Covalent

Non-metal + Non -metal

Ionic Sharing electrons
No of shared electrons from each atom=
Metal+ Non metal valency = no of bonds
metallic
Strong electrostatic Strong bond formed by sharing electrons
attraction force between two or more non-metal atoms
Metal+ Metal
between positive ions (not attraction forces) Electrostatic attraction
of metals and negative forces between a lattice of
ions of non-metal. positive ions and the sea of
free moving lectrons

Shared electrons = no of atoms x valency

+ve -ve attracted together as they are
oppositely charged ions
structure
Giant ionic structure in
crystal lattice
Mr = no of atoms x mass no
Total electrons = no of atoms x atomic no
Structure
Simple covalent structure except
graphite, diamond and silicon oxide

Physical properties
Physical properties Physical properties
Solids
Solids Gases or liquids
High melting and boiling points
High melting & boiling Low melting and boiling points
Good conductor when solid or molten
point Poor conductor of electricity
Form alloys
Don’t conduct elect. (no free moving ions)
Malleable and ductile
When solid
(no free moving ion)
Conduct elect. When
molten or dissolved in Insoluble in water and soluble in
Insoluble in water but some metals react
water organic solvents as ethanol and
with water
(presence of free moving benzene
ion)
Soluble in water and volatile
insoluble in organic
solvents as ethanol and
benzene
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benzene
Non-volatile
Metal atom loses its outermost As the no of electrons increase the
electrons to has stable nearest intermolecular attraction force increase
noble gas electronic
configuration.
Non-metal gains or share
electrons to complete the
outermost shell with 8 electrons
to be stable like the nearest
noble gas.

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 Graphite
structure
*Each c atom is bonded to
3 atoms by 3 strong
covalent bonds forming
layers with free moving
electrons between these
layers
*These layers are weekly
attracted together
*Graphite has flat structure
Physical properties
Soft
(layers which easily slide upon bonds--> 4 C atoms in a tetrahedral
each other)
Good conductor of electricity
Free moving ions between layers No free moving ions or elec
Solid
High melting and boiling point High melting and boiling points
Strong covalent bond needs
energy to break down
Insoluble in any solvent
uses
Lubricants and pencils
Soft
Electrodes
Good conductor
High melting point
insoluble
diamond
Structure
*each c atom is bonded to 4 atoms
by 4 strong covalent bonds forming
tetrahedral structure
(no free moving ions)
Physical properties
Very hard
Each c atom form 4 strong cov
structure
Poor conductor of electricity
Strong covalent bond needs energy
to break down
Insoluble in any solvent
Uses
Drilling
Cutting rocks and glasses
Very hard
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Silicon oxide
SiO2
Structure
*compound that consists of
Si and O
*each Si atom is bonded to
four other O atoms and
each O atom is bonded to
two other Si atoms by
strong covalent bond in a
tetrahedral structure.
Physical properties
Hard
Poor conductor of electricity
No free moving ions
Solid
High melting and boiling
point
Strong covalent bond needs
energy to break down
Insoluble in water