Ionic

Compounds
It is a chemical bond which is
formed by complete transfer of
electrons to
from metal non - metal .

Nat a-

% cakeddid
ionic character
by
is ÷
age

I Hired
Hannay - Smith
formula % IC = x loot.

% IC =
16/0ENI +33/0 ENT M calculated

Characteristics ionic
compounds
of
1) In ionic metal ( cation) have less
ionization potential
compound ,

value I also known as

polarising power
Ionic Potential a
charge
Radu
polarising power
• 's

2) % IC L GEN

3) For stability of ionic lattice

be
more
compound ,
,
energy
should

high
.

4) Ionic bonds are non -

directional in nature
(omnidirectional)
 Lisi liq ,
Lig \
,

¥8 ,
Lifes ,

keep Fg , Fig ,

F- IE Hecht LET
0Hf=
SE
BILE
-
re + t to

IT let
atan
H H # m
-

-
N

TL
'
it ← TL
i
: . .

+ ✓e
-

r
-
Ve
tu µ
Tu
-
- o

2% IC

5) Due to directional character it does not

'

non -

of ionic
compounds ,

show isomerism .

G) Ionic show, brittle nature when

compounds forces is
applied
7) ionic
Due to more lattice
energy , compounds
have
high meting
and
boiling point .

8) Ionic
compounds have
highdissolves like)
polarity ie ionic
compounds are soluble
in
polar solvents ( like

9) According to Vander Waal

forces ,
no
compound is loot ionic
. or

loot .
Covalent .
 FAT AN 'S RULE POLARISATION
/
Covalent character
Rule
in ionic
compounds can be calculated
by
Fagan 's -0
-
'

④
-

ii
,

TTT
÷ i.
:
Zeff metal ion
Polarisation T '
'
-

Zeff ttd
--
covalent ch T non meta, mi
cabin
.

or
(Partial sharing) or aunts

deformed)
anion

distortion

According beto retained

anion cannot
Fagan when ,
one cation attracts anion , the
because the cation attracts
shape
of electronic spherically the

the anion and at the time it

part of
same
repels the

nucleus the anion

of
'

this
of deformation
kind
of shape of
anion is known as
polarisation and due to this distortion some ,

partial sharing of electrons are

possible ,
that is
why
covalent
character enters in ionic
compounds .

cloud
Why cation not
is the e-
of deformed ?
Since the ratio Catrin less than
of and
is I

egg than
,

the electron cloud

that
of anion is
-

greater I ,
of anim is
more

loosely held as
compared
Hence
as to cation .

only anion is
deformed .
 Attraction the
of electron cloud
of anion
by cation is
known as
plausibility or
polarising power
.

FACTORS AFFECTING POLARISATION

size of cation
' "
Li K' G
-
'
Na Rb
d- Mtv
-

diff
.
3 .

size t

chaff
°
.

charge same

Down the
group
→
Positive
charge density decreases

→
tendency to attract e- cloud decreases

deceases
-

→
Canion ) distorted
size of X

→
Polarisation decreases

→
covalent character decreases

→
Ionic character increases

Liu
of covalent ku > Rba > Csa
extent > Naa >

charm
2) charge of cation
nie
'

n'a' E
'

n'
je;
>

recharge T
+

Gf
"
In nets
,

Aluminium cation
Zeff
→
have to

'

F Emre distorted
→

size of is

→ Polarisation increases

→
Covalent character increases
→ Ionic character decreases
" -13
ex
Be Ae

§ =
charge
Radius Cao )

RE chary 0

+26.3 ,
"
Be 0.31 AO +2
= 6.64

"
At O -
SAO -13
+
%, 6.0

" 's

Polarising power : Be > Ai

3) Charge on anions

+I I +I -2 I -3
-

( if Liz O
Liz N
As
→ re
charge on anion increases
-

an coir
→
size of increases

N' is
'
distorted
by
-

→ me Li
→ Polarisation increases
→
Covalent character increases
→ ionic character decreases

Covalent character Lif clip <

↳N

4) Size of Anion

litre iici's iirsi's Li 't

'

covalent
ch
→ size of anion increases
'
is distorted
-

Li
I mere
by
→

→ Polarisation increases
→
Covalent ch increases

→
Ionic ch decreases

Q .

Compare KFthe covalent character

1) C
KU L KBR KI

Aga Agm Age

<
2) Agf
< <

3) Betz > Catz Arty Barz

> >
 the above
all identical
If then the cation
of four factors for two are ionic

compounds .
having pseudo inertgas configuration will have

more
polarising power .

)
(pseudo uiutges config friend?!!!!!
'
ef Nice ai.ci
Eposes
3dp.im#doniatgasconfigeqfTT
'

b.
Nat trait due to
) '
)
poor shielding
'

95A
@ 95A

d- orbital hare Due to the

" poor shielding effect .

presence of
electrons the Ai
shielding
low is than that
Zeff of
d
of
more
,

Nat .
Hence its polarising power greater
is .

Polarising power : Cat > Nat

Prof :

Nau > Cell

meeting point :

exit
Covalent ku <

character Rt
Aga rating
'

3ft @ '
s Agt
@s
" '
ud
pseudo inert
gascon
proof :

Mp ka >
Aga
:
 "
} Ca (de
ey
"
Cat
'

Covalent character : Ca s

MP Caa Cd
:
,
>
Ug
"
"÷
Comparison of art ,
Cd ,
Hg
ladies no
glow shielding e-
-

←
In
-
"
0.6 far] 3d toe

Cdt 0.78 [ Killed

"
205

"
"

Hg
"
0.96 [ xifgf Sd 44 e-

"

Zn Ccd 's
"

Covalent cha
Hy
.
:

decreases down the but

Yetthe the
polarising power group because the
in this
case
polarising power increases down the
,

increases down the the no low group electrons

shielding
Zeff increases .
group
as
of

Pref 2nd
in "I
> Zn
"
tee
-

(loot ionisah
,
.

in tho
"t2U (2%
Hg ionisation
-

>

Hgdg )

Itt does not

give chromyl
chloride test which is

confirmatory test of W .