Lecture on :

English Grammar
 What is a CLAUSE
CLAUSE IS FORMED WITH: S+V

• She studied.
• While she is dancing, the audience cannot tear its
eyes off her.
• After making himself a cup of tea, eating several
biscuits and staring out of the window, he sat
down to work again. (One finite verb---- verb with
subject he - sat) so simple sentence.
• HOW MANY CLAUSES???
 PHRASE VS CLAUSE
• Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station
early but waited until noon for the bus.

• HOW MANY CLAUSES

 SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Few subordinating conjunction

• Conjunction of time (after, before, when while, until)

• Conjunction of purpose , reason(in order that, in order to, so, so as
to, so that)

1. I left the school after the bell had rung.

2. He had finished his work before the sun set.
3. If he saw him on the bus stand, he would always greet him.
4. Since you are unwilling we will not ask you again.
Clause-Clause agreement
 Contents
1. Future tense/ present tense any tense (
hint: direct- indirect)
2. Exception to future Future
3. Past tense past tense
4. Exception to past tense in comparison
5. Unreal past 6-indicators
6. Conditional sentences
Future tense/ present tense any
tense
 1-Future tense/ present tense = any
tense
1. He says that she was at the club.
2. He says that she is at the club.
3. He says that she will be at the club.
4. He will say that she was at the club.
5. He will say that she is at the club.
6. He will say that she will be at the club.
7. I don't know when she will arrive.
8. I can't remember when the race will start.
9. You must decide when you will meet them.
10. I know that I made the right choice
 2-Exception with future –future
sequence
• One side(future indefinite tense )= other side
can’t be future if it starts from (after, when,
before, while, whenever, as soon as, until,
till,if)

1. I will call you when he comes. (NOT I will call

you when he will come.)

2. He will say that she will be at the club

 Exception examples
1. She'll see you before she leaves.
2. You will push this button and the door will open. x As soon
as you push this button the door will open.
3. You'll need my car. Take it. x Whenever you need my car
you can take it.
4. You'll tidy up the house and I'll do the shopping. x You'll
tidy up the house while I do the shopping.
5. I'll have finished my grammar exercises in ten minutes.
Then I'll go out. x After I have finished my grammar
exercises I'll go out.

6. You must decide when you will meet them.( correct ???)
Past tense past tense
 3-Past tense = past tense
• Action at the same time in past
past indefinite tense past indefinite
tense

• One Action is earlier than that other action

past indefinite tense past perfect tense

 CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION
1. The cat was bathing because his
feet were dirty.
2. The cat was bathing because his feet will
be dirty.
3. The cat was bathing because his
feet are dirty.
• Which one is correct????
 Past-past examples
1. John said that beggars couldn't be choosers.
2. I wanted to go home because I missed my
parents.
3. She knew she had made the right choice.
4. Miriam arrived at 5:00 pm. But Mr. Ali had
dosed the store. Earlier action
5. After we located the restaurant that Christian
had raved about, we ate supper there every
Friday.
 CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION
1. When I came home, the children still did not
finish the dinner.
2. When I came home, the children still had not
finished the dinner.
• WHICH ONE IS CORRECT ????
 CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1. As we ate dinner, the phone rang.

2. As we were eating dinner , the phone rang.

As when while are used with continues tense:

 MDCAT question
CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION
a) After the sun has set behind the mountain, a cool
breeze sprang up and brought relief from the heat.
b) After the sun had been set behind the mountain, a cool
breeze sprang up and brought relief from the heat.
c) After the sun would set behind the mountain, a cool
breeze would sprang up and brought relief from the
heat.
d) After the sun set behind the mountain, a cool breeze
sprang up and brought relief from the heat.
 Answer
• Ans= D
 MDCAT question
CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION
1. he suddenly remembered that he has left
his house unlocked.
2. he suddenly remembered that he may have
left his house unlocked.
3. he suddenly remembered that he had left
his house unlocked.
4. he suddenly remembered that he will have
left his house unlocked.
• Ans-3
 MDCAT question
CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION
1. he said there has been no need to do it.
2. he said there was not no need to do it.
3. he said there had been not any need to do
it.
4. he said there was no need to do it.
• ans- 4
 4-Exception with past tense
1. universal/habitual action
2. Than ; Better than
3. As well as
 4-Exception with past tense
EXAMPLES
1-The King said that all men are mortal.

1. He loved me more than he loves his own children.

2. He loved me more than he loved his own children.
3. He loved me more than he will love his own children.

1-She liked you better than she is linking me.

2-She liked you better than she has liked me.

1-She likes me as well as she liked him.

2) She liked me as well as she likes him.
3) She will like me as well as she liked him.
Conditional sentences

If sentences Result
 Conditional sentences
types
• Type -1 – result of an imagined future
situation
• Type – 2 - result of an imagined present or
future situation
• Type -3 - result of an imagined different (ult)
past situation
• Type – 0 –more real results ( habits, universal
facts)
Conditional sentences
types
 Type -1 – result of an imagined future
situation
If+ present indefinite==== simple future

• [imagined future situation]

• If the taxi doesn’t come soon, [future result]I’ll drive
you myself.

• sequence of tenses exception Future+ future =

not allowed (IF)-sequence of tenses exception

• If a lawyer reads the document, we will see if we’ve

missed anything important.
 Type- 2 -to talk about the possible
result of an imagined situation in the
present or future.
If+ past indefinite ( 2nd form of verb) == would +
first from of verb

• If people complained, things would change.

• If you asked her nicely, she would say yes, I’m
sure.
• If you decided to take the exam, you would have
to register by 31 March.
 Type- 1 vs. type -2
• When we use the first conditional, we think the imagined
situation is more likely to happen than when we use the
second conditional.

• If+ past indefinite/simple past=== would+ first form

• If the flight’s late, we’ll miss our connection.

• If there were more buses, we would leave the car at home.
• ( there is lesss likely that there will be buses- in near future)
• He would buy a flat if he had the money for a deposit.
• There is less likely he will deposit the money in future)
 Type- 3-To talk about a different past,
we imagine a different result:
If+ had + 3rd form === would have + 3rd from

• If I had played better, I would have won.

• It would have been easier if George had
brought his own car.
• If the dog hadn’t barked, we wouldn’t have
known there was someone in the garden.
 Conditional=Result
• If+ were = would+1st from or had+ 3rd form

• he told them how the glory of their country and of its

ancient throne would be increased if the post of Court
acrobat were created.

• I would have missed it if it were on time.

• If it were possible to get the necessities of life from the
heavens through prayers, Maulvi Abul would have
prayed to Allah for a pair of shoes for his Umda.
 Type – 0
Real conditionals
• Some conditions seem more real to us than
others. Real conditionals refer to things that
are true, that have happened, or are very
likely to happen:
• If you park here, they clamp your wheels.
• If I can’t sleep, I listen to the radio.
• If the weather is fine, we eat outside on the
terrace.
 Conditional sentences-test
• If he had more time, he would have learnt
English.

• Identify type of conditional?? Type-1,2,3 or 0

• Is the sentence correct?
 Wishes or unreal situations

1. I WISH ; WOULD THAT (wish)

2. IF, AS IF; AS THOUGH ( unreal situation)

WERE ,HAD+3rd form , might,

 Wishes or unreal situations
EXAMPLES
• I WISH I WERE A DCOTOR.
• WOULD THAT I WERE A DCOTOR.
• Would that she had not left Pakistan.(activity)

• IF I WERE YOU , I WOULD NOT APPEAR IN THE EXAM.

• He laughs as if he were the president of Pakistan.

• She talks to me as if she were my mother. 
• He behaved as if nothing had happened.
• It sounds as though you had a good time.

• NOTE: IF THE SENTENCE IS REAL; I-E IT IS NOT A WISH OR AN UREAL

IMAGINATION, THE USUSAL SEQUENCE OF TENSE FOLLOW
 Examples

• Wouldn‟t catch me out if it weren‟t pretty important.

• don't you think it's a bit unfair to come down on them as if it were
their own fault for being here?

• The explosions still continued deafeningly; the whole building shook

as if it were being lifted off its foundations.

• The writer holds the oyster in front of him as if it were and egg, and
looks at it carefully, turning it in his fingers.
• They all asked him questions, as if he were some kind of prophet
and encyclopedia combined.
 Examples
• The pines on top of the mountain above us
looked as if the fingers of their long boughs were
fondling the substance of a white cloud.

• The man felt his hair flutter and the tissues of his
body draw tight as if he were standing at the
centre of a vacuum.

• he was filled with a desire to rush to it, touch it,

say goodbye to it, for he felt as if he were going
away on a long journey,
 Examples
• He looked as if he were fourteen or fifteen.

• Then she turned back with a smile, almost as if she was thinking.

• Suddenly he felt as if bundle after bundle of cloth from the various

shelves had been falling over him.

• She raised her eyes and looked towards the heavens, as if they
were a gift from there.

• He carefully threw it out to join its fellows, as if he would rather not

harm a hair of its head.
 Choose the wrong one
1. I wish that I heard that story about him
before I met him.
2. I wish that I had heard that story about him
before I met him.
3. I wish that I could have heard that story
about him before I met him.
4. I wish that I would have heard that story
about him before I met him.
• 1-Is wrong
 Conditionals MDCAT
• a) Masood told me that he would hire more
salesmen if he is in my position.
• b) Masood told me that he would hire more
salesmen if he has been in my position.
• c) Masood told me that he would hire more
salesmen if he has my position.
• d) Masood told me that he would hire more
salesmen if he had been in my position.
• Ans - D
 Assignment
For Css aspirants :
• Separate the sentences related to sequence of
tenses and conditional sentence from past
year papers css-2017,2016, 2015, 2014, 2013
and correct them.