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Lab # 04

First and Second Order Systems

Objective:

Implementation of 1st and 2nd order systems on MATLAB and to analyze their working

Apparatus:

 MATLAB Software

Theory:

1. First order control system:

A first order control system is defined as a type of control system

whose input-output relationship (also known as a transfer function) is a first-order differential equation.
 A first-order differential equation contains a first-order derivative, but no derivative higher than the
first order.
 The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative present in the
equation.
Example:

(a) Block Diagram of a First-order Control System; (b) Simplified Block Diagram

2. Second order Control System:

The order of a differential equation is the highest degree of

derivative present in that equation. A system whose input-output equation is a second order differential
equation is called Second Order System.
here are a number of factors that make second order systems important. They are simple and exhibit
oscillations and overshoot. Higher order systems are based on second order systems. In case of mechanical

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second order systems, energy is stored in the form of inertia whereas in case of electrical systems, energy
can be stored in a capacitor or inductor.

Standard form of second order system is given by:

LAB TASKS

Task # 01 Task # 02

Draw the pole zero-map of first order system. To find poles and zeros of 1st order system

Program: Program:
num=(420);
denum=[1 420]; num=(400);
G=tf(num,denum); denum=[1 400];
subplot 121 G=tf(num,denum);
step(G) subplot 121
subplot 122 step(G)
pzmap(G) P=pole(G)
Z=zero(G)
Output:
Output:

Task # 03 Task # 04

2nd order under damp condition 2nd order critical damp condition

Program: Program:

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z=0.5; %zeta z=01; %zeta

KDC=1; %damping factor KDC=1; %damping factor
wn=20; %natural freq wn=15; %natural freq
s=tf('s') s=tf('s')
G=KDC*wn^2/(s^2+2*z*wn*s+wn^2); G=KDC*wn^2/(s^2+2*z*wn*s+wn^2); %transfer
%transfer function of sys function of sys
subplot 121 subplot 121
step(G) step(G)
subplot 122 subplot 122
pzmap(G) pzmap(G)

Output: Output:

Figure 1 Poles and Zeros

Figure 4 Poles & Zeros

Figure 5 Step Response

Figure 2 Step Response

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Figure 3 PZ Map

Task # 05 Task # 06
2nd order over damp condition 2nd order undamped condition
Program: Program:
z=5; %zeta
KDC=1; %damping factor z=0; %zeta
wn=15; %natural freq KDC=1; %damping factor
s=tf('s') wn=15; %natural freq
G=KDC*wn^2/(s^2+2*z*wn*s+wn^2); s=tf('s')
%transfer function of sys G=KDC*wn^2/(s^2+2*z*wn*s+wn^2); %transfer
subplot 121 function of sys
step(G) subplot 121
subplot 122 step(G)
pzmap(G) subplot 122
P=pole(G) pzmap(G)
Z=zero(G) P=pole(G)
Z=zero(G)
Output: Output:

Figure 6 Poles and zero

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Figure 7 Step Response

Conclusion:
 MATLAB is necessary for performing complex calculations.
 We studied about first order and second order system.
 We can find the roots and draw pz-map of first order system.
 For second order system find the roots and draw pz-map as well as the different
damping condition by changing the value of damping ratio.
 Using MATLAB Simulink transfer functions can easily be calculated.

Saeed Anwar Control System II Lab UW-20-MTS-BSc-025