Juan Andrés Campos Calderón UP190592

A generic way to analyze the stability of systems is through the Lyapunov stability theory, where said
analysis is determined indirectly. Because the dynamics of the system are not used directly, but on the
contrary, it analyzes how the system is behaving. This idea arose in the 19th century where everything is
based on energy, at that time there were only mechanical systems, so if the energy of that mechanical
system goes to zero at the moment of time tending to infinity, a system could be characterized as stable.

Energy of a Signal (For Lyapunov analysis)

If for our analysis we start by remembering what is the energy of a signal in time (Lyapunov's Theorem):

The only problem is that if for example my energy function does not have a derivative that is always
negative.
Said function is stable because it goes to zero, but it does not comply with the two properties, so I
cannot capture the dynamics of that energy. The problem with this approach is that the function to be
used must be monotonically decreasing. To achieve this, a matrix P is placed in the states and an
attempt is made to find the matrix such that the function is monotonically decreasing

To determine the stability by Lyapunov, it consists of being able to determine a function that presents a
monotonic energy behavior to say that the system is stable, otherwise if this function cannot be
determined, in general terms it does not mean that the system is unstable .

STABILITY CRITERIA USING LIAPUNOV'S DIRECT METHOD

Consider the autonomous system

And suppose it has an isolated critical point; let (0, 0) be said critical point (a critical point (x0, y0) can be
brought to the origin by translating coordinates x = u − x0, y = v − y0). Let Γ(x(t), y(t)) and consider the
function E(x, y) is continuous and with continuous first partial derivatives in a region containing the path.
If a point (x, y) moves along the trajectories according to the equations x = x(t) and y = y(t), then
Juan Andrés Campos Calderón UP190592

Is a function of t over Γ, its rate of change is a function of t over Γ, its rate of change is

Suppose E(x, y) is continuous and has first derivatives continuous partials in a region containing the
origin.
If E(0, 0) = 0 and
i. If E(x, y) > 0 for all (x, y) 6= (0, 0), we say that E is positive definite.
ii. If E(x, y) < 0 for all (x, y) 6= (0, 0), we say that E is definite negative.
iii. If E(x, y) ≥ 0 for all (x, y) 6= (0, 0), we say that E is semidefinite positive.
IV. If E(x, y) ≤ 0 for all (x, y) 6= (0, 0), we say that E is semidefinite negative.