3NG20EE406

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Paleti Asha Latha, M.tec

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GANGAVATHI
VIPRASAI NAGAR, GANGAVATHI, KARNATAKA-583227
2021-22
Government College of Engineering, Gangavathi-583227
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report Entitled “Sensor Based Doorbell System” is a
bonafied work carried out by BHAGYA P K: 3NG20EE401, MAHENDRA KUMAR K H:
3NG19EE004, P. SAVITHRI: 3NG20EE406, in partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi -590 018 during the year 2021-2022. It is certified that
all corrections/suggestions indicated for the Internal Assessment have been incorporated in
the report deposited in the departmental library. The Project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of work prescribed for the said Degree.

Mrs. Paleti Asha Latha Dr. Nagaraj B Patil Dr.Nagaraj B Patil

Guide Head of the Department Principal

External Examiners

Name of the examiner Signature with date

1.
2.
 DECLARATION
We BHAGYA P K: 3NG20EE401, MAHENDRA KUMAR K H:
3NG19EE004, P. SAVITHRA: 3NG20EE406, students of VI semester, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government College of Engineering,
Gangavathi-583227 declare that the project work titled “SENSOR BASED DOORBELL
SYSTEM” has been successfully completed. This work is submitted to Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi-590 018, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
during the academic year 2021-2022. Further the matter embodied in the project report has
not been submitted previously by anybody for the award of any degree to any university.

Name USN Signature with date

BHAGYA P K 3NG20EE401

MAHENDRA KUMAR K H 3NG19EE004

P. SAVATHRI 3NG20EE406
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We sincerely owe our gratitude to all the persons who helped us and guided us in completing
this project.

We are thankful to Dr. Nagraj B Patil, Principal, Government College of Engineering,

Gangavathi, for having supported us in our academic endeavors.

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to Dr.
Nagraj B Patil, Principal, Government College of Engineering, Gangavathi, for the continuous
encouragement and inspiration. The blessing, help and guidance given by him, time to time shall
carry us a long way in the journey of our life on which we are about to embark.

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our
Project Guide Mrs. Paleti Asha Latha, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics, Government College of Engineering, Gangavathi, for her exemplary guidance,
monitoring, continuous encouragement and inspiration throughout the progress of this project
work.

We extend our gratitude to our Project Co-ordinator Mrs. Pooja M, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics, Government College of Engineering, Gangavathi, for
providing an opportunity to do the project and thank him for supporting us at this various phase
of the project.

We are obliged to all Technical staff members of Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Gangavathi for the valuable information and
support. We are grateful to all Non-teaching staff members for their cooperation during the
period of our Project work.

Lastly we thank almighty, our parents and friends for their constant encouragement
without which this Phase would not be possible

BHAGYA P K 3NG20EE401
MAHENDRA KUMAR K 3NG19EE004
P. SAVITHRI 3NG20EE406
 Abstract

Safety and security rank highly in the priorities of older people on both an individual and policy level.
Older people are commonly targeted as victims of doorstep crime, as they can be perceived as being
vulnerable. As a result, this can have a major effect on the victim’s health and wellbeing. There have been
numerous prevention strategies implemented in an attempt to combat and reduce the number of doorstep
crimes. There is, however, little information available detailing the effectiveness of these strategies and
how they impact on the fear of crime, particularly with repeat victims. There is therefore clear merit in
the creation and piloting of a technology-based solution to combat doorstep crime.
.
 Table of contents

Chapter Contents Page no

Certificate i
Acknowledge ii
Abstract iii Content iv
List of Figures v
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-2
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
Chapter 2 Literature Survey 3-4
2.1 Literature Survey 4
Chapter 3 Methodology 5-12
3.1 The Components 5-11
3.2 Working Principle 11-12
Chapter 4 Result and discussion 13
4.1 Result and discussion 14
Chapter 5 Advantages, Disadvantages and Application 15
5.1 Advantages 16
5.2 Disadvantages 16
5.3 Application 16
Chapter 6 Future Scope 17
6.1 Future Scope 18

Conclusion 19
Reference 20
 List of figures
Fig no Description Page no
fig 3.1.1 Fig.1 Arduino UNO 6
fig 3.1.2 IR Sensor 7
fig 3.1.3 LED 8
fig 3.1.4 Buzzer 9
fig 3.1.5 Resister 9
fig 3.1.6 Battery 10
fig 3.1.7. Jumper wire 10
fig 3.1.8 Bread board 11
fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram 11
“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

CHAPTEER 1
INTRODUCTION

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 1

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

1.1 Overview:
Nowadays, use of technology in a right way and in right moment and right place is very important.
Whatever be the technology used the condition is that it should satisfy the customers (citizens) needs.
The need of the today’s situation is that wherever we go, it is best to avoid skin contacts due to pandemic
corona virus. The main part that we are using anywhere is our fingers. This could be like to receive or to
give the products, things or money. We will be touching the button systems around us, for ex: -the buttons
in an ATM, card swiping machine, embedded system, magnetic locks or doorbells of our home. All these
contacts are transporting points of virus [1].
To avoid the transmission of virus, with the developed technology we can make the touch less doorbell
which will be helpful in home or in offices. The touch less doorbell that we are made will make sound by
sensing the hand of a person when a person keeps his/her hand in front of the machine (circuit). Because
of this doorbell system the owner can become aware of the presence of their guests or visitors to the home
or building [2].

1.2 Problem Statement:

To prepare a touch less doorbell system with sensor-based technology to reduce the spread of transmittable
pandemic diseases.

1.3 Objectives:
The objectives of the present study are

1. To design and develop a sensor-based touch less doorbell system.

2. Selection of an appropriate sensor to detect the object.
3. To reduce the burden of people or physically disabled people to push the button.
4. To test the working of Touch less doorbell system.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 2

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 3

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

2.1 Literature survey

The present invention generally relates to security systems that monitor conditions within a defined
environment or area, and more particularly to a security system that employs a Hall effect sensor for use
on a door, window. Since the 1950's there has been a great upsurge in the development, production,
commercialization and applications of semi-conductor devices. Today there are well over 100 million
semi-conductor devices manufactured in a year. One major field of application of semi-conductor devices
in the recent years has been in security systems.[1] The results of this paper explain proposal of the new
generation of magnetic contact, which can be used not only as a part of intruder alarm systems but also as
a part of smart homes and other autonomous systems. The content of the paper can be used for even deeper
research and by security systems developers as well.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 4

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 5

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

The methodology adopted to prepare the touch less door bell system is as follows.
3.1. The components:
The components used to develop the touch less door bell system are as follows.
1. Arduino UNO
2. IR Sensor
3. LED
4. Buzzer
5. Resistor (220 ohm)
6. 9V Battery
7. Jumper wires
8. Bread Board

3.1.1. Arduino UNO

Fig.3.1.1 Arduino UNO

Arduino is a microcontroller. It is proposed to make the application of interactive environments more
accessible. The hardware consists of an open-source hardware board designed around an 8 bit or 32-bit
Atmel ARM [10]. This will analyse all the user prospective. The recognition of the hands will be done by
the hand recognition mode. The Arduino consists of inbuilt programs, which help to convert the hand
sense into the output as beeping by the buzzer [4]. The Arduino UNO R3 acts an intermediary agent
between the hand sensing sensors and the buzzer. It is a microcontroller based board on the
ATmega3238.It has 14 digital input and output pins (0 to 13).It has 6 analog inputs (A0 to A7) [5].Board
consists of 16 MHz quartz crystal, USB connection, power jack or DC plug, and a reset button. In circuit
it includes serial programming which helps to user to put program to perform some desired function. It
holds everything needed to support the microcontroller. It collects the input given to the sensors. Further,
converts into the sound or by beeping by the buzzer [4]. It includes all which is required to hold up the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 6

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

microcontroller. Board is connected to the pc with the help of a USB cable. The supply is given from DC
adapter or battery [6].
Arduino microcontroller is pre-programmed. It simplifies uploading of programs to the on chip flash
memory. Boards are programmed with boot loader using serial connection to another computer.
Currently there are programmed via USB (Universal Serial Bus).
Power USB: The USB cable of the computer is connected to the USB connection of the board. So, that
the Arduino board is powered on.
Barrel Jack: Arduino board can be powered directly from the AC power supply by connecting it to the
barrel jack.
Voltage regulator: Used to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and it also stabilizes the DC
voltages used by the processor.
Crystal Oscillator: It helps Arduino in dealing with time issues .It helps in calculating time.
Arduino Reset: We can start the program from the beginning by using reset. We can reset the UNO board
in two ways. By using reset button on the board and also by connecting an external reset button to the
Arduino pin labelled Reset.
Analog Pins: There are 6 analog input pins (A0 to A5). These pins are used to read signal from an analog
sensor and convert it to digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.
Main microcontroller: It is assumed as the brain of the Arduino board. Microcontrollers are usually of
Atmel Company.
ICSP (In-Circuit serial programming) pin: It is the tiny programming header for the Arduino board. Used
to code an Arduino from an external source.
AREF (Analog Reference pins): The Arduino measures up to 5v, it is possible to change to the upper end
of its range through Analog reference pins.
Power LED indicator: This will light up when the connection made to the Arduino was right, if the light
doesn’t turn on then it indicates that the connection was wrong.
Digital I/O pins: Arduino board has 14 digital I/O pins. These pins will work has input pins to read logic
values (0 or 1) or digital output pins to drive different modules like LED’s, relays etc.
3.1.2. IR sensor

Fig.3.1.2 IR Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 7

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

An IR Sensor is an electronic device. It radiates to detect a surrounding medium. This type of sensor
measures infrared radiation. IR LED acts as a transmitter [7]. The IR LED has two polarities. It has positive
and negative pin. The positive pin is long (anode) and the negative pin is short (cathode).IR LED has IR
transmitter, which is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 100nm wavelength.IR
receivers are commonly used as sensors. A photodiode is reverse biased pnjunction. PN junction is made up
of silicon or germanium. Here, reverse current increases when the junction is exposed to the light. The
reverse current in a photodiode is directly proportional to the intensity of light falling on pn- junction. That
is, higher the intensity of light falling on the pn-junction of photodiode, the higher the flow of reverse current
[8].
Working Principle:
An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and IR Photodiode together called as Opto Coupler. In an infrared
transmitter receiver combination, the wavelength of transmitter should match with the wavelength of
receiver. The emitter is an IR LED and the detector is an IR Photodiode. The IR Photodiode is sensitive
to the IR light emitted by an IR LED. The photodiode resistance and output voltage change in proportion
to the IR light received. When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the
radiation reflects back to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by the IR receiver, the
output of the sensor is defined.

3.1.3. Light emitting diode (LED)

Fig.3.1.3. LED
Light Emitting Diodes are usually made of elements like gallium, phosphorous and arsenic. By varying
the quantities of gallium, phosphorous and arsenic elements, it is possible to produce different
wavelengths of light with different colors (red, green, yellow and blue). For example, if LED is
manufactured using gallium arsenide, it will produce a red light. If the LED is made with gallium
phosphide, it will produce a green light [8].
Working Principle:
LED works on the principle of Electroluminescence. On passing a current through the diode, minority
charge carriers recombine at the junction. On the recombination, energy is released in the form of photon.
As the forward voltage increases, the intensity of the light increases and reaches a maximum.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 8

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

3.1.4. Buzzer

Fig.3.1.4 Buzzer
A buzzer may be of mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric type. It is an audio signaling device
which converts the audio signal into sound signal. It is used in various applications like alarm devices,
timers, printers, for confirmation of input such as a mouse click or keystroke [9].
Pin Configuration of Buzzer:
Buzzer has two terminals namely positive and negative. The longer terminal or the terminal with ‘+’
symbol represents the Positive terminal or pin. The shorter terminal or the terminal with (-) symbol
represents the Negative terminal or pin which is connected to GND.
Working Principle:
The working principle of a buzzer depends on the voltage given across a piezoelectric material, then a
pressure difference is produced. Once a potential disparity is given across these crystals, then they thrust
one conductor and drag the additional conductor through their internal property. So this continuous action
will produce a sharp sound signal.
3.1.5. Resistor

Fig.3.1.5 Resistor

A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component. Resistors are used to resist flow of current, to
divide voltages and also for pull up input output lines. The ratio of the voltage applied across resistors
terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. V=IR where I is the current
through the conductor expressed in amperes. V is the potential difference across the conductor expressed
in volts and R is the resistance of the conductor expressed in ohms. Ohms law states that “The current I
flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (V) across the ends of
conductor provided all the physical conditions like temperature, strain etc”. Resistors are common
elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits. Resistors can be made of various compounds and

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 9

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

films as well as resistance wire. Wire made of a high resistivity alloy such as nickel chrome. Resistors are
also implemented in integrated circuits, particularly analog devices and can also be integrated into hybrid
and printed circuits [8].Here, 220 ohm resistor is used. Higher the value of resistor may unstable the
system and lower the value of resistor may result in over flow of current which damages the parts of
system. Hence, present resistor is suitable for this project.

3.1.6. Battery

Fig.3.1.6 Battery
The 9V battery is a common size of battery. It is introduced for the early transistor radios [11]. It looks
like a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges. At the top of the battery, polarized snap connector is
connected. This type of battery is used in clocks, smoke detectors and in various circuits. Usually, 9V
alkaline batteries are constructed with six individual 1.5V LR61 cells bounded in a wrapper. Carbon zinc
type batteries are made up of six flat cells in a stack. It is bounded in a moisture resistant wrapper in order
to prevent drying. Primary lithium type of batteries is made up of three cells in series. The smaller circular
terminal is in positive contact. The larger hexagonal or octagonal terminal is in the negative contact [8].
Arduino should be powered with 7 to 12 volts. Hence, 9V Battery is used.

3.1.7. Jumper Wires

Fig.7 Jumper Wires

Jumper wires are the wires which are used to connect the two points without soldering. Along with
breadboards, these wires are used to change the circuit as needed. They are tiny metal connectors used to
close or open a circuit part. Their function is to configure the settings for computer peripherals, like the
motherboard.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 10

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

3.1.8. Bread Board

Fig.3.1.8 Bread Board

Breadboard allows fast creation of temporary electronic circuits to carry out experiments as per the circuit
design. It is very much flexible and permits user to connect components or wires easily.
Specifications:
 Distribution strips are two.
 Withstanding voltage is 1,000V AC.
 Rating is 5Amps.

3.2. Working Principle:

The working principle of Sensor Based Door Bell System is explained by the Circuit
Diagram and Block Diagram.
Fig.9 and Fig.10 shows the circuit diagram and Block Diagram of Sensor Based Door Bell System
respectively.

BUZZE
R
+ -

Fig.3.2. Circuit Diagram of Sensor Based Doorbell System

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 11

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

IR LIGHT IR IR LIGHT
IR SENSOR LED OBJECT

REFLECTED IR LIGHTREFLECT
PHOTO
DIODE

REFLECTED IR LIGHT

Sensor based doorbell system consists of Arduino, IR Sensor, Buzzer, Resistors, Jumper Wires, Battery
and LED.
This device works on the principle of infrared reflection. The IR LED emits infrared light. Here emitter is
an IR LED and detector is IR photodiode. The wavelength of IR wave is greater than the wavelength of
visible length. The photodiode receives the reflection of light from the object. It conducts, when light falls
on it. It is reverse biased. The LM358 operational amplifier is used as a voltage comparator. It will
compare the threshold voltage. Threshold voltage is set using the variable resistor and photodiodes series
resistor voltage (PSR Voltage). Op-amp output is connected to the output pin. If Photodiode series resistor
voltage drop is greater than Threshold voltage then output is high, if Photodiode series resistor Voltage
drop is less than Threshold Voltage then output is low.
The variable resistor is used to calibrate the distance at which object should be detected. The IR transmitter
emits radiation. When we keep objectin front of IR transmitter, the radiation reflects back from object to
the photo diode. Sensor defines output with respect to intensity. Further, it sends signal to Arduino board
then Arduino drives the buzzer and LED. When the object present in front of sensor, the sensor output is
high, otherwise it is low.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 12

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 13

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

4.1 Result:
The sensor-based doorbell system works on the principle of reflection of light. As and when the object
comes in front/near of sensor, it senses the object and gives the beep sound to open the door. Depending
on the range of applications, the sensors can be chosen. This type of sensors can be used in computer
numerical control machines (CNC), Automobiles, Rail track etc.
CASE :1

CASE :2

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 14

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES &
APPLICATIONS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 15

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

5.1. Advantages:

• The electricity will be saved by using this doorbell system.

• There is no quarry for searching of doorbell switch, so it helps in saving the time.
• Touch less doorbell system is easier to install then a traditional doorbell which we are using from
long ago.

5.2 Disadvantages
• If any component gets damaged then the doorbell does not work properly.
• It is little bit expensive.

5.3 Applications

Some general applications are as follows

• Fire engines
• Telephone
• Railroad crossing
• School bells, Offices, Shops, Hospitals and Alarm in industrial plants etc.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 16

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 17

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

6.1. Future Scope

• In future, the android application should offer assistance in controlling more doors, windows and
basic home electronic appliances.
• An auto trigger report of the attempt to theft can be sent to nearest police station along with
residential address.
• Battery backup system should also be considered to ensure the completeness of the system, this
idea can be considered to make the proposed system better.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 18

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

CONCLUSION
This touch less doorbell sense the object up to the range of 4 to 5 cm. The developed doorbell system can
be used in domestic/commercial applications. It helps for physically disabled people also. This touch less
doorbell system working satisfactorily.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 19

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

REFERENCES

1. Jenyfal Sampson, S.P. Velmurugan, D. Abhiram Reddy, G. Kumar Sai Reddy, G. Harika- A Low
Budget Touchless Doorbell with Integrated Intruder Alerting Safety System
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075,
Volume-9 Issue-8, June 2020
2. BradleyQuadros, RonitKadam, DevendraLavaniya, and Muhammad Mukhtar- Doorbell: A Low-cost
Smart Doorbell System for Home Use
3. AhmedMuktar ; AbdulAziz Ahmed; Ahmed Salad, Somali Journal of Engineering and Science, Vol.2,
Issue 1,(July 2017)
4.PawaleK,RushikeshP,Yash B and VaishnavT, Design And Development Of Smart Wheelchair,
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science,vol.10,Issue-31,2022,pp 4550,ISSN:2320-
9364.
5. Leo Louis, Working Principle Of Arduino And Using It As A Tool For Study And Research,
International Journal of Central Automation, Communication and Systems, vol.1,No.2,July 2018,
doi:10.5121/ijcacs.2016.1203,pp 21-29.
6. GomathyCK,Devulapalli S,A Study On IOT Smart Door Bells, International Research System Journal
of Engineering and Technology,vol.8,Issue- 9,pp 1470-1476,Sep 2021,e-ISSN=2395-
0056,pISSN=2395-0072.
7. Baron SB, PurnaChanderK, Vinay K and PioSajjanA, Doorbell System In Home Using IOT IOP
Conf.Series: Materials Science And Engineering, International Conference On Frontiers In Materials And
Smart System Technologies, 2019, 590 (2019)012018, pp 1-8, doi:10.1088/1757899X/590/1/012018.
8. Central Institute of Technology, Touchless Doorbell, Centrally Funded Institute Under Ministry of
HRD, Government of India.
9. Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar-Touchless Doorbell
10.https://create.arduino.cc/project hub/akshayjoseph666/touchless-doorbell-643c37

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 20

“SENSOR BASED DOORBELL SYSTEM” | 2022

ANNEXURE
Code for Sensor Based Doorbell System
intanalogInPin = A5; int out =13;
intsensorValue = 0; void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(out,OUTPUT);
} void loop() { sensorValue =
analogRead(analogInPin);
Serial.print(“sensor = ’’ );
Serial.print1n(sensorValue);

delay(200);

if(sensorValue<500)
{ digitalWrite(out,1);
} else
{ digitalWrite(out,0);
}
}

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GEC, Gangavathi Page | 21