Notes 2

SOLID MECHANICS
SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

9/7/2022 COURSE INSTRUCTOR :: Dr. PIYUSH GULATI 1
Chapter 1
Simple Stresses and Strains

• Topic covered in previous class:
Stress Strain Diagram for ductile materials

Modulus of Elasticity
Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Breaking Strength
True Stress Strain

• True stress and True strain

• Stress strain diagram for Brittle materials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlDx_ssD
Gv4

• Practice Q
• A round section of some material of a diameter of

12.5mm and a gauge length of 100mm was tested in
tension upto fracture and the following observations
were made:
– Yield load=29.6kN Load at fracture=37kN
– Max load=44.8kN Diameter at neck=9.1mm
– Total extension in the sample=27.6mm
– Calculate a) Yield strength, b) UTS, c) Actual breaking
strength, d) %age elongation

• Practice Q
• A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The

following data was obtained from the test:
– Diameter of the steel bar = 3cm
– Gauge length of the bar = 20cm
– Load at elastic limit = 250kN
– Extension at a load of 150kN = 0.21mm
– Maximum load = 380kN
– Total extension = 60mm
– Diameter of the rod at failure = 2.25cm
Calculate: a) Young’s Modulus, b) stress at elastic limit
c) %age elongation, d) %age decrease in area
• Strength, Ductility and Toughness
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSRqJdT
2COE

• Composite Materials: A composite material is a material made
from two or more constituent materials with significantly
different physical or chemical properties that, when
combined, produce a material with characteristics different
from the individual components

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pi5rxhHB
x9o
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpRudTUI
yfM

ANALYSIS OF BARS OF COMPOSITE SECTIONS
For the composite bar the following two points are important:
a) The extension or compression in each bar is equal. Hence deformation
per unit length i.e Strain in each bar is equal.
b) The total external load on the composite bar
is equal to the sum of the loads carried by each
different material.
Let P = Total load on the composite bar

L = Length of composite bar
A1 and A2 = Area of X-section of bar 1 and 2 respectively.
E1 and E2 = Young’s Modulus of bar 1 and 2 resp.
P1 = Load shared by bar 1
P2 = Load shared by bar 2
σ1 = Stress induced in the bar 1
σ2 = Stress induced in the bar 2

• A compound tube consists of a steel tube 140mm
internal diameter and 160mm external diameter and
an outer brass tube 160mm internal diameter and
180mm external diameter. Both tubes has length of
140mm. The compound tube carries an axial load of
900kN. Find the stresses and load carried by each
tube and also the amount by which it shortens. Es=
2x10^5 N/mm2 and Eb=1x10^5 N/mm2

Q. A steel rod of 3 cm diameter is enclosed centrally in a hollow
copper tube of external diameter 5 cm and internal diameter of
4 cm. The composite bar is then subjected to an axial pull of
45000 N. If the length of each bar is equal to 15 cm, Determine .
a) The stresses in the rod and tube
b) Load carried by each bar.
Take E for steel = 2.1 X 105 N/mm2 and
for copper = 1.1 X 105 N/mm2

• Three bars made of copper, zinc and aluminium are
of equal length and have cross-section as 500, 750
and 1000 square mm respectively. They are rigidly
connected at their ends. If this compound member is
subjected to a longitudinal pull of 250kN, estimate
the proportion of load carried on each rod and the
induced stresses. Take value of E for copper
=1.3x10^5 N/mm2, E for zinc = 1 x 10^5 N/mm2, and
for aluminium = 0.8x10^5 N/mm2

• The external and internal diameters of a 1.2m long
steel pipe are 150mm and 112.5mm respectively.
The pipe is compressed by an axial load of 625kN.
Find:
a) the decrease in length of the pipe
b) increase in the external and internal diameters
c) increase in the thickness of the pipe wall.
Take E=2x10^5N/mm2 and v=0.3

• Three bars made of copper, zinc and aluminium are
of equal length and have cross-section as 500, 750
and 1000 square mm respectively. They are rigidly
connected at their ends. If this compound member is
subjected to a longitudinal pull of 250kN, estimate
the proportion of load carried on each rod and the
induced stresses. Take value of E for copper
=1.3x10^5 N/mm2, E for zinc = 1 x 10^5 N/mm2, and
for aluminium = 0.8x10^5 N/mm2

THERMAL EXPANSION
• Most form of matter expand when heated and
contract when cooled..
• Consider BRIDGES…. RAILROAD
TIES..SIDEWALKS !!!

• What Happened Due to Thermal variation !!!!

THERMAL STRESSES
• When the temperature of a material changes
there will be corresponding change in its
dimensions.
• When a member is free to expand or contract
due to rise or fall in temperature, no stresses
will be induced.
• But if the natural change in length due to rise
or fall in temperature is prevented, stresses
are induced in the member which are known
as thermal stresses.
THERMAL STRESSES
Consider a member rigidly held between two supports
and which is heated to a certain temperature.
Let, L = Original length of the body
ΔT = Rise in temperature
E = Young’s Modulus
α = co-efficient of linear thermal expansion
dL = Extension of the rod due to rise in temperature.
If the member is free to expand, then extension of the
member is given by
dL = α. ΔT. L --(1)

But since the member is rigidly supported, it tries to
expand, but the final length remains same, so the
fixed ends exerts compressive force on the member.
• The compressive strain in the member is given

by:
– Compressive strain = α. ΔT. L = α. ΔT
L
This is also known as Thermal
9/7/2022
strain
COURSE INSTRUCTOR :: Dr. PIYUSH GULATI 48
• Now,
– Change in length due to thermal expansion +
Change in length due to compressive force = 0
i.e. α. ΔT. L + (-PL) = 0

AE
Or α. ΔT. L + (-σL) = 0
E
α. ΔT. L = σL
E
Therefore, σ = α. ΔT. E (Compressive stress
induced in the member,
Also called Thermal stress)
• A gap of 0.5mm exists between the ends of aluminium and
steel rod at a temperature of 20°C as shown in figure. If the
temperature is raised to 140°C, Calculate:
a) the stresses in aluminium and steel rod
b) change in length of each rod
Take Es = 1.9x10^5N/mm2, Ea = 0.75x10^5N/mm2
As = 800mm2 , Aa = 2000mm2
αs = 0.0000173/°C αa = 0.000023/°C

• Volumetric strain:

• Volumetric strain of a rectangular bar
subjected to 3 mutually perpendicular forces
• Consider a rectangular block of dimensions x, y and z

subjected to three mutually perpendicular tensile
stresses along x, y and z direction

a) 150mm^3
b) 200 mm^3
c) 250 mm^3
d) 300 mm^3

• A circle of diameter d=225mm is
scribed on an unstressed aluminium
plate of thickness t=18mm. Forces
acting in the plane of plate later
causes normal stresses in x direction
=84MPa and in z direction=140MPa.
For E=70GPa and v=1/3, calculate the
change in:
a) The length of diameter AB

b) Length of diameter CD
c) Thickness of the plate
d) Volume of the plate

• A bar of 30mm diameter is subjected to a pull
of 60kN. The measured extension on gauge
length of 200mm is 0.1mm and change in
diameter is 0.004mm. Calculate:
a) Young’s modulus
b) Poisson’s ratio
c) Bulk Modulus

• The modulus of rigidity of a material is
39kN/mm2. A 10mm diameter rod is
subjected to an axial tensile force of 5kN and
the change in its diameter is observed to be
0.002mm. Calculate v and E for the material.
[E = 2G(1+v)]

• A small piston of area 150mm2 compresses oil
in a rigid container of 20 liters capacity. When
a weight of 90N is gradually applied to the
piston, its movement is observed to be 27mm.
Determine the bulk modulus of oil.

• A copper bar 200mm long with section 50mmx50mm
is subjected to stresses of +120N/mm2, -40N/mm2
and +40N/mm2 along the sides. The increase in
volume was observed to be 183mm3. Determine the
value of poisson’s ratio, modulus of rigidity and bulk
modulus if E=105GPa.

• The determination of E and G for a particular
metal gives values of 208kN/mm2 and
80kN/mm2, respectively. Calculate poisson’s
ratio and bulk modulus.
If both the moduli are liable to an error of +1%, find
the maximum %age of error in derived value of
poisson’s ratio.

• Q. A rectangular bar of cross sectional area
10000 mm2 is subjected to an axial load of 20
KN. Determine the normal and shear stresses
on a section which is inclined at an angle of
30° with normal cross section of the bar

• Strain Energy:
– Whenever a body is strained, the energy is
absorbed in the body. The energy which is
absorbed in the body due to straining effect is
known as strain energy.
– OR
– The strain energy stored in the body is equal to
the work done by the applied load in stretching
the body.

• Strain energy stored in a specimen
when strained within elastic limit is
known as Resilience.
• The maximum energy stored at

elastic limit is known as Proof
Resilience.
• The proof resilience per unit volume

or strain energy per unit volume is
known as Modulus of Resilience.

• Strain energy stored in the body when load is applied
gradually on the body:

• A bar of cross section 8mmx8mmis subjected
to an axial pull of 7000N. The lateral
dimensions of the bar is found to be changed
to 7.9985mmx7.9985mm. If the modulus of
rigidity of material is 0.8x10^5 N/mm2,
determine the poisson’s ratio and modulus of
elasticity.

• Calculate G and K of a cylindrical bar of
diameter 30mm and of length 1.5m if the
longitudinal strain in a bar during a tensile
stress is four times the lateral strain. Find the
change in volume, when the bar is subjected
to a hydrostatic pressure of 100N/mm2. Take
E= 1x10^5 N/mm2.


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SOLID MECHANICS

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

Stress Strain Diagram for ductile materials

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

• A round section of some material of a diameter of

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

• A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

Let P = Total load on the composite bar

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

Take E=2x10^5N/mm2 and v=0.3

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

• The compressive strain in the member is given

i.e. α. ΔT. L + (-PL) = 0

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

• Consider a rectangular block of dimensions x, y and z

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

a) The length of diameter AB

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

• The maximum energy stored at

• The proof resilience per unit volume

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

SOLID MECHANICS- MEC201

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