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I.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
THE FIVE REPUBLICS OF THE PHILIPPINES
THE FIRST REPUBLIC (MALOLOS REPUBLIC)
The Malolos Republic was inaugurated amidst colorful ceremonies at the Barasoain Church on
January 23, 1899. This was also the first republic in Asia. In this inaugural address President Aguinaldo
congratulated the Malolos Congress for drafting the Malolos Constitution, to the armed forces for
winning the country’s freedom by force of arms, and to the Filipinos people for their cooperation and
sacrifices in the struggle for independence. He stated the aspiration of the nation “to live under the
democratic regime of the Philippine Republic, free from the yoke of any foreign domination.”
The Philippine Republic, owing to the objections of Mabini to some provisions of the constitution, was
not immediately implemented and its Constitution was not immediately promulgated. The Congress
leaders compromised with Mabini by agreeing to insert amendments to satisfy the President’s closest
adviser. On January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo finally promulgated Malolos Constitution.
Apolonario Mabini President of the Cabinet and Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Teodoro Sandico Secretary of Interior
Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretary of War
Mariano Trias Secretary of Finance
Gracio Gonzaga Secretary of Welfare, including Public Instruction, Public Works,

Communications, Agriculture, Industry and Commerce
THE SECOND REPUBLIC (JAPANESE-SPONSORED REPUBLIC)

The Second Philippine Republic was established during the Japanese occupation of the
Philippines. At the outset of the occupation, the Japanese government established a military
administration over the Philippines, as well as the Philippine Executive Commission, composed of
several pre-war Filipino political leaders. The KALIBAPI (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas)
was also organized, designed to be the sole and exclusive political organization in the Philippines.
On June 16, 1943, Premier Hideki Tojo promised independence to the Philippines. The KALIBAPI
would then form the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence (PCPI), which was tasked with
drafting a new Constitution. The new Constitution was approved by the Preparatory Committee on
Philippine Independence on September 4, 1943 and ratified by the KALIBAPI on September 7, 1943.
The KALIBAPI then proceeded to elect part of the new National Assembly, which also included
appointed members; in turn, the National Assembly elected its Speaker and then elected Jose P.Laurel
as President. On October 14, 1943, in ceremonies in front of the Legislative Building in Manila, the new
Republic was inaugurated, and Jose P. Laurel, the Chairman of the Preparatory Committee, assumed
office as President.
On September 21, 1944, President Laurel proclaimed martial law in the Philippines (it came into
effect on September 22). On September 23, 1944, Laurel proclaimed that the Philippines was “in a state
of war” with the Allied Powers-but this was never ratified by the National Assembly. In large part,
Japanese disappointment with Laurel led to the Republic under Laurel being superseded by the
Makapili, organized in December, 1944 to more militantly oppose the returning American forces and
Filipino guerillas. The Japanese brought the Laurel government to Baguio in December, 1944, and a
small remnant of that government was taken to Tokyo in March, 1945. Laurel formally dissolved the
Second Republic on August 17, 1945, two days after Japan surrendered to the Allies.
THE THIRD REPUBLIC
The Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated on July 4, 1946. It marked the culmination
of the peaceful campaign for Philippine Independence- the two landmarks of which were the enactment
of the Jones Law in 1916 (in which the U.S. Congress pledged independence for the Philippines once
Filipinos have proven their capability for self-government) and the Philippine Independence Act of 1934
(popularly capability for self-government) and the Philippine Independence Act of 1934 (popularly
known as Tydings-McDuffie) which put in place a ten-year transition period during which the Philippines
had Commonwealth status. The Third Republic also marked the recognition by of the global community
of nations of the nationhood of the Philippines- a process that began when the Commonwealth of the
Philippines joined the Anti-Axis Alliance known as the United Nations on June 14, 1942, receiving
recognition as an Allied nation even before independence.
Thus, the inauguration of the Third Republic marked the fulfillment of the long struggle for
independence that began with the Philippine Revolution on August 23, 1896 (recent scholarship
suggests, on August 24) and which was formalized on June 12, 1898 with the Proclamation of Philippine
Independence at Kawit, Cavite.
From 1946 to 1961, Independence Day was celebrated on July 4. On May 12, 1962, President
Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962, which declared June 12 as Independence Day.
In 1964, Congress passed Republic Act No. 4166, which formally designated June 12 of every year as the
date on which we celebrate Philippine independence. July 4 in turn has been observed as Republic Day
since then.
THE FOURTH REPUBLIC (Martial Law, 1972-1981)
Using the rising wave of lawlessness and the threat of a Communist insurgency as
justification, Ferdinand E. Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972 by virtue of Proclamation
No. 1081. Martial Law remained in force until 1981,when Marcos was reelected, in the midst of
accusations of electoral fraud. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties;
closed down Congress and media establishments; and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and
militant activists, including his staunchest critics Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Senator Jose Diokno.
Initially, the declaration of martial law was well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was
experiencing Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented. Political opponents
were given the opportunity to go into exile. But, as martial law dragged on for the next nine years,
excesses by the military emerged.
Constitutionally barred from seeking another term beyond 1973 and, with his political enemies
in jail, Marcos reconvened the Constitutional Convention and maneuvered its proceedings to adopt a
parliamentary form of government, paving the way for him to stay in power beyond 1973. Sensing that
the Constitution would be rejected in a nationwide plebiscite. Marcos decreed the creation of citizens’
assemblies which anomalously ratified the constitution. A peaceful civilian-military uprising forced
Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as president on 25 February 1986.
THE FIFTH REPUBLIC (1986-PRESENT TIME)
The world’s eye was on the Philippines after it successfully toppled down almost a decade of
dictatorship rule through a peaceful demonstration tagged as the EDSA People’s Power Revolution. After
the widowed wife of former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. was elected into office, President
Corazon Cojuangcp-Aquino faced both economic and political problems of the country. Her rule as
president began on February 25,1986 after taking oath at the Club Filipino in San Juan, Metro Manila.
She was the 11th president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of the country.
She was tasked to put together a nation devastated by the rule of her predecessor Ferdinand E. Marcos.
The political condition of the country at the time did not look any better. To resolve the issue, Aquiono
commissioned a referendum that would be the framework for the new government. It tackled various
issues form shifting the government form presidential to parliamentary, to economic reforms involving
foreign participations. Due to its immediate necessity, details of the referendum were left to the
legislature to determine. Released in February 1987, the new charter easily won the approval of the
public.
There were five more presidents after President Corazon Aquino. The 12 th President was Fidel V. Ramos,
13th was Joseph Estrada, 14th was Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, 15th was Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III and
the 16th is Rodrigo Roa Duterte, the first Mindanaoan President.
THE PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
1. Emilio Aguinaldo 1899-1901

Contributions and Achievements:
 first (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolos Republc)
 signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spanish and Philippine
revolutionaries
 known as the President of the Revolutionary Government
 led the Philippines in the Spansh-Philippine War and the American-Philippine War
 youngest president, taking office at age 28
 longest-lived president, passing away at 94
2.Manuel L. Quezon, 1935-1944
“Father of National Language” (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa). He died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake,
New York.
Contributions and Achievement:
 first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines
 first president elected through a national election
 first president under the Commonwealth
 created National Council of Education
 initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth
 approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
 appears on the twenty-peso bill
 a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila are named after him
 his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle
3. Jose P. Laurel, 1943-1945
Jose P. Laurel’s presidency is controversial. He was officially the government’s caretaker during the
Japanese occupation of World War II. Criticized as a traitor by some, his indictment for treason was
superseded later by an amnesty proclamation in 1948.
 since the early 1960s, Laurel has been considered as a legitimate president of the Philippines
 organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for Service to
the New Philippines), A provisional government during Japanese occupation
 declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdom 1944
 with his family, established the Lyceum of the Philippines
4. Sergio Osmeña, 1944-1946

Sergio Osmeña was the second president of the Commonwealth. During his presidency, the Philippines
joined the International Monetary Fund.
 became the president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office at the time
(superseded by Rodrigo Duterte, who became President at 71
 first Visayan to become the president
 joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20,1944 to begin restoration of
Philippine freedom after Japanese occupation
 The Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International
Monetary Fund during his presidency.
 The bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency.
 Appears on the 50-peso bill
5. Manuel Roxas, 1946-1948
Manuel Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines: the third (and last) president under the
Commonwealth, and the first president of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He held office for only
one year, 10 months, and 18 days.
 Inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II
 Reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency
 Under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitaition Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted
by Congress.
 Appears on the 100-peso bill
6. Elpidio Quirino, 1948-1953

Elpidio Quirino served as Vice-President under Manuel Roxas. When Roxas died in 1948 Quirino became
president.
 HUKBALAHAP guerilla movement was active during his presidency.
 created Social Security Commission
 created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
 Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948
7. Ramon Magsaysay, 1953-1957
Ramon Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales. He was a military governor and an engineer. He died in an
aircraft disaster while boarding the presidential plane.
 Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency
 Chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs
 First president sworn into office wearing a Barong Tagalog during inauguration
 Presidency referred to as the Philippines’ “Golden Years” for its lack of corruption
 The Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his
presidency.
 Established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other
agrarian reforms
8.Carlos P. Garcia, 1957-1961
A lawyer, poet, and teacher, Carlos P. Garcia also served as a guerilla leader during the Pacific War. Born
in Bohol, Garcia serviced as Vice-President under Ramon Magsaysay and as secretary of Foreign Affairs
for four years. He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957.
 Known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors
 Established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
 Known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”
 Cultural arts was reviewed during his term.
 Was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
9.Diosdado Macapagal, 1961-1965

Born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal was a lawyer and professor. His daughter Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th and second female president of the Philippines.
 Enacted the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be
distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless
 Placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market
 Declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day
 Signed the Minimum Wage Law
 Created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank
10. Ferdinand Marcos, 1965-1986

Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for three
years. He was president for 21 years. He ruled under martial law and his dictatorship was known for its
corruption and brutality. Marcos was removed form office after the People Power Revolution.
 First president to win a second term
 Declared Martial Law on Sept. 21, 1972
 Increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces
 By 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than the figure in 1972.
 By 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia.
 Built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former presidents
combined
11. Corazon Aquino, 1986-1992
The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of an Asian
country, Corazon Aquino was born in Paniqui, Tarlac. She was a prominent figure in the People Power
Revolution that brought down Ferdinand Marcos’ dictatorship. Her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr., was a
senator during the Marcos regime and its strongest critic. He was assassinated while Marcos was still on
power.
 First woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country
 Restored democracy
 Abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the Philippines
 Reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
 Signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform and 1991 Local Government Code,
which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
 Initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy
 Named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine
 On the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino
 Received honors and awards, including:
 100 Women Who Shaped World History
 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Country
 65 Great Asian Heroes
 J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding
12. Fidel V. Ramos, 1992-1998

Fidel V. Ramos was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became
president. He was also a civil engineer. As president, he restored economic growth and stability in the
country, even during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first, and so far the only, non-Catholic
president of the Philippines.
 Oversaw Philippine economic growth
 Presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998
 Received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross
of the Order of the St. Michael and St. George)
 Hosted the fourth Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader’s Summit in the Philippines in 1996
 Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency
 The death penalty reinstated while he was in office.
 Signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front
13. Joseph Estrada, 1998-2001

Known as Erap, Joseph Estrada was the first president who had been a famous film actor. His presidency
was controversial. During his years office, economic growth was slow and he faced impeachment
proceedings. He was ousted from the presidency in 2001. He was later convicted of stealing from the
government but was pardoned. He ran unsuccessfully for president in 2010.
 During his presidency the Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were
captured.
 Joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution
 Cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
 Among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S. control
of Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 2001-2010

Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo was the 14th president of the Philippines (and the second female president).
The Oakwood Mutiny occurred during her term. Arroyo oversaw road and infrastructure improvements
and higher economic growth that presidents before her, but there was also controversy. The so-called
“Hello, Garci” controversy involved recordings that allegedly captured Arroyo ordering the rigging of the
election that put her in office. In 2005, Arroyo faced impeachment proceedings related to the recordings
but the impeachment failed. After she had left office, Arroyo faced additional charges of election fraud
and misuse of state funds.
 Second female president of the country
 First female vice-president of the Philippines
 First president to take oath outside Luzon
 Former Economics professor at the Atenoe de Manila University, where former President
Benigno Aquino III was one of her students
 Ex-classmate of former U. S. President Bill Clinton at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of
Foreign Service, where she maintained Dean’s list status
 Oversaw higher economic growth than the three presidents before her
 The Peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007.
 The eVAT Law was implemented under her term.
15. Benigno Aquino III, 2010-2016

Benigno Aquino III joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He is the
first president who is a bachelor; he is unmarried and has no children.
 Created the no “wang-wang” (street siren) policy
 Appointed statesman Jesse Robredo to serve as secretary of Interior and Local Government in
2010, where Robredo served until his death in 2012
 Initiated K-12 education in the Philippines
 Renamed the Office of the Press Secretary to Presidential Communications Operations Office
and appointed new officers
 Suspended allowances and bonuses to Government Owed and Controlled Corporation and
Government Financial Institution board members
 Oversaw 7.1 % growth of the Philippine economy in 2012
16. Rodgrigo Duterte 2016-Present

Current president of the Philippines. Was elected to a six-year term in May 2016. Took office on June 30.
Known by the nickname Digong. A lawyer and politician of Visayan descent from the southern island of
Mindanoa. He is known for his advocacies on drugs and federalism.
THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common
good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love,
equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
Article I
NATIONAL TERRITORY
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced
therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of
its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular
shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the
Philippines.
ARTICLE II
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
PRINCIPLES
Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from them.
Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally
accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace,
equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the
Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State
and the integrity of the national territory.
Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may
call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfilment thereof, all citizens may be required,
under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service.
Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and
promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of
democracy.
Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
ARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTS
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shal
any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no
search warrant of warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally
by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may
produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Section 3.(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful
order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any
purpose in any proceeding.
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the
right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.
ARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIP
Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
[1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
[2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
[3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
[4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having
to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine
citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.
Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or
omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.
ARTICLE V
SUFFRAGE
Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law,
who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one
year, and in the place wherein they propose to vote, for at least six months immediately preceding the
election. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed in the exercise of
suffrage.
Section 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy the secrecy and sanctity of the
ballot as well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the
assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules
as the Commission of Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot.
ARTICLE VI
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall be consist
of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the
provision on initiative and referendum.
Section 2. The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large by the
qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on the
day of the election, is at least thirty-five years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter, and a
resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the election.
Section 4. The term of office of the Senators shall be six years and shall commence, unless otherwise
provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election. No Senator shall
serve for more than two consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time
shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term of which he
was elected.
Section 5. (1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and fifty
members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned
among the provinces, cities and the Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number of their
respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as provided
by law, shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties
or organizations.
ARTICLE VII
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.
Section 2. No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a
registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a
resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.
Section 3. There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same qualifications and term of office and
be elected with, and in the same manner, as the President. He may be removed from office in the same
manner as the President.
The Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet. Such appointment requires no
confirmation.
Section 4. The President and the Vide-President shall be elected by direct vote of the people for a term
of six years which shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election
and shall end at noon of the same date, sex years thereafter. The President shall not be eligible for any
re-election. No person who has succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four years
shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time.
No Vice-President shall serve for more than two successive terms. Voluntarily renunciation of the office
for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of the service for the
full term of which he was elected.
ARTICLE VIII
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be
established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights
which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave
abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or
instrumentally of the Government.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of the
various courts but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in
Section 5 hereof.
No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it undermines the security of tenure of its
Members.
Section 3. The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced
by the legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous year and, after approval, shall be
automatically and regularly released.
Section 4. (1) The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate Justices. It
may sit en banc or in its discretion, in division of three, five, or seven Members. Any vacancy shall be
filled within ninety days from the occurrence thereof.
ARTICLE IX
A. COMMON PROVISIONS
Section 1. The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be independent, are the Civil Service
Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.
Section 2. No member of a Constitutional Commission shall, during his tenure, hold any other office or
employment. Neither shall he engage in the practice of any profession or in the active management or
control of any business which, in any way, may be affected by the functions of his office, nor shall he be
financially interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with, or in any franchise or privilege granted
by the Government, any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned
or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.
Section. 3. The salary of the Chairman and the Commissioners shall be fixed by law and shall not be
decreased during their tenure.
Section 4. The Constitutional Commissions shall appoint their officials and employees in accordance with
law.
B. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

Section 1. (1) The civil service shall be administered by the Civil Service Commission composed of a
Chairman and two Commissioners who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time
of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, with proven capacity for public administration,
and must not have candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their
appointment.
C. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

Section 1. (1) There shall be a Commission on Elections composed of a Chairman and six Commissioners
who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least
thirty-five years of age, holders of a college degree, and must not have been candidates for any elective
positions in the immediately preceding elections. However, a majority thereof, including the Chairman,
shall be members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten
years.
D. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT

Section 1. (1) There shall be a Commission on Audit composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners,
who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least
thirty-five years of age, Certified Public Accountants with not less than ten years of auditing experience,
or members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years,
and must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding
their appointment. At no time shall all Members of the Commission belong to the same profession.
ARTICLE X
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the provinces,
cities, municipalities, and barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the
Cordilleras as hereinafter provided.
Section 2. The territorial and political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy.
Section 3. The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a more responsive
and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with
effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local
government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications,
election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and
all other matters relating to the organization and operation of the local units.
AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
Section 15. There shall be created autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras
consisting of provinces, cities, municipalities, and geographical areas sharing common and distinctive
historical and cultural heritage, economic and social structures, and other relevant characteristics within
the framework of this Constitution and the national sovereignty as well as territorial integrity of the
Republic of the Philippines.
Section 16. The President shall exercise general supervision over autonomous regions to ensure that
laws are faithfully executed.
ARTICLE XI
ACCOUNTABILTY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
Section 1. Public office is public trust. Public officers and employees must, at all times, be accountable to
the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism
and justice, and lead modest lives.
Section 2. The President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the Members of the
Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman may be removed from office on impeachment for,
and conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other
high crimes, or betrayal of public trust, All other public officers and employees may be removed from
office as provided by law, but not by impeachment.
(2) A verified complaint for impeachment may be filled by any Member of the House of Representatives
or by any citizens upon a resolution or endorsement by any Member thereof, which shall be included in
the Order of Business within ten sessions days, and referred to the proper Committee within three
session days thereafter. The Committee, after hearing, and by a majority vote of all its Members, shall
submit its report to the House within sixty session days from such referral, together with the
corresponding resolution. The resolution shall be calendared for consideration by the House within ten
session days from receipt thereof.
(3) A vote of at least one-third of all the Members of the House shall be necessary either to affirm a
favourable resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the Committee, or override its contrary
resolution. The vote of each Member shall be recorded.
ARTICLE XII
NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
Section 1. The goals of the national economy are more equitable distribution of opportunities, income,
and wealth; a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the
benefit of the people; and an expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all,
especially the under-privileged.
The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound agricultural development
and agrarian reform, through industries that make full and efficient use of human and natural resources,
and which are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets. However, the State shall protect
Filipino enterprises against unfair foreign competition and trade practices.
In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and all regions of the country shall be given
optimum opportunity to develop. Private enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives, and similar
collective organizations, shall be encouraged to broaden the base of their ownership.
Section 2. All hands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all
forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural
resources are owned by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources
shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be under
the full control and supervision of the State. The State may directly undertake such activities, or it may
enter into co-production, joint venture, or production-sharing agreements with Filipino citizens, or
corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens. Such
agreements may be for a period not exceeding twenty five years, renewable for not more than twenty-
five years, and under such terms and conditions as may be provided by law.
In cases of water rights for irrigation, water supply fisheries, or industrial uses other than the
development of water power, beneficial use may be the measure and limit of the grant. The State shall
protect the nation’s marine wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive economic
zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.
The Congress may, by law, allow small-scale utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens, as well as
cooperative fish farming, with priority to subsistence fishermen and fish-workers in rivers, lakes, bays,
and lagoons.
ARTICLE XIII
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measure that protect and
enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities,
and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.
To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its
increments.
Section 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic
opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
LABOR
Section 3. The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized,
and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations,
and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law. They shall be
entitled to security to tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. They shall also participate
in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.
AGRARIAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES REFORM

Section 4. The State shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of
farmers and regular farmworkers who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in
the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall
encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and
reasonable retention limits as the Congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological,
developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. In
determining retention limits, the State shall respect the right of small landowners. The State shall
further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.
URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING

Section 9. The State shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the private
sector, a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which will make available at affordable
cost, decent housing and basic services to under-privileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and
resettlement areas. It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such citizens. In the
implementation of such program the State shall respect the rights of small property owners.
HEALTH
Section 11. The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development
which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all people at
affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of the under-privileged, sick, elderly, disabled,
women, and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers.
WOMEN
Section 14. The State shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions,
taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their
welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.
ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS

Section 15. The State shall respect the role of independent people’s organizations to enable the people
to pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and
aspirations through peaceful and lawful means.
People’s organizations are bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated capacity to promote the
public interest and with identifiable leadership, membership, and structure.
HUMAN RIGHTS
SECTION 17. (1) There is hereby created an independent office called the Commission on Human Rights.
(2) The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman and four Members who must be natural-born
citizens of the Philippines and a majority of whom shall be members of the Bar. The term of office and
other qualifications and disabilities of the Members of the Commission shall be provided by law.
ARTICLE XIV
EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS EDUCATION
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels,
and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all.
Section 2. The State shall:
(1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant
to the needs of the people and society;
(2) Establish and maintain, a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels.
Without limiting the natural rights of parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory
for all children of school age;
(3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other
incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to
the under-privileged;
ARTS AND CULTURE

Section 14. The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino
national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual
expression.
LANGUAGE
Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed
and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take
steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of
instruction in the educational system.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national development and progress.
The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization;
and to science and technology education, training, and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate,
and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to the country’s productive
systems and national life.
SPORTS
Section 19.(1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league
competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-
discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry.
ARTICLE XV
THE FAMILY
Section 1. The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it shall
strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.
Section 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be
protected by the State.
Section 3. The State shall defend:
1. The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the
demands of responsible parenthood;
2. The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and a special protection
from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation and other conditions prejudicial to their
development;
3. The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and
4. The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and implementations of
policies and programs that affect them.
Section 4. The family has the duty to care to its elderly members but the State may also do so through
just programs of social security.
ARTICLE XVI
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as
consecrated and honoured by the people and recognized by law.
Section 2. The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a
national seal, which shall all be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the
people. Such law shall take effect only upon its ratification by the people in a national referendum.
Section 3. The State may not be used without its consent.
Section 4. The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall
undergo military training and serve as may be provided by law. It shall keep a regular force necessary for
the security of the State.
Section 5. (1) All members of the armed forces shall take an oath of affirmation to uphold and defend
this Constitution.
ARTICLE XVII
AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS
Section 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:
(1) The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or
(2) A constitutional convention.
Section 2. Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through
initiative upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which
every legislative district must be represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters
therein. No amendment under this section shall be authorized within five years following the ratification
of this Constitution nor oftener than once every five years thereafter.
The Congress shall provide for the implementation of the exercise of this right.
Section 3. The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, call a constitutional convention,
or by a majority vote of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a
convention.
Section 4. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution under Section 1 hereof shall be valid
when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days
nor later than ninety days after the approval of such amendment or revision.
Any amendment under Section 2 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a
plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the certification
by the Commission on Elections of the sufficiency of the petition.
ARTICLE XVIII
TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
Section 1. The first elections of Members of the Congress under this Constitution shall be held on the
second Monday of May, 1987.
The first local elections shall be held on a date to be determined by the President, which may be
simultaneous with the election of the Members of the Congress. It shall include the election of all
Members of the city or municipal councils in the Metropolitan Manila area.
Section 2. The Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, and the local officials first elected
under this Constitution shall serve until noon of June 30, 1992.
Of the Senators elected in the elections in 1992, the first twelve obtaining the highest number of votes
shall serve for six years and the remaining twelve for three years.
Section 3. All existing laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, letters of instructions, and other
executive issuances not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain operative until amended,
repealed, or revoked.
Section 4. All existing treaties or international agreements which have not been ratified shall not be
renewed or extended without the concurrence of at least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate
Section 5. The six-year term of the incumbent President and Vice-President elected in the February 7,
1986 election is, for purposes of synchronization of elections, hereby extended to noon of June 30,
1992.
The first regular elections for the President and Vice-President under this Constitution shall be held on
the second Monday of May, 1992.
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS, WRIT OF AMPARO AND WRIT OF HABEAS DATA
Habeas Corpus Amparo Habeas Data
All cases of illegal confinement Involves right to life, liberty and Involves the right to privacy in
and detention which any person security violated or threatened life, liberty or security of the
is deprived of his liberty; or with violation by an unlawful aggrieved party and covers
rightful custody of any person is act or omission of a public extralegal killings and enforced
withheld from the person official or employee or a private disappearances.
entitled (102.1) Actual violation individual or entity
before writ issues. It covers extralegal killings and
enforced disappearances or
threats thereof.
PARDONING POWER OF THE PRESIDENT
The pardoning power of the President is independent of the Judiciary; it is an executive power. But,
the President while exercising this power, does not sit as a court of appeal. The object of conferring this
power on the President is two-fold: (a) to keep the door open for correcting any judicial errors in the
operation of law; and, (b) to afford relief from a sentence, which the President regards as unduly harsh.
The pardoning power of the President includes the following:
Pardon: It removes both the sentence and the conviction and completely absolves the convict from all
the sentences, punishment, and disqualifications.
Commutation It denotes the substitution of one form of punishment for a lighter form. For example, a
death sentence may be commuted to rigorous imprisonment, which in turn may be commuted to a
simple imprisonment.
Remission: It implies reducing the period of sentence without changing its character. For example, a
sentence of rigorous imprisonment for two years may be remitted to rigorous imprisonment for one
year.
Respite: It denotes awarding a lesser sentence in place of one originally awarded due to some special
fact, such as the physical disability of convict or the pregnancy of a woman offender.
Reprieve: It implies a stay of the execution of a sentence (especially that of death) for a temporary
period , its purpose is to enable the convict to have to have time to seek pardon or commutation from
the President.
THE 17 REGIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES
Island Group: Luzon
Region: 1. Ilocos
Provinces
1. Ilocos Norte; 2. Ilocos Sur; 3. La Union; 4. Pangasinan
Island Group: Luzon
Region: 2. Cagayan Valley
Provinces
1. Batanes; 2. Cagayan; 3. Isabela; 4. Nueva Vizcaya; 5. Quirino
Region: 3. Central Luzon
Provinves
1. Aurora; 2. Bataan; 3.Bulacan;4. Nueva Ecija; 5. Pampanga; 6. Tarlac; 7. Zambales
Island Group: Luzon

Region: 4A. CALABARZON
Provinces
1. Batangas; 2. Cavite; 3. Laguna; 4. Quezon; 5. Rizal
Island Group: Luzon
Region: 4B. MIMAROPA
Provinces
1. Marinduque 2. Occidental Mindoro 3. Oriental Mindoro 4. Palawan 5. Romblon
Island Group: Luzon
Region: 5. Bicol
Provinces
1. Albay 2. Camarines Norte 3. Camarines Sur 4. Catanduanes 5. Masbate 6. Sorsogon
Island Group: Visayas
Region: 6. Western Visayas
Provinces
1. Aklan 2. Antique 3. Capiz 4. Iloilo 5. Guimaras 6. Negros Occidental
Region: 7. Central Visayas
Provinces
1. Bohol; 2. Cebu; 3. Negros Oriental; 4. Siquijor

Region: 8. Eastern Visayas
Provinces
1. Biliran 2. Eastern Samar 3. Leyte 4. Northern Samar 5. Samar (Western) 6. Southern Leyte
Island Group: Mindanao
Region: 9. Zamboanga Peninsula
Provinces
1. Zamboanga Sibugay; 2. Zamboanga del Norte; 3. Zamboanga del Sur
Region: 10. Northern Mindanao

Provinces
1. Bukidnon 2. Camiguin 3. Misamis Occidental 4. Misamis Oriental 5. Lanao del Norte
Region: 11. Davao
Provinces
1. Davao del Norte 2. Davao del Sur 3. Davao Oriental 4. Compostela Valley
Region: 12. SOCCSKSARGEN
Provinces
1. North Cotabato 2. Sultan Kudarat 3. South Cotabato 4. Saranggani
Region: 13. Caraga
Provinces
1. Agusan del Norte 2. Agusan del Sur 3. Surigao del Norte 4. Surigao del Sur
Island Group: Luzon
Region: 14. Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
Provinces
1. Abra 2. Benguet 3. Ifugao 4. Kalinga 5. Apayao 6. Mountain Province

Region: 15. Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
Provinces
1. Basilan 2. Sulu 3. Tawi-Tawi 4. Lanao del Sur 5. Magindanao
Island Group : Luzon
Region 16. Natiional Capital region (NCR)
Provinces
1. Manila (composed of the cities within Manila)
Republic Act No. 6735

Approved: 04 August 1989
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A SYSTEM OF INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFOR
“The initiative and referendum Act”
(a) “Initiative” is the power of the people to propose the amendments to the constitutions or to
propose and enact legislations through an election called for the purpose. There are three (3) system of
initiative, namely:
a. 1 Initiative on the constitution which refers to a petition proposing amendments to the constitution;
a.2 initiative on statutes which refers to a petition proposing to enact a national legislation;
and
a.3 Initiative on local legislation which refers to a petition proposing to enact a regional, provincial, city,
municipal, or barangay law, resolution or ordinance.
(b) “Indirect initiative” is exercise of initiative by the people through a proposition sent to Congress or
the local legislative body for action.
(c) “Referendum” is the power of the electorate to approve or reject a legislation through an election
called for the purpose. It maybe of two classes, namely:
c. 1. Referendum on local law which refers to a petition to approve or reject a law, or part thereof,
passed by congress; and
c. 2. Referendum on local law which refers to a petition to approve or reject a law, resolution or
ordinance enacted by regional assemblies and local legislative bodies.
(d) “ Proposition” is the measure proposed by the vendors.

(e) “Plebiscite” is the electoral process by which an initiative on the constitution is approved or rejected
by the people.
(f) “Petition” is the written instrument containing the proposition and the required number of
signatories. It shall be in a form to be determined by and submitted to the commission.
(g) “Local government units” refers to provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays.
(h) “ Local legislative bodies “ refers to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Sangguniang Panlungsod,
Sangguniang Bayan, and Sangguniang Nayon.
(i) “Local executives” refers to the Provincial governors, city, or municipal mayors and Punong barangay,
as the case may be.
II. HISTORY
IMPORTANT EVENTS AND DATES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
March 16, 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines.
March 31, 1521 – the first Mass in the Philippines was held in Limasawa Southern Leyte. Many Filipinos
were converted to Roman Catholicism
April 27, 1521 – Lapu-Lapu killed Magellan in the Battle of Mactan.
1565- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived in cebu in 1565, this marked the beginning of Spanish dominion
in the Philippines.
Blood Compact was held in March 1565 between captain General Legazpi and Rajah sikatuna as a sign of
peace agreement their parties.
June 4, 1565 – Rajah Tupas and Legazpi signed the treaty of Peace, in which Cebu would recognize the
Spanish government and the Spanish government would protect Cebu in times of war as an exchange.
Rev. Father Andress de Urdaneta led the construction of Santo Niño as the first Roman Catholic Church
and convent. This marked the beginning of roman Catholicism in the Philippines.
1744-1829 – Francisco Dagohoy led the longest revolt in Bohol against the Spanish government.
September 23, 1762 – the British invaded and occupied Manila until March 1764, when the Seven- Year
War in Europe ended with the signing of the treaty of Paris. The treaty compelled the British to return
Manila to Spain.
The Tabacco Monopoly began in 1781 and served as a big source of revenue for the Spanish government
until it closed in 1882. Many Filipinos were employed as farmers and factory workers because of this.
November 21, 1849 – Governor- General Narciso Claveria issued a decree that provided for the use of
Spanish surnames by Filipino to facilitate census, tax collection, and administration. Cofrada de San Jose
was a religious cult that attracted many members. The church and the government were highly alarmed,
and this led to the killing of Apolinario dela Cruz or Hermano Pule on November 4, 1841. The cult was
later disbanded after the death of Hermano Pule.
Nicholas Loney pioneered the Sugar industry in 1859 that contributed to the economic growth of Iloilo
and Panay.
January 20, 1872 – Cavite Mutiny – Sergeant Lamadrid captured the arsenal of Fort San Felipe in Cavite.
This mutiny was used by the Spanish clergy to implicate Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and
Jacinto Zamora or known as the GOMBURZA.
February 17, 1872 – the three priest, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were
garrotted in connection with the Cavite mutiny.
La Solidaridad was founded in 1899 and became the organ of the propaganda Movement.
It published essays and articles that expressed the Filipino demand for reforms. Graciano Lopez-Jeana
and Marcelo H. del Pilar served as editors. Jose Rizal was also known as its prominent writer.
In 1890, the first telephone system was introduced in the Philippines, and this was followed by the
provincial telephone system in 1906. In 1928, PLDT was granted franchise for the entire Philippines.
Masonic Nilad Lodge or “Logia Central y Delegada” was established in 1891. Most Katiuneros were
members of this masonry. Its known founders are Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Moises Salvador, and jose
Ramos. This Masonic Lodge was approved by Grande Oriented Español on March 10, 1892.
July 7, 1892- this day saw the founding of Katipunan. Andres Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa and teodoro Plata
were the known founders of this secret society.
July 17, 1892- Dr. Jose Rizal was exiled in Dapitan. This ignited the fight of many Filipinos against the
Spanish colonial government.
August 19, 1892- Katipunan was discovered, and this led to the declaration of war against Spain.
August 23, 1892 – This day saw the Cry of Pugadlawin. The katipuneros tore their cedulas in pugad Lawin
and declared war against Spain.
August 31, 1896 – The battled of Pinaglabanan took place. - Over a hundred of katipuneros died on the
first battled against the Spanish forces in San Juan, Rizal.
February 19, 1897 Tejeros Convention – both the Magdalo and Magdiwang councils changed Katipunan
into a revolutionary government and elected its officers.
March 24, 1897- acta de Tejeros – bonifacio nullified the results the elections during the Tejeros
Convention.
April 20, 1897- Naic Military Agreement – this was the document that Bonifacio signed, nullifying the
results of the Tejeros convention.
December 14, 1897- Pact of Biak na Bato- this led to the secession of hostilities between the Spanish
government and the Filipino revolutionary leaders. This also led to the voluntary exile of the
revolutionary leaders to Hongkong.
May 1, 1898 – Battle of Manila Bay- This signalled America’s colonization of the Philippines when
Commodore George Dewey led the American naval fleets and drove the Spanish fleets away under
General Patrocinio Montojo.
June 12, 1898- Proclamation of Philippines independence- General Emilio Aguinaldo Proclaimed
Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite. The Philippine national flag was hoisted in public, while the
Marcha Nacional Filipina composed by Juliana Felipe (that later became the Philippine National Anthem)
was played by the San Francisco de Malabon band.
August 20, 1898 – On this day was signing of the Bates Treaty Agreement, which signified the non-
involvement of the Muslims in the Filipino –American War. This treaty was signed in Mindanao between
US Representative John C. Bates and the Filipino Muslim leaders Rajah Muda, Datu Joakanain, and the
Sultan of Sulu.
November 5, 1898 – The Republic of Negros was proclaimed by General Juan Anacleto Araneta.
November 17, 1898- On this day, the Cry of Santa Barbara signalled the start of the revolutionary
government in Iloilo, which was established by general martin Delgado and the revolutionists.
December 10, 1898 – The treaty of Paris – The Spanish colonizers ceded the Philippines to the United
States, which received the rights to colonize the Philippines as American’s colony.
June 5, 1899 – General Antonio Luna and his aide Col. Paco Roman were assassinated by fellow
revolutionists in Cabanatuan, Nueva, Ecija. This was considered as a tragedy for the revolutionary
movement.
September 3, 1899 – Jose Palma’s poem was published in the la independence newspaper and became
the lyrics for the Marcha Nacional Filipina of Julian Felipe. This has become the national anthem of the
Philippines.
April 21, 1899 – The first Presbyterian missionaries arrived in the Philippines. They established the first
protestant university, Silliman University, in August 1901.
December 2, 1899 – Battle of Tirad Pass – The young boy general Gregorio del Pilar died in action while
defending Tirad Pass from the American soldiers.
September 28, 1890 – The Balangiga Massacre turned Samar into a “howling wilderness” when the
Americans killed every Filipino who refused to surrender, including 10-years old boys. This retaliation
was a result of the attack of 180 Filipinos to 72 American soldiers.
March 23, 1901 – This day saw the capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela. This
apparently marked the end of the revolution
1901 – The public Education System was introduced in the Philippines when the Philippine Commission
passed Act 74, which includes the use of English as medium of instruction, free primary education and a
normal school for the training of teachers. The Thomasites arrived to serve as teachers. The Philippine
the normal University was the normal school mentioned for the training of teachers.
October 1, 1901 – Antisedition Law – Act 292 was passed by the American Colonial government to pacify
armed nationalist sentiments that might lead to another revolution.
1902 – This day saw the founding of the Union Obrero Democratica. Its president Isabelo delos Reyes
established the first labor federation in the Philippines at Teatro Variedades in Samplaoc, Manila.
July 2, 1902- This day saw the establishment of civil government when the US Congress signed the
Cooper Bill.
August 3, 1902 – Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church) was the first Filipino
church independent of Rome, and it was founded by Gregorio Aglipay. This apparently was the result of
the disparagement and prejudice felt by the nationalistic Filipino clergy.
March 24, 1903 – The Manila Electric Railway and Light Company (Meralco) was granted franchise by
the government to supply Manila and its vicinities with electricity and electric stree-railway system.
May 1, 1903 – The first Labor Day rally in the Philippines organized Union Obrero Democratica de
Filipinas. The rally was the first demonstration to demand for better working conditions.
February 19, 1905 – The Philippine Constabulary School (or the present-day Philippine Military
Academy) was first established at the Santa Lucia Barracks, Intramuros, and was later transferred in
Baguio City in 1908. It has since then became the premiere military school in the Philippines.
October 16, 1907 – This day saw the Inauguration of the first Philippine Assembly as the lower house of
a bicameral legislature with the Philippine Commission as the upper house.
June 18, 1908 – Act 1870 created the country’s premier university, the University of the Philippines.
1914 – Iglesia ni Cristo was founded by Felix Manalo.
May 1, 1913 – This day saw the founding of Congreso Obrero de Filipinas, which was organized by
Hermenigildo Cruz and battled for an eight-hour working day, abolition of child labor, just labor
standards for women, and liability of capitalists.
October 31, 1919 – Flag Day was proclaimed by the National Assembly.
1921 – The National Federation of Women’s Club was organized to primarily advocated the political
right of Filipino women. Among its leaders were Pilar Hidalgo Lim, Josefa Llanes Escoda, and Trinidad F.
legarda.
August 27, 1930- Crisanto Evangelista established the Communist Party of the Philippines.
December 29, 1930-This day saw the inauguration of Rizal monument (now Luneta Park).
1931 – The Sakdalista Movement, which was mostly composed of peasants, was founded. It was an
underground socialist reform movement.
March 25, 1934 – The Tydings-McDuffie Law was signed by Theodore Roosevelt and provided for the
establishment of the transition period before the US would eventually give the Philippines
independence.
November 15, 1935 – This day saw the inauguration of the Commonwealth Government, in which
Manuel L. Quezon was the president and Sergio Osmena as the Vice-President.
December 14, 1937 – The Law on Women’s Suffrage was passed.
December 8, 1841 – Japan invaded the Philippines when they bombed Clark Air Base and other camps in
Baguio City, Manila and Davao.
June 7, 1940 – President Manuel L. Quezon declared Tagalog (or Filipino language) as one of the official
languages in the Philippines, followed by a formal proclamation on July 4, 1946.
December 30, 1941 – Manuel L. Quezon took an oath for his second term of office as President of the
Commonwealth government.
December 3, 1942 – The Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas ( Kalibapi) was established as the
new government under the Japanese and elected Jose P. Laurel as President of the Philippines.
1942- This year is known for the Fall of Manila when the Japanese, led by Masaharu Homma, occupied
Manila.
April 9, 1942 –Fall of Bataan- General Edward P. King surrendered Bataan in order to spare the lives of
outnumbered Filipino and American soldiers. They ran out of reinforcements, ammunitions, and
supplies.
May 6, 1942 –Fall of Corregidor – General Jonathan Wainright surrendered to General Masaharu
Homma of the Japanese Imerial Army the entire USAFFE based in the Philippines.
October 20, 1944 – General Douglas MacArthur, together with Sergio Osmena and Carlos P. Romulo,
landed in Leyte Gulf for the retaking of the Philippines from the Japanese soldiers.
August 1, 1944 – Sergio Osmena succeeded President Quezon as the President of the Commonwealth
following the death of President Quezon due to tuberculosis.
December 8, 1944 – Makabayang Kaliulan ng mga Pilipino (Makapili) was used by the Japanese as
informants for their military advancement. The group was later highly prosecuted due to their betrayal
against the Filipino people.
1945 – Manila was liberated when the Americans entered and defeated the Japanese. General Douglas
McArthur turned over the civilian government to Sergio Osmeña, Sr.
September 1945 – The Philippines became a member of the united Nation.
July 4, 1946 – The Philippines finally gained independence.
III. RIZAL’S LIFE AND WORKS
Birthday: June 19, 1861

Nationality: Filipino
Also Known As: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda
Died at Age: 35
Born In: Calamba, Laguna
Spouse/Ex: Josephine Braken
Father: Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado De Alejandro
Mother: Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda De Quintos
Siblings: Conception, Jose Protasio, Josefa, Lucia, Maria, Narcisa, Paciano, Saturina, Soledad, Trinidad
Children: Francisco Rizal Y Bracken
Religion: Roman Catholicism
Died On: December 30, 1896
Place of Death: Bagumbayan, Manila
Cause of Death: Execution
Founder/Co-Founder: La Liga Filipina
Education: University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Ateneo de Manila University,
University of Paris, Complutense University of Madrid, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg
KNOWN FACTS ABOUT RIZAL
His family was very prosperous.
He enrolled at Ateneo de Municipal de Manila and graduated with a degree in Land Surveying and
assessment in 1877.
He had a deep interest in arts and thus he went to the Faculty of Arts and Letters for a degree in
Philosophy at the University of Santo Tomas.
His Mother was becoming blind during this time and Rizal decided to specialize in ophthalmology in
order to help her. He enrolled at the Faculty of Medical Sciences at University of Santo Tomas in 1878
for this purpose.
He went to Spain to continue his studies and enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid form where
he earned his degree in medicine in 1884. He completed another degree in Philosophy and Letters from
the same institute the next year.
He had an insatiable thirst for knowledge and went to France to further his knowledge of ophthalmology
at the University of Heidelberg. HE completed his eye specialization in 1887 under the tutelage of the
famous professor Otto Becker.
In 1887, while studying medicine in the Universidad Central de Madrid, he wrote the novel ‘Noli Me
Tangere’. He harshly criticized the Spanish colonial rule in Philippines and wrote of the injustices and
brutalities suffered by the native people.
His novel was banned by the government due to its scathing contents.
He had been exposed to the problematic life under the Spanish government and was aware of the
difficulties experienced by the Filipinos. He became the leader of the reform movement of Filipino
students in Spain and wrote several articles and essays in the Spanish newspaper ‘La Solidaridad’.
He believed that Philippines was struggling with the twin problems and corrupt friars and bad
government ideas of progressive ideals, peaceful reforms, individual rights and rights for the Filipino
people formed the foundation of his writings.
The man focus of the reforms he advocated were freedom of assembly and speech, representation in
the legislature, equal rights before the law for both Filipinos and Spanish, and that the Philippines be a
province of Spain. However, the colonial authorities did not favour these reforms.
In 1891, his novel ‘El Filibusterismo’ was published as a sequel to his first novel. The novel dealt with
dark and violent themes that were considerably different from the theme of its predecessor. The novel
profoundly impacted the Philippine society’s views about national identity and was banned in some
parts of the country for its portrayal of the Spanish government’s corruption.
He returned to Philippines in 1892 as he felt he needed to be in the country to effectively bring about
reforms. He formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina, which campaigned for social reforms
through peaceful and legal means.
By the early 1890s, the government had branded Rizal an enemy of the State in spite of the fact that he
advocated peaceful reforms; the authorities were angry with his novels and writings which had exposed
the corruption of the Spanish Colonial government. He was exiled to Dapitan in July 1892.
In Dapitan, he continued his reformed work by building a school for young boys, hospital and a water
supply system. He also taught farming and worked on agricultural projects using abaca, a plant used for
making rope.
In 1895, Cuba was engulfed by an epidemic of yellow fever and Rizal volunteered to serve as an army
doctor. His request was accepted and granted by the Governor-General Ramon Blanco.
By August 1896, a secret society Katipunan started a violent revolution. Even though Rizal was in no way
associated with the revolution, he was arrested enroute to Cuba.
He was sent back to Manila where he was tried for rebellion, sedition and conspiracy and convicted of
all these charges.
He had been involved with numerous women, including Gertude Beckett; Nelly Boustead, Seiko Usui and
Leonor Rivera.
He had a civil marriage with an Irish woman from Hong Kong named Josephine Bracken. The couple had
one son, born prematurely, who died soon after birth.
He was a polymath with the exceptional ability to master several subjects and skills. Rizal’s Paintings
Title: Saturnina Rizal
Material: Oil
Remarks: Now in Rizal Shrine in Fort Santiago
Title: Dapitan church curtains

Material: Oil
Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1984
Title: A painting on a pair of mother-of-pearl
Material: Oil
Remarks: Shells painted by Rizal in Dapitan and given as a gift to Doña Leonor Valenzuela and
later passed into the hands of Doña Margarita Valenzuela
Title: Spanish coat of arms
Material: Water color
Remarks: Done during a fiesta of San Rafael in Calamba in 1867
Title: Allegory on a pair of porcelain bases of the new year celebration
Material: Oil
Remarks: Made in Berlin in 1886
Title: Christ crucified
Material: Crayon
Remarks: 1875
Title: Immaculate Conception
Material: Crayon
Remarks: Made in Manila, 1974
Title: Portrait of Morayta
Material: Crayon
Remarks: Made in Barcelona, 1885
Sculptures Made by Rizal
Title: Triumph of death over life
Material: Clay
Remarks: Given to Dr. Blumentritt in 1890 in Brussels
Title: Model head of a Dapitan girl
Material: Clay
Remarks: Made in Dapitan
Title: Sacred heart of Jesus
Material: Wood
Remarks: Made in Ateneo de Manila in 1875-1877
Title: Sacred heart of Jesus
Material: Terra Cotta
Remarks: Made in Dapitan, m1894
Title: Josephine Bracken (medallion)
Material: Wood
Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1895-1896

Title: Dr. Francisco Mercado (bust)
Material: Wood
Remarks: Life-size. Made Calamba in 1887-1888
Title: Image of Virgin Mary
Material: Wood
Remarks: Made in Ateneo de Manila
Title: Orate Frantes (let us pray brethren)
Material: Wax
Remarks: Illustrated in Alejandro’s La Senda Del Sacrificio
Title: Heads of 3 Beckette Girls
Material: Bas Relief, Clay
Remarks: Made in London, 1888
Title: Two gate columns (depicting busts)
Material: Wood
Remarks: Made in Dapitan when the water service was completed in 1895
Title: Parting View of Manila
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Sketchbook of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882
THE LITERARY WORKS OF RIZAL
Noli Me Tangere
The title “Noli Me Tangere” translates to “Huwag Mo Akong Salingin” in Filipino which means
“Touch Me Not”. The novel is a reflection of what the Filipinos were going through during that
time. He wrote it to open the eyes of the Filipino to the reality that they were being oppressed,
abused and accused by the friars.
El Filibusterismo
The title means “The Reign of the Greed” it is the second novel written by our Jose Rizal. Rizal
portrayed a filibuster or rebel who is himself to reveal the moral cancer of Spanish officials in
the Philippines. He wrote El Filibusterismo as a sequel to his novel, Noli Me Tangere which was
a form of propaganda. He dedicated the book to the memory of the Gomburza, three priests who
were accused of being seditious, immoral and uneducated.
Mi Ultimo Adios “My Last Goodbye”
This is the last work piece of Jose Rizal before his execution in Dapitan. Rizal did not ascribe a
title to his poem, his friend Mariano Ponce titled it. It contains his message to the people of the
Philippines during his time which made him a revolutionary.
“Sa Aking Mga Kababata”
This is the work of Rizal when he was 8 years old, his message was to love our own language.
As he says “A person who loves his own language will surely strive for liberty”. Telling
everyone that our language, the tagalog language is equal to every othr languages like English
Spanish etc.
To The Filipino Youth
Rizal wanted to challenge the youth to study, to unleash the capacity of potential of every
individual. Believing that “Kabataan ang Pag-Asa ng Bayan”. That youth the fair hope of our
motherland should be able to think and act independently, seek solutions from within themselves
and not ask silly questions in a forum, for the battlement of the country.
Filipinas dentro de cien anos (“The Philippines a century hence”). It is one of the most
significant political works of the Filipino Reform movement in Spain, tracing the circumstances
that brought about the awakening of the Filipino and consequently the birth of the Filipino spirit
of the nation. He underscores the need to establish a new kind of political relationship between
Spain and the Philippines if the former does not wish a total break-up with the latter.
Sobre la indolencia de los Filipino (“On the Indolence of the Filipinos” in Spanish) is a
socio-political essay published in La solidaridad in Madrid in 1890. It was written by Jose Rizal
as a response to the accusation of Incio or Malay indolence. He admits the existence of indolence
among the Filipinos, but it could be attributed to a number of reasons.
Goodbye to Leonor
This literary piece gives an insight into the romantic relationship of Rizal and his beloved,
Leonor Rivera. The two met when in the province of Dagupan when Rivera was only 13-years-
old. Rivera’s parents were not in favour of their relationship and though distance separated them,
the two kept in touch by sending letters and photographs to each other. Rizal later found out that
her lady love would soon tie the knot with Henry Kipping, and the news definitely disheartened
him. The lonely, heart-breaking feelings he felt, resulted in this melancholic poem.
To the Young Women of Malolos
Addressed to the Filipino women, Rizal’s letter entitled To The Young Women of Malolos
reflects his inheritance and issues reminders to the Filipino women. In his letter, he addresses all
kinds of Filipino women, mothers, wives, and even the single women. Throughout this literary
piece, he highlights the qualities that Filipino mothers should possess, the duties of wives to their
husbands and children, and a counsel on how young women should choose their lifetime
partners. The idea behind this letter sparked after he was impressed by the women of Malolos
who won the battle they fought. Rizal advises women to educate themselves, protect their dignity
and honor, and live with good manners- setting up as a role model.
Kundiman
A Kundiman traditionally refers to a love song where a man serenades the woman he loves. For
scholars, this word was derived from the Tagalog phrase “Kung Hindi Man” (if it should not be
so) which suggests that people put their faith in a Higher Being who decides whether or not
something is meant for them. But in Rizal’s literary work, he wrote a kundiman to profess his
intense love for his motherland. This piece reflects his high hopes that one day, the Philippines
would be free from treachery and injustice. At the time, the country faced great threats while he
was in Europe. And, through this work, he voices his hopeful thoughts despite being far away
from the country.
Junto Al Pasig
When translated into English, the title of this work means Beside Pasig River. In
response to the Jesuits’ request, Rizal wrote this one-act play in the Spanish
language for the velada a gala variety program during the principal feast days. The play
centers around Leonido (a young Filipino who has a strong faith in the Virgin) and the
Diwata/Satan, which symbolizes the Spanish oppression towards Filipinos. It’s theme highlights
Christianity, good vs. evil, and paganism.
Makamisa (English: After mass) is an unfinished novel written by Filipino patriot and writer
Jose Rizal. The original manuscript was founf by historian Ambeth Ocampo in 1987 while he
was going through a 245-page collection of papers. This draft is written in pure, vernacular
Langueño Tagalog and has no written direct signature or date of inscription. The novel has only
one chapter. It runs for only ten pages and is hand-written in the old orthographic ancillary
glyphs. Although written in a different language, its style, characterization and setting mirror
those of Rizal’s two previous works, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo which he wrote in
Spanish.
A la juventud Filipina (English Translation: To the Philippine Youth) is a poem written in

Spanish by Filipino writer and patriot Jose Rizal, first presented in 1879 in Manila, while he was
studying at the University of Santo Tomas. “A la juventud Filipina” was written by Rizal when
he was only eighteen years old, and was dedicated to the Filipino youth which he describes as
“the fair hope of my motherland”.
Himno Al Trabajo (English Translation: Hymn to LAbor/ Filipino Translation: Dalit sa

Paggawa) is a poem written by Dr. Jose Rizal. The said poem was requested by his friends from
Lipa, Batangas in January 1888 because of the existing Baccera Law, and to rejoice the
hardships of Lipenos.
El Consejo de los Dioses (English Translation: The Council of the Gods) is a play written in
Spanish by Filipino writer and national hero Jose Rizal, first published in 1880 in Manila by the
Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila in 1880, and later by the La Soliradidad in 1883. El Consejo
de los Dioses was written by Rizal when he was only nineteen years old, and reveals the
humanistic education of the Philippines at the time and his answer to scholasticism.
Other literary works
Novels and essays
Alin Mang Lahi (“Whate’er the Race”), a Kundiman attributed to Dr. Jose Rizal
The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished)
Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo (Speech, 1884), given at Resraurante Ingles, Madrid
The Diaries of Jose Rizal
Rizal’s Letters is a compendium of Dr. Jose Rizal’s letters to his family members,
Blumentritt, Fr. Pablo and other reformers
“Come se gobiernan las Filipinas” (Governing the Philippine islands)
Annotations to Antonio de Moragas, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (essay, 1889, Events in
the Philippine Islands)
Poetry
El Canto Del Viajero
Briayle Crismarl
Canto de Maria Clara
Felicitacion
Mi Piden versos
Mi primera inspiracion
Mi Retiro
Por La Educacion (Recibe Lustre La Patria)
Sa sanggol na si Jesus
A Mi Musa (To My Muse)
Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
A Mam in Dapitan
Plays
Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)
San Euistaquio, Martyr (Saint Eustache, the martyr)
Rizal Laws
 RA 1425
An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, Colleges and
Universities courses on the Life Works and Writings of JOSE RIZAL,
particularly his novels NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO,
Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes.
 RA 229
An act to prohibit cockfighting, horse racing and jai-alai on the thirtieth day of
December of each year and to create a committee to take charge of the proper
celebration of Rizal day in every municipality and chartered city, and for other
purposes.
 Memorandum Order No. 247

Directing the Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports and the Chairman of the
Commission on Higher Education to fully implement Republic Act No. 1425
 CHED Memorandum No. 3. S, 1995

Enforcing strict compliance to Memorandum Order No. 247
KNOWN PHILIPPINE HEROES
Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1861-1896)
The Philippines national hero. Born in Calamba, Laguna, on June 19, 1861. Published his
masterpiece Noli Me Tangere in Berlin (Germany) in 1887 and his second novel El
Filibusterismo in Ghent (Belgium) in 1891. His two novels stirred the conscience of his people.
He contributed various literary works to La Solidaridad. For his leadership in the reform
movement and for his incendiary novels, Rizal was arrested and later killed by musketry in
Bagumbayan, Manila, on December 30, 1896. His execution was the last straw for other
Filipinos who called for a bloody revolution against Spain.
Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897)
He founded the secret society, Katipunan, on July 7, 1892, to fight Spain. He was also president
of the Tagalog republic from August 24, 1896 to May 10, 1897. Born in Tondo, Manila, on
November 30, 1863. He grew up in the slums and never knew the benefits of a prosperous life.
He married Gregoria de Jesus in 1892. He was killed on May 10, 1897, near Mount Buntis,
Maragondon, Cavite.
General Gregorio del Pilar (1875-1899)

Hero of Tirad Pass. Born on November 14, 1875, in Bulacan. Died on December 2, 1899, in the
battle of Tirad Pass, to enable Aguinaldo to escape from the Americans. One of the youngest and
bravest generals ever produced by the Philippines.
General Emilio Aguinaldo (1899-1964)
He officially procalaimed the Philippine independence in Malolos, Bulacan, on January 23,

1899, with him as the first president. It was the first republic in Asia. Born in Kawit, Cavite, on
March 22, 1869. Died at the Veterans Memorial Hospital, Quezon City, on February 6, 1964.
Apolinario Mabini (1864-1903)
Sublime paralytix and the brain of the revolution. Born on Talaga; Tananuan, Batangas, on June
22, 1864. He joined La Liga Filipina in 1892 and Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government from
June 1898 to May 1899. He was captured by the American forces in December 1899 and
deported to Guam in January 1901. He died in Manila on May 13, 1903.
GOMBURZA Father Mariano Gomez (1799-1872) Father Jose Burgos (1837-1872) Father
Jacinto Zamora (1835-1872)
Three intellectuals who crusaded for reform. Killed by garrotte in Bagumbayan, Manila on
February 17, 1872, for allegedly instigating the Cavite mutiny.
Emilio Jacinto (1875-1899)
Brains of Katipunan. Born in Trozo, Manila, on December 15, 1875. He joined the
Katipunan in 1894 and became Bonifacio’s trusted friend and advicer. He wrote
the Kartilya ng Katipunan, the primer of the Katipunan which embodied the teachings of
the organization. He founded and edited the Katipunan newspaper; Kalayaan, whose first issue
came out in January 1896. Died on April 16, 1899. He was one of the heroic figures in the
Philippine history.
General Antonio Luna (1866-1899)
The greatest general of the revolution. Younger brother of Juan Luna, the famous painter. Editor
o La Independencia, whose first issue came out on September 3, 1898. Born in Binondo ,
Manila, on October 29, 1866. He was one of the propagandists in Spain who were working for
political reforms in the Philippines. He contributed articles to La Solidaridad. He was
assassinated in Cabanatuan City, on June 5, 1899.
Melchora Aquino (1812-1919)
Better known as Tandang Sora. Born in Banlat, Kalookan City, on January 6, 1812. She helped
the Katipuneros under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio by providing them food, shelter, and
other material goods. She is recognized as the Grand Woman of the revolution and the mother of
Balintawak. She died on March 12, 1919.
Graciano Lopez-Jaena (1856-1896)
Founder and first editor of the newspaper La Solidaridad, which became the vehicle of
expression for Filipino propaganda in Spain. Together with Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
he umdertook propaganda campaigns in Spain. Born in Jaro, Iloilo, on December 18, 1856. He
died on January 20, 1896, in Barcelona, Spain.
Panday Pira (1483-1576)
First Filipino cannon maker. He forged the cannons which Rajah Sulayman used in defending
the Muslim Kingdom of Manila against the Spanish invaders. Born in one of the islands in
Southern Philippines in 1483. He died in 1576
Mariano Ponce (1863-1918)
Researcher, historian, bibliographer, propagandist, diplomat, physician, folklorist, and an

outstanding reformist. Born in Baliwag, Bulacan, on March 23, 1863. While in Spain, hejoined
the propaganda movement and became one of the initiators of La Solidaridad, later becoming its
managing editor. Died in Hongkong on May 23, 1918.
Gregoria de Jesus (1875-1943)

One of the brave and patriotic women who played heroic role in the Philippine revolution. Born
in Kalookan City, on May 9, 1875. Wife of Andres Bonifacio and Lakambini of the Katipunan.
She actually fought alongside her husband during the revolution, aside from being the custodian
of the Katipunan documents. She organized the Katipunan’s Women Chapter. She died on
March 15, 1943.
Fernando Ma. Guerero (1873-1890)
Musician, journalist, politician, and lawyer. Considered the greatest lyric poet in Spanish. Born
in Ermita, Manila, on May 30, 1873. When the revolution broke out, General Antinio Luna
invited him to join the editorial staff of La Independencia, the organ of the revolution. Thus, he
fought for the Filipino cause with his pen. Died in Manila June 12, 1929.
Felipe Agoncillo (1859-1941)
Outstanding diplomat of the Philippine revolution. Born in Taal, Batangas, on May 26, 1859.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo appointed him as Minister Plenipotentiary to the peace conference in
Washington and Paris. Died on September 19, 1941, at the Manila Doctor’s Hospital.
Juan Luna (1857-1899)
A geniusof the brush and a patriot of the highest order. Creator of the world-famous painting,
SPOLARIUM, which was awarded the gold medal in the Expocition Nacional de Bellas Artes in
Madrid in 1884. It is also known as the greatest painting of all times. Born in Badoc, Ilocos,
Norte, on October 23, 1857. He was closely asscociated with the Reform Movement, together
with Rizal, Lopez-Jaena, Ponce, etc. he died in Hongkong on December 7, 1899.
Rafael Palma (1874-1939)
Orator, statesman, scholar, educator and writer. Born in Tondo, Manila, on October 24, 1874. He
was involved in the propaganda campaign against the Spaniards. He cofounded with Gen.
Antonio Luna the revolutionary newspaper, La Independencia. Later, he also founded El Nuevo
Dia, Cebu’s first daily. Died in Manila on May 24, 1939.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar (1850-1896)

Political analyst of the Filipino colony in Spain. Born in Kupang, Bulacan, on August 30, 1850.
In 1882, he founded the natonalistic newspaper, Diariong Tagalog. In December 1889, he
became the editor of La Solidaridad and became the moving spirit behind the propaganda
movement. Died on July 4, 1896. xx
Pedro Paterno (858-1911)
Statesman, poet, writer, and peacemark. Born in Manila on February 27, 1858. He was the
negotiator/mediator of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. He helped prepare the Malolos constitution. He
died on April 26, 1911.
Leona Florentino (1849-1884)
First poetess of the Philippines. Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on April 19, 1849. Her poems were
given international recognition at the Exposicion in Madrid in 1887 and in Paris in 1889. Died on
October 4, 1884.
Isabelo delos Reyes (1864-1938)
Last of the propagandists. Gifted son of Leona Florentino, first poetess of the Philippines. Born
in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on July 7, 1864. He aroused the hostility of the friars and government
officials when he openly criticized the evils of the Spanish rule and he advocated reforms. He
was the founder of the first Philippine labor union, as well as the first independent Filipino
Catholic church. Died on October 9, 1938.
Jose Palma (1876-1903)
Poet and soldier. Born in Tondo, Manila, on June 3, 1876. Younger brother of Dr. Rafael Palma.
He was a staff member of La Independencia. He wrote Filipinas, a patriotic poem in Spanish,
which became the lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem. Died in Manila, on February 12,
1903.
Artemio Ricarte (1866-1945)

The unconquerable hero of the revolution. Born in Batac, Ilocos Norte, on October 20, 1886.
Known as Viborra, he was a gentle public school teacher who became a dashing revolutionary
general. Died in the jungles of Sierra Madre on July 31, 1945.
Rajah Lakandola
One of the most illustrious ancient Filipinos. Chief of Tondo, when Legazpi came to Manila in
1571. He became a Christian and took the name of Carlos, after the king of Spain. He made the
blood compact with the Goiti. He fought alongside the Spaniards against the Chinese pirate,
Limahong. Died in 1575.
Rajah Soliman
The last rajah of Manila, noted for his daring and bravery. Nwwphew of Rajah Lakandola. Of all
of the early rulers of Manila, he was feared ,ost by the Spaniards. He was killed on June 3, 1571,
in the Battle of Bangkusay.
Leonor Rivera (1867-1893)
Cousin and fiancée of Jose Rizal. She was the Maria Clara in Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere.
Marcela Mariño Agoncillo (1859-19460
Maker of the first Philippine flag. Born in Taal, Batangas, on June 24, 1859. Married to Filipe
Agoncillo. She labored to make the Filipino flag in Hongkong with the help of Delfina Herbosa
de Natividad, a niece of Rizal. Died on May 30, 1946 in Taal, Batangas.
Galiciano Apacible
One of the founders of La Solidaridad
Jose Ma. Panganiban (1863-1890)
Avenger of Filipino honor. Born in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, on February 1, 1863. A good
friend and co-worker of Rizal. He was Bicolanda’s greatest contribution to the historic
camapaign for reforms, more popularly called the Propaganda Movement. He wrote articles for
La Solidaridad, under the pen names Jomapa and J.M.P. Died in Barcelona, Spain, on August
19, 1890.
Diego Silang (1730-1763)
He led the revolt of the Ilocanos in opposition to the tribute and abuses of the Spanish officials.
Born in Aringay, La Union, on December 16, 1730. The revolt started in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. He
was killed by Miguel Vicos, a Spanish mewstizo who bore grievances against Diego Silang.
Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang
After the death of Diego Silang on May 28, 1763, the fight was carried on by his wife, MARIA
JOSEFA GABRIELA SILANG, and his uncle, Nicolas Cariño. She toolost her life for freedom’s
sake on September 30, 1763.
Lapu-Lapu (c. 16th century)
Chief of Mactan who led the first successful Filipino armed resistance against Spanish
aggression. He fought and killed Magellan in a battle in Mactan, on April 27, 1521.
Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862)
More popularly known as Balagtas, he is considered the prince of Tagalog poets. Born in
Panginay, Bigaa, Bulacan, on April 2, 1788. He wrote Florante at Laura, a masterpiece of local
versification, upholding moral and social values; it served as the basic foundation of the
Philippine literature. Died in Orion, Bataan,, on February 20, 1862.
Epifanio delos Santos (1871-1928)
Lawyer, journalist, historian, philosopher, bibliographer, biographer, painter, poet, musician,

literary critic, antique collector, and librarian. Born in Malabom, Rizal, on April 7, 1871. Died on
April 28, 1928, in Manila.
Francisco Dagohoy (c. Mid-18th century)

He led the longest revolt in Bohol against the Spaniards. The immediate cause of the revolt was
the refusal of a Jesuit priest to give a Christian burial to Dagohoy’s brother. The Spaniards
needed 85 years before they were able to suppress the rebellion. It was only in 1829 that they
finally succeeded in bringing to end the revolt started by Dagohoy.
Teresa Magbanua (1871-1947)
The first woman in Panay to fight in the Philippine revolution. Known as the Visayan Joan of
Arc. Born in Pototan, Iloilo, on November 4, 1871. Died in August 1947.
Trinidad Tecson (1848-1928)
Mother of Biak-na-bato. Born in San Miguel, Bulacan, on November 18, 1848. Even though
women- members of the Katipunan were exempted from the pact, she participated in Sanduguan
(blood compact). She fought fearlessly in 12 bloody battles of the revolution in Bulacan,
including the famous Battle of Biak-na-Bato. Later, she became known as The Mother of the
Philippine Red Cross. Died on June June 28, 1928.
Agueda Esteban
Katipunan member who later married Artemio Ricarte. She commuted from Cavite to Manila to
buy saltpetre, lead, and copper where used to make ammunitions. She also carried secret
messages about the palnned offensives against the Spanish posts.
Julian Felipe (1861-1941)
Composer of the Philippine National Anthem. Born in Cavite City on January 28, 1861. A
dedicated music teacher and composer, he was appointed by Aguinaldo as Director of the
National Band of the Philippine Republic. Died in Manila on October 2, 1941.
Marina Dizon (1875-1950)

Daughter of a Katipunan leader in Cavite, who was one of the Trece Martirez, executed by the
Spanish officials in 1896. Born in Trozo, Manila, on july 18, 1875. She joined the Katipunan in
July 1893, one of the first women to have done so. She also kept important documents of the
Katipunan. Died on October 25, 1950.
General Francisco Makabulos (1871-1922)
Leader of the revolt in Tarlac. Born in La Paz, Tarlac, on September 17, 1871. He was the first
patriot in Tarlac, who joined the Katipunan. General Aguinaldo apoointed him as one of the
brigadier generals of the Central Luzon area. He established the Central Executive Committee,
which had a constitution called the Constitution of Makabulos. Died in La Paz, Tarlac, on April
30, 1922.
IV. PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS WITH THE TAXATION AND AGRARIAN

REFORM
The Three Basic Economic Problems
1. What goods and services should be produced and in what quantities?

2. How should these goods and services be produced?
3. For whom should these goods and services be produced?
What goods and services should be produced and in what quantities?
 We cannot produce all the material goods we desire

 Consideration of preference ratings
 Evaluation of opportunity cost
 How should these goods and services be produced?
 Method of producing goods and services
Optimum level- maximum output with a minimum input
without sacrificing the quality.
 For whom should these goods and services be produced?
- A problem of distribution
- Whose generation?
- The present or the future generation
Factors of Production
1. Land
2. Labor
3. Capital
4. Entrepreneurship
The Economic System
 Traditional Economy
 One whose economic decisions are made with great influence from the past
 Past experiences which were handed down from generation to generation are used
as bases for economic decisions.
 Change is slow- everyone’s role is quietly observed
 E.g. in tribes, Mongolia and Afghanistan
What are the essential characteristics of traditional economy?

Communal land ownership

The leader decides on the management of agricultural production.

The production, distribution, and use of economic resources are based on
traditional practices.
 New technologies are not welcome.
 The economy is only third in priority; culture first, the religion.
 Mines are used to gather raw materials for production.
Command Economy
 Factors of production and distribution are owned and managed by the state.
 Decisions in answering the basic economic problems are planned, done, and
dictated by the government.
 Like a military.
 E.g. in the former USSR, NK, Cuba, formerly Burma.
What are the essential characteristics of a command economy?
 Resource allocation is done by the government.

 Presence of central planning of all economic activities.
 There is no free competition (the government is the only seller).
 Only the government plays the role in setting legal framework for economic life
production and distribution of goods and services.
Market Economy
 A way to solve basic economic problems.

 Individual consumers and businesses interact to solve the economic problem.
 The price of commodity dictates what goods and services will be produced and
for whom it will be produced.
 Market like an auction.
 E.g. SG, HK, China.
What are essential characteristics of a market economy?

The private sector owns and manages the means of production.

The price system in a market structure applies to determine how much will be
paid for a certain commodity or price.
 It is also known as laissez-faire or free enterprise.
 There is minimal government interference.
 Existence of competition results to monopoly.
 There is the presence of economic power.
Mixed Economy
 With elements of traditional, command and free market.

 Both private and public institutions exercise economic control.
 E.g. US, Sweden, Philippines, Japan.
What are the essential characteristics of a mixed economy?
 The means of production are owned and controlled by the private sector as well as
the government.
 The people decide on economic activities within the economy.
 The combination of the best features of capitalist and command economies is
observable in the market.
 The problem of distribution of goods and services is a combination of the market
systems and laws and policies (government).
Demand- is the quantity of goods that consumes is willing and able to buy at particular price
during specified period of time.
Law of Demand- as the price increases, demand decreases and as the price decreases, demand
increases (ceteris paribus).
Demand Curve
- Graphical presentation of the relationship between price and quantity

demanded.
- Price is inversely related to quantity
- Negatively charge
- Downward sloping time.
Factors Affecting Demand
1. Change in Taste and Preferences

2. Change Price Expectation
3. Change in Number of Buyers
4. Change in Price of related goods
- Substitute good
- Complementary good
Change in Demand- shift of the entire demand come to either to the left or right due to factors
affecting demand.
P
P
D2 D1
D1 D2
Q
Q
Change in Quantity Demanded
-movement from one point to another point either upward or downward in demand curve
due to change in price.
Upward- decrease in quantity demanded.
Downward- increase in quantity demanded.
Supply- is the quantity of good/services that producers are willing and able to sell at a particular
price during specified period of time.
Law of Supply- it states that is the price increases the supply also increases, and as the price
decreases the supply will also decreases with the “ceteris paribus” (all other things are held in
constant).
Supply Curve
P
S
- Graphical presentation of the relationship between the price and

quantity supplied.
- Upward Sloping line.
- Price in directly related to Quantity.
- Positively change.
Factors Affecting Supply
1. Change in Number of Suppliers

2. Change in Cost of Production
3. Change in Technology
4. Change in Price Expectation
5. Change in Price of Related Goods
- Substitute Good
- Complementary Good
6. Change in Government regulation and subsidy
Change in Supply- shift of the entire supply come to enter to the left or to the right due to
factors affecting supply.
P S1 P S2
S2 S1
Increase in Supply Decrease in Supply
Change in Quantity Supplied- movement of one point to another point either downward or
upward due to change in price.
Downward- decrease in quantity demanded
Upward- increase in quantity demanded.
PHASES OF BUSINESS CYCLE
Recovery- upward pick up from the bottom.
Boom- peak
Recession- slowdown
Depression- bottom
Four Major Economic Activities
1. Production- takes resources and produces products

2. Consumption- final use of goods and services
3. Distribution- process by which all goods and services are shared.
4. Exchange- markets where exchange takes place.
Gross national Product- GNP is an estimate of all final goods and services produces in a given
period of time by a country.
Gross Domestic Product- GDP is an estimate of all final goods and services turn out by a
country excluding foreign trade.
NET National Product- NNP monetary value of goods and services produce by a country.
Gross National Income- GNI is the sum of the nation’s gross domestic product GDP and net
income receives from overseas.
Inflation- is the general increase in price level labour job.
Employment- is the state of being employed.
Unemployment rate- unemployment rates increases in the short run when monetary policy is
used to reduce inflation, when inflation is high, unemployment is low and this is the best
illustrated in graph called Phillips Curve. Most inflation is curved by demand full inflation when
aggregate demand grows faster than aggregate supply. Business hires more labor to increase
supply, thus, reducing, and the unemployment rate in the short run.
Types of Unemployment
1. Frictional Unemployment- unemployment that results because it takes time to find

another job or new job.
2. Structural Unemployment- unemployment results from mismatch of the shells.
3. Cyclical Unemployment- unemployment that results when there are fewer jobs than
members of the labor force.
Concepts of Taxation and Income Taxation
Definition of Taxation
 It is the process by which given the sovereign, through its law-making body, raises
revenues used to defray expenses of government.
 It is a means of the government in increasing its revenue under the authority of the law,
purposely used to promote welfare and protection of its citizenry.
 It is the collection of a share of individual and organizational income by a government
under the authority of the law.
Concept of Taxation
 Taxation is the inherent power of the state to impose and demand contributions upon
persons, properties, or rights for the purpose of generating revenues for public purposes.
 No government can exist or stand without taxation; thus, taxation is an utmost necessity.
 Taxes are imposed for the support of the government in return for the general advantages,
protections, and welfare which the government affords the taxpayers and their properties.
 Where there is no benefit, there is no power to tax.
 Reciprocal duties of protection and support.
 Mandatory contribution to the government.
Principles and Theories of Taxation
The Benefit Principle
 This principle holds that individuals should be taxed in proportion to the benefit they
receive from the government and that taxes should be paid by those people who receive
the direct benefit of the government programs and projects out of the taxes said.
The Ability To-Pay Principle
 This principle holds that taxes should relate with the people’s income or the ability to
pay, that is, people with greater income or wealth and can afford to pay more taxes
should be taxed at a higher rate than people with less wealth.
The Equal Distribution Principle
 This principle holds that income, wealth, and transaction should be taxed at a fixed
percentage, that is, people who earn more and buy more should pay more taxes, but will
not pay a higher rate of taxes.
Significance of Taxation
 The primary purpose of taxation is to generate funds/revenues used to defray expenses

incurred by the government in promoting the general welfare of its citizenry.
Other Purposes of Taxation
1. To equitably contribute to the wealth of the nations
2. To protect new industries (by imposing tax exemption to new or pioneering industries)
3. To protect local producers (by imposing higher customs cuties on cheap imported goods)
Essential Characteristics of Tax
1. It is enforced contribution.
2. It is generally payable in cash.
3. It is proportionate in character.
4. It is levied on person or property.
5. It is levied by the State which has jurisdiction over the person or property.
6. It is levied by the law-making body of the state.
7. It is levied for public purposes.
Classification of Taxes
As to Subject Matter
1. Personal, Poll or Capitation Tax- there is a fixed amount upon all persons residing
within a specific territory, e.g. residence tax.
2. Property Tax- assessment on all property located within a certain territory on a specified
date in proportion to its value e.g. real estate tax.
3. Excise Tax- a tax paid primarily by a person who can shift the burden upon someone
else, or who is under no legal obligation to pay him/her, e.g. VAT.
VAT- (Value-Added Tax) is a form of sales tax. It is a tax on consumption levied on the sale
of goods and services and on the imports of goods into the Philippines.
As to who bears the burden
1. Direct Tax- a tax which is demanded from an individual who tends to buy or purchase a
good or service, e.g. Income Tax
2. Indirect Tax- a tax paid primarily by a person who can shift the burden upon someone
else, or who is under no legal obligation to pay him/her, e.g. VAT.
As to determination of account
1. Specific Tax- a tax that is fixed or determinate sum imposed by the head or number or
some standard of weight or measurement, and requires no assessment beyond a listing
and classification of the object to be taxed, e.g. Taxes on wines
2. Ad Valorem Tax- a tax of a fixed proportion of the value of the property with respect to
which the tax is assessed, and requires the intervention of assessors or appraisers to
estimate the value of such property before the amount due from each tax payer can be
determined, e.g. real estate, imported car.
As to purpose
1. General Tax- a tax levied to an individual for a general public purpose. Almost all taxes
are an example of this classification.
2. Special Tax- a tax levied to an individual for a particular or specific purpose.
As to scope
1. National Tax- imposed by the state itself and is effective within the entire jurisdiction
therof, e.g. National Revenue Tax
2. Local Tax- impose by a political subdivision of the state and is effective only within the
territorial boundaries thereof, e.g. ecological fess.
Entities Exempted From Taxation
1. Religious institutions (church, mosques and parsonages)

2. Charitable, non-stock educational institutions
3. Non-profit, non-stock educational institutions
4. Non-profit cemeteries
5. Government institutions
6. Foreign Diplomas
Forms of Escape from Taxation
1. Shifting- one way of passing the burden of tax from one person to another e.g. from
manufacturer to consumers
a. Forward shifting- transfer of tax from a factor of factor to factor of distribution.
b. Backward shifting- the burden of tax is transferred from the consumer to producer.
c. Onward shifting- the tax is shifted two or more times, either forward or backward.
2. Capitalization- refers to the reduction in the price of the taxed object to the capitalized
value of future taxes which the purchaser expects to be called upon to pay. E.g. reduction
in the tax of the real estate in anticipation of the future tax to be shouldered by the future
buyer.
3. Transformation- occurs when the manufacturer or producer upon whom the
tax has been imposed pays the tax and endeavour to “recoup” himself/herself
by improving his/her process of production.
4. Tax Evasion- “tax dodging”- the practice by the taxpayer through illegal or fraudulent
means to defeat or lessen the amount for tax.
5. Tax Avoidance- “tax minimization”- the exploitation by the taxpayer of legally
permissible methods in order to avoid or reduce tax liability e.g. exhausting/utilizing all
allowable deductions or exemptions in law to lessen or reduce the tax burden.
Tax Exemption
 The grant of immunity or freedom from a financial charge, obligation, or burden to which
others are subjected
Grounds:
A. Contract in which the government is the contracting party
B. Public policy
C. Reciprocity
Kinds of Taxes Under Existing Law
National Taxes
a. National Internal Revenue Code

b. Tariffs and Customs Code of the Philippines
c. The Sugar Adjustment Act
d. The Narcotics Drug Act
e. The Special Education Fund Law
f. The Travel Tax
g. The Private Motor vehicle Act
h. The Energy Taxes
i. Republic Acts 1093, 1125, 2211
j. Presidential Decree No. 477
Local taxes
a. The Local Tax Code

b. The Real Property Tax Code
c. The Tax Ordinance (Barangay, municipality and province)
AGRARIAN REFORM
Agrarian Reform in the Philippines
 R.A 6657
 The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law or CARL- now CARP
 Signed into law by President Corazon C. Aquino
Why comprehensive?
 Because it covers not only private lands but also public lands and other lands of the
public domain which are classified as agricultural, regardless of the crops planted
thereon, the growing fruit trees, farm products, and other farm activities performed and/or
done by persons, whether natural.
Art. II, Sec. 21 1987 Constitution
‘the state shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people from pverty through policies that provide
adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and improved
quality of life for all.’
History of Agrarian Reform
Spanish Time
 Big tracts of lands were owned by the Friars or Religious Orders.

 Distribution of land as form of rewards-loyalty and faithful service to the Spanish Crown.
 Reduction Policy- Moving small groups of Filipino settlements into one, large town.
American Time
 Lands were sold to peasants to resolve social unrest

 Some farmers bought big tracts of lands
 This has encouraged haciendas
Macapagal Administration
 1963- a Land Reform Code was passed.

 Only applied to rice lands
 Ensuring a more definite from tenancy to owner- operated farms
Marcos Administration
 1972- Pres. Marcos issued a decree declaring the whole country as a land reform area-
ambiguous in nature.
Another law was enacted to explain the former.
 In this law, tenants were allowed to own through amortization five hectares of land
planted with rice or corn
Aquino Administration
 Full implementation of the Land Reform

 E.O. No. 229- providing the Mechanism from the Implementation of the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program
Land Reform vs. Agrarian Reform
Land reform- refers to the improvement of the farmers relationship to the land they cultivate.
Agrarian Reform- concerned with the total development of farmers on economic, social, and
political transformation.
Principles of Agrarian Reform

 Social Justice- democratization of income and wealth by equalizing access to land as the
basic productive resource
 Just Compensation- Fair market value is primarily considered in the alnd valuation
process.
Coverage of Agrarian Reform (R.A 6657)
 All public and private lands provided in Proclamation No. 131 and other lands of the
public domain suitable fro agriculture
 At the onset, 10.3 million hectares of agricultural lands to distribute in 10 years
 63%- under DENR
 37%- under DAR
DAR- distribution of private agricultural lands (compensable lands) and non-private agricultural
lands (mostly non-compensable such as settlements, landed estates, KKK lands)
DENR- distribution of public alienable and disposable lands and those covered by the Integrated
Social Forestry (ISF) Program
Lands Covered by the CARP
a. All alienable and disposable lands of the public domain devoted to or suitable for
agriculture
b. All lands of public domain in excess of the specific limits as determined by the Congress
c. All lands owned by the government devoted to or suitable for agriculture; and
d. All private lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture regardless of the agricultural
products raised or that can be raised thereon.
Land Distribution of CARP
1. Agricultural lessees and share tenants

2. Regular farm workers
3. Seasonal farm workers
4. Other farm workers
5. Actual tillers or occupants of public lands
6. Collective or cooperative of the above beneficiaries
7. Others directly working on hand
V. SOCIETY AND CULTURE WITH THE FAMILY PLANNING
PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES ABOUT THE FORMATION OF SOCIETY
Plato
 A student of Socrates
 He wrote The Republic
 Societies are formed out of individual necessity.
 Societies are formed for mutual benefit.
 Plato often discussed the father-son relationship and the question of whether a father’s
interest in his sons has much to do with how well his sons turn out.
 Three classes: Rulers, soldiers and people
 Each class should fulfil its own role to attain harmony, i.e., genuine justice
ARISTOTLE
A student of Plato and the teacher of Alexander the Great

Renowned for his work Politics
He considered the city as a natural community than the family.]
He described man as a political animal.
Politics as an organism than a machine
He believed that rulers must be wise and educated
He believed in private ownership
There must be a balance between a ban on private property and the unlimited
accumulation of wealth.
CONFUCIUS
 The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and government morality, correctness

of social relationships, justice and sincerity.
 Confucius’s principles had a basis in common Chinese tradition and belief.
 He championed strong family loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their
children and of husbands by their wives.
 Confucianism as a philosophy is based on the ideas of love and compassion.
 Morals and virtue are given highest regard.
 Confucius highlighted the value of a code of conduct for the society.
 He believed that men by nature are good.
Niccolo Machiaveli
 He wrote The Prince to serve as a guide in ruling a region or a state.

 He believed that representative government is the ideal form of government.
 Possibility of forming a “good society” governed by a monarch.
 The principal foundations of all states are goods laws and good armies.
 For Machiavelli, leaders must be both virtuous and vicious.
 Machiavelli believed that public and private morality had to be understood as two
different things in order to rule well.
 A ruler must be concerned not only with reputation, but also must be positively willing
to act immorally at the right times.
Thomas More
 He wrote Utopia in 1516, a narrative depicting a kind society and its religious, social and
political customs.
 It attempts to solve problems of the 15th and 16th centuries by prescribing an ideal
rewpublic.
 The Four Principles
- Elimination of private property
- Universal nature of labor
- The role moderated pleasure in social life.
- The role of the family as the microcosm of the state.
Thomas Hobbes
 He wrote the Leviathan.

 In Leviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate
governments- originating the Social Contract Theory.
 He offered a solution to enable people to escape from “state of nature”.
 He added that subjects must endure the abuses of the sovereign as a consequence of
attaining peace rather than go back again to state of nature.
 Inspiration of despotism.
John Locke
 An English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of

Enlightenment thinkers.
 “Inconveniences” include ignorance of laws, unfair adjudication, and lack of authority.
 For Locke, the purpose of existence of civil society is not for the governed to be directly
ruled and guided in order for them to live and flourish.
 The prime duty of the government is to enact measures that will protect the life, liberty
and property of every subject.
 He strongly opposed unlimited sovereignty for rulers.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 wrote The Social Contract and Emile

 His ideas became the foundation of most Western philosophies.
 He suggested that humans should form a civil society by entering into a social contract.
 For Rousseau, the sovereign (law making power) should be exercised by the people.
 Direct Democracy.
John Stuart Mill
One of the proponents of Utilitarianism.

Also wrote On Liberty.
He viewed liberty as freedom of every individual to “do whatever he/she pleases as long
as he/she does not harm other people.
 The government should interfere only when it is for the protection of the society.
 Mill set a limit on the authorities of the ruler in order for the latter not to abuse it by
making decisions that could harm society.
 Social Liberty is the right of the people to participate in making decisions involving the
government- “the nature and limits of the power that can be exercised legitimately by
society over an individual”
CULTURE
What is Culture?
 Culture is the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together from people’s
way of life.
 It includes what we think, how we act, and what we own.
 Culture shapes not only what we do but also what we think and how we feel elements of
what we commonly, but wrongly, describe as “human nature”
Material and Non-material Culture
 Material Culture- the physical things created by members of a society

 Non- material Culture- the ideas created by members of a society
Culture Shock
 A personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

Culture, nation and Society
 Culture- refers to shared way of life.

 Nation- a political entity, a territory with designated borders
 Society- the organized interaction of people who typically live in a nation or some other
specific territory.
 Multicultural society- such as the US, where people follow various ways of life that blend
(and sometime clash)
The Elements of Culture

a. Symbols
 Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
 A word, a whistle, a wall of graffiti, a flashing red light, a raised fist
 Cyber symbols
 Burning a flag
 Waving white flag
b. Language
 A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with oner another
 Verbal or spoken
 Non-verbal/Kinesics
 Written/Human Script
Cultural Transmission
 The process by which one generation passes culture to the next

 Language is the key that unlocks centuries of accumulated wisdom.
Does language shape reality?
 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis- states that people see and understand the world through the
cultural lens of language.
 Children understand the idea of “family” long before they learn that word.
c. Values and Beliefs

 Values- culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good and
beautiful, and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
 Beliefs- specific statements that people hold to be true.
Key Values of the Filipinos

o Happy people
o Magaling makisama
o Madiskarte (survivors)
o Close-family ties
o Dependence
o Ningas-cogon
o Manana habit
o Matiisin
d. Norms
 Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.
 Some norms are prescriptive (do’s) and proscriptive (don’ts’s)
More and Folkways (William Graham Summer)
o Mores- (taboos) norms that are widely observed and have great moral
significance.
o Folkways- norms for routine or casual interaction. Folkways draw a line between
right and rude.
e. Social Control
 Attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior
Ideal and Real Culture
 Ideal Culture- suggests how we should behave

 Real culture- what occurs in everyday life
E.g. faithfulness in marriage
Material Culture and Technology
 Artefacts- physical human creations

 Technology- knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings.
 May be simple or advanced and sophisticated
 New Information Technology and Culture
Post-industrial societies
 Production is based on computers and other electronic devices that create, process, store,
and apply information.
 Workers need symbolic skills in place of mechanical skills of industrial age.
 Symbolic skills include the ability to speak, write, compute, design and create iamges in
fields such as art, advertising, and entertainment.
High Culture and Popular Culture
 High culture- refers to cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

 Popular culture- cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population.
Subculture
 Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society’s population

 Subcultures involve not just difference but hierarchy.
Multiculturalism
 And educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting the
equality of all cultural traditions.
 E pluribus unum- “out of many, one”
 Euro centrism- the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
 Afrocentrism- emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns
Counterculture
 Refers to cultural patterns that strongly oppose those wisely accepted within a society
 E.g. Hippies, Al-Qaeda group
Cultural Change
 “All things shall pass”

 Change in one part of a culture usually sparks changes in others
Cultural Integration- the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
Cultural Lag (William Ogburn, 1964)
 An consistency that disrupts a cultural system

 William ogburn observed that technology moves quickly, generating new elements of
material culture (things) faster than nonmaterial culture (ideas) can keep up with them.
 Causes of Cultural Lag
a. Invention- the process of creating new elements
b. Discovery- involves recognizing and better understanding something already in
existence.
c. Diffusion- the spread of cultural traits from one society to another
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Ethnocentrism- the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.
Cultural Relativism- the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
Theoretical Analysis of Culture
a. Structural-Functional Analysis
b. Explains culture as a complex strategy for meeting human needs.
c. Cultural values direct our lives, give meaning to what we do, and bind people together.
Cultural Universals- refers to traits that are part of every known culture
E.g. family, giving names, art, dance, cooking, funeral rites, marriage.
Critical View
 This approach largely ignores cultural diversity.

 This approach emphasizes cultural stability, and it downplays the importance of change.
b. Inequality and Culture: Social-Conflict Analysis
 The link between culture and inequality

 Marx proclaimed, “It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, it is
their social being that determines their consciousness”
 A society’s system of material production (such as our own capitalist economy) has a
powerful effect on the rest of a culture.
Critical View
 Because this approach stresses the divisiveness of culture, it understates the ways that
cultural patterns integrate members of society.
Evolution and Culture: Socio-biology
 Socio-biology- a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects
how we create culture
 Sociobiologists claim that the large number of cultural universals reflects the fact that all
humans are members of a single biological species.
Critical View
 Socio-biology may revive biological arguments, from a century ago, that claimed the
superiority of one race or sex.
 Sociobiologists have little evidence to support their theories.
Culture as Constraint
 Culture is largely a matter of habit, which limits our choices and drives us to repeat
troubling patterns such as racial prejudice and sex discrimination, in each new generation.
 Our society’s emphasis on competitive achievement urges us toward excellence, yet this
same pattern also isolates us from one another.
Culture as Freedom
 No better evidence of this freedom exists than the cultural diversity of our own society
and the even greater human diversity around the world.
Family Planning (FP) is having the desired number of children and when you want to have them
by using safe and effective modern methods. Proper birth spacing is having children 3 to 5 years
apart, which is best for the health of the mother, her child, and the family.
Policies and Laws
1. Republic Act No. 10354: Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012
(RPRH Law)
2. Executive Order No. 12, s. 2017: Attaining and Sustaining “Zero Unmet Need for
Modern Family Planning” Through the Strict Implementation of the Responsible
Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act, Providing Funds Thereof, and for other
Purposes
3. Administrative Order 2017-0005: Guidelines in Achieving Desired Family Size through
Accelerated and Sustained Reduction in Unmet Need for Modern Family Planning
Methods
4. Administrative Order 2016-0005: National Policy on the Minimum Initial Service
Package (MISP) for Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) in Emergencies and
Disasters
5. Administrative Order 2017-0002: Guidelines on the Certain of Free Standing Family
Planning Clinics
6. Department order 2017-0345: Guidelines on the Forecasting, Procurement, Allocation
and Distribution of Modern Family Planning Commodities
7. Administrative Order 2015-0006: Inclusion of Progestin Sub dermal Implant as One of
the Modern Methods Recognized by the National Family Planning Program.
8. Administrative Order 2014-0042: Guidelines on the Implementation of Mobile Outreach
Services for Family Planning
Department Memorandum 2015-0384; Establishment of the Family Planning Logistics Hotline.
CONTRACEPTIVE IN THE PHILIPPINES

1.NATURAL METHOD – Also called FERTILITY AWARENESS or the rhythm method relies
on abstinence from sexual intercourse during the most fertile phase of a woman ‘s menstrual
cycle.
A. BASOL BODY TEMPERATURE- a woman’s resting temperature rises between 0.4 and 0.8
F on the day of ovulation and stays elevated until the next menstrual period. The woman will be
most fertile during the two to three days before her temperature rises. By tracking her basal body
temperature each day, she be able to predict when she’ll ovulate. In turn, this may help her
determine when she’s most likely to conceive.
B. Cervical mucus method- right before ovulation, the mucus from the cervix changes from
being cloudy and scanty to being clear and slippery. The consistency of ovulation mucus is like
that of an egg white and it can be stretched between the fingers. After the ovulation, the mucus
tends to dry up again.
C. CALENDAR METHOD- woman with regular menstrual periods can guess when ovulation
occurs by looking at a record of their cycles. If a Reasonable estimate can be made of when the
next menstrual cycle will begin, subtracting 14 days from the estimated date will give the
approximate day of ovulation.
D. Withdrawal- refers to a pregnancy prevention method where the man pulls the penis out of the
vagina before ejaculation into the vagina.
2. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION
A. BIRTH CONTROL PILLS- This is more formally known as Combined Oral Contraceptive
Pills (COCs). The pill gives a blend of two hormones: progestin and estrogen. Each kind of
birth control pill contains a different proportion of progestin and estrogen, and though it prevents
unwanted pregnancies for all women, some pills can cause weight gain, a change in your
menstrual cycle, increased or decreased acne, and so on. – Extended use of the Philippines is safe
but expect that it can delay, or stop menstruation altogether. When a woman stops using the pill,
fertility returns almost immediately. If you’re on the pill and you forget to drink for more than 3
days, you’re liable to get pregnant.
B. INJECTABLES- Injectables also known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) are a

reliable way to prevent unwanted pregnancies that don’t include any daily task on the woman’s
part. DMPA works mainly by preventing ovulation- the process by which an egg is released from
the ovary. It also thickens the cervical mucus which may keep sperm from joining with an egg.
C. INTRA UTERINE DEVICE (IUD)- IUD is a small device placed inside the uterus for birth
control. It is thought to primarily prevent fertilization by creating an intense inflammatory
reaction inside the uterus that is harmful for sperm, either destroying sperm or making it nearly
impossible for sperm to reach the fallopian tubes.
D. DIAPHRAGM- a dome-shaped latex cap that is first coated with a spermicidal get a cream
and then placed high in the vagina before intercourse. It is a physical barrier to sperm entering
the cervix, but more importantly, it holds the spermicidal cream or gel against the cervix and thus
immobilizes sperm near the cervical canal.
3. LONG ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRCEPTION
A. Implant- a small rod the size of a matchstick containing progestogen that is inserted into non-
dominant arm where it’ll stay for 3 years, after being implanted in just a few minutes. The
progestogen, a female hormone, is released into the body little by little throughout the 3 years,
stopping eggs from being released into your ovary- the same way it works with DMPAs –
Ranging from a time period of either a week or two months from when you’ve been implanted,
you’ll have irregular menstruation until it stops completely, Once the implant is removed, most
women begin ovulating again within 3 weeks to 3 months.
4. BARRIER METHODS
A. Condom- The condoms or sheath was known in Europe as early as the 16th century. It was
then made of animal gut or linen. Modern condoms are made of rubber. Its sheath prevents the
sperm from spilling out on ejaculations.
B. Female Condoms- a thin polyurethane sheath which lines the vagina and some of the external
genitalia. It is a barrier method of birth control and does not contain a spermicide.
C. Cervical cap- a soft rubber cup to which spermicide is added before it is placed snugly over
the cervix. It presents a physical barrier to sperm and kills those sperm which do come in contact
with the spermicide.
D. Spermicides- are chemicals which kill sperm. They are available in many different forms:
suppository, foam, cream, gel, film, and tablets. The active ingredient in most spermicidal is
nonoxynol-9, which may also offer protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
5. STERILIZATION
Sterilization is a simple operation for both men and women. It is a one- time method of birth
control which is permanent and requires no effort other than getting the procedure done.
A. FEMALE STERILIZATION- a permanent method of birth control which require surgery.

The surgery involves blocking the fallopian tube by cutting them, electrically sealing them or
putting clips/rings on them.
B. VASECTOMY- a permanent method of birth control for men. It is surgical procedure which
is done under local anesthesia. The vas deferens blocked- the tube that carries the sperm from the
testicle to the opening of the penis.
VI. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON
The meaning of philosophy

 Philo- to love
 Sophia- wisdom
 Love of wisdom
 Philosophy is defined as the science that by natural light of a reason studies the first
causes or highest principles of all things.
Science- an organized body of knowledge where investigation is systematic

Natural light of reason- philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or human reason alone
called unaided reason.
Theology- based on supernatural revelation
Science of the things- a philosopher studies human beings, society, religion, language, god and
plants among others.
The principle of holism

 Philosophy is not one dimension or partial but rather multidimensional or holistic. It
questions almost anything and everything
 Psychological, social, emotional and moral aspects of human being
First cause of highest principle- a principle is that form which something
Proceeds in any manner whatsoever

 Principle of Identity- whatever is-is; whatever is not-is not; everything is what it is.
Everything is its own being, and not being is not being
 Principle of Non-contradiction- It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same
time, and at the same respect.
 Principle of Excluded Middle- a thing is either or is not; Everything must be either be or
not be; between being or not being, there is no middle ground possible
 Principle of Sufficient Reason- nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and
existence
The Branches of Philosophy
Metaphysics
 Explanation of the part of our experience, which we call unreal in terms of what we call
real
 We try to make things comprehensible by simplifying or reducing the mass of thing we
call appearance to a relatively fever number of things we call reality
 Appearance and reality
Ethics
 Branch of philosophy that explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human
actions
 A study of the nature or moral judgements
 Insist that obedience to moral be given a rational foundation
 Epistemology addresses varied problem: the reality, extent, and kinds of knowledge,
truth, language and science and scientific knowledge
Epistemology
 Deals with nature, sources, limitation and validity of knowledge
Epistemology explains:
 How we know what we claim to know
 How we can find out what we wish to know
 How we can differentiate truth from falsehood
Human knowledge
Two parts:
1. Induction- from particular to general
Empiricism- the view that knowledge John Locke was a known empiricist
2. Deduction- from general to particular
Its advocates are called rationalists
Rene Descartes was a known rationalist

*Pragmatism- a new school where the meaning and truth of an idea tested by its practical
consequences
--William James and John Dewey were known pragmatists
Logic
 Came from the Greek word logike, coined by zeno the stoic
 Etymologically it means a treatise on matters pertaining to the human thought
 Concerned with the truth or the validity of our arguments regarding such subjects
 Aristotle was the first philosopher to devise a logical method
 Aristotle’s philosophy is based on claims about propositional structure and the body of
argumentative techniques ( e.g., Legal reasoning and geometrical proof)
Aesthetics
 The science of the beautiful in its various manifestation-including the sublime, comic,
tragic, and ugly.
Aesthetics is important because:
1. It vitalizes our knowledge
2. It helps us to live more deeply and richly
3. It brings us in touch with our culture
Why Become a philosopher?

A. Expanding our philosophical frames: western and non-western traditions
B. Filipino thinking: from local to global
1. Loob: holistic and interior dimensions

---kagandahang-loob
---kabutihang-loob
---kalooban
 Filipinos believe in the innate goodness of the human being
 Filipinos look at themselves as a total whole- as a ”person” conscious of his freedom,
proud of his human dignity, and sensitive to the violation of these two
2. Filipino philosophy of time

--Gulong ng palad- wheel of fortune, life as a series of ups and downs
--This philosophy of life makes the Filipino an unmitigated optimist
Filipino time- always interpreted as delayed in the committed time of a arrival
3. Bahala na
--batula or bathala
--Personalistic view of the universe
--Bathala is not an impersonal entity but rather a personal being that keeps the balance in
the universe
--The Filipino puts his entire trust in this bathala who has evolved into the Christian God
Bahala na (come what may)- is perceived as courage to take risks

Also seen as fatalistic- sort of leaving everything to God or to chance- such is the
uncertainly of life
4. Filipino thought and values: positive and negative aspects

--the Filipino does not identity horizontally with his class that cuts across the whole
community but vertically with its authority figures distinguished by their wealth, power
and age
--utang na loob- reciprocating debts of gratitude between coordinates and subordinates-
superordinate and subordinate
 Bayanihan- helping others in time of need- there exists the belief that whatever
good one has done will redound to one’s benefit because a Supreme Judge will
dispense just compensation whether in this life or in the next.
 Filipino elan- Filipino may not be able to formulate or articulate his philosophy
but it is nonetheless evident in all their everyday existence
C. Philosophy: transcending and aiming for a life of abundance

Abundance
“Abundare”- to overflow nonstop”- out flowing than incoming
Abundance
1. Abundance is not what we gather but what we scatter
2. Abundance is not what we keep but what we give away
3. Abundance is not what we hold but what we share
4.Abundance is a choice
5.Abundance is to evolve into a higher being
Fallacies
A. Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam)

A specific kind of appeal to emotion in which someone tries to win support for an argument or
idea by exploiting his/her opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt.
B. Equivocation
This is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but giving the particular
word a different meaning each time.
E.g. Human beings have hands: the clock has hands: he is drinking from the pitcher of water; he
is a baseball pitcher.
D. Composition
This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that is true of some part of the
whole. The reverse of this fallacy is division.
E. Division
One reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts
F. Against the person (argumentum ad hominem)

This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person
advocating the premise. However, in some instance, question of personal conduct, character,
motivates, etc, are legitimate if relevant to the issue
G. Appeal to force (argumentum ad baculum)

An argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force, is given as a justification for a
conclusion.
H. Appeal to the people (argumentum ad populum)

An argument that appeals or exploits people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on
popularity
I. False cause (post hoc)

This fallacy is considered as coincidental correlation, or correlation, not causation
J. Hasty generalizations
One commits errors if one reaches an inductive generalization based on sufficient evidence. The
fallacy is commonly based on a broad conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small group
that fails to sufficiently represent the whole population.
K. Beginning the question (petition principii)

This is a type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly
in the premise.
VII. ART APPRECIATION
HUMANITIES
 The term Humanities comes from the Latin word, “humanities”
 It generally refers to art, literature, music, architecture, dance and the theatre—in which
human subjectivity is emphasized and individual expressiveness is dramatized.
How important is humanities?

 The fields of knowledge and study falling under humanities are dedicated to the pursuit
of discovering and understanding the nature of man.
 The Humanities deal with man as a being of purpose, of values, loves, hates, ideas and
sometimes as a seer, or prophet with divine inspiration.
Major Areas of Humanities

 Literature
 Visual arts
 Performing Arts
 Cinema
ART AND LEO TOLSTOY

 The great Russian novelist Leo N. Tolstoy (1828-1910), author of war and peace and
Anna Karenina, developed his own original philosophy of art.
 He argues that art is important even amidst extensive poverty and deprivation.
Salient Points in Tolstoy’s Definition of Art

 In order correctly to define art, it is necessary, first of all, to cease to consider it as a
means to pleasure and to consider it as one of the conditions of human life.
 Every work of art causes the receiver to enter into a certain kind of relationship both with
him who produced, or is producing the art, and with all those who. Simultaneously,
previously, or subsequently, receive the same artistic impression.
 Speech, transmitting the thoughts and experiences of men, serves as a means of union
among them, and arts acts in a similar manner.
 The activity of art is based on the fact that a man, receiving through his sense of hearing
or sight another man’s expression of feeling, is capable of experiencing the emotion
which moved the man who expressed it.
 Art begins when one person, with the object of joining another or others to himself in one
and the same a feeling, expresses that feeling by certain external indications.
 To evoke in oneself a feeling one has once experienced, and having evoked it in oneself,
then, by means of movements, lines, colors, sounds, or forms expressed in words, so to
transmit that feeling that others may experience the same feeling- this is the activity of
art.
THE VALUE OF ART

 Works of art are valued not only by artists and patrons, but also by entire cultures. In fact,
the periods of history that we tend to identify as the high points of human achievement
are those in which art was most highly valued and encouraged.
MATERIAL VALUE
 Works of art may be valued because they are made of precious material.
 During the Middle Ages in Europe, ancient Greek bronze statues were not valued, for
their aesthetics character, nor for what they might have revealed about Greek culture.
 Instead, their value lay in the fact that they could be melted down and reformed into
weapons.
INTRINSIC VALUE
 A work of art may contain valuable material, but that is not the primary basis on which its
quality is judged.
 Intrinsic value is not always apparent, and in fact varies in different times and places.
 “Is it art? Is a familiar question, which expresses the difficulty of defining “art” and of
recognizing the aesthetic value of an object.
RELIGIOUS VALUE
 One important way of communicating Bible stories and legends of the saints to a largely
illiterate population was through the sculptures, paintings, mosaics, wall hangings, and
stained-glass windows in churches.
 Beyond its didactic function, the religious significance of a work of art may be so great
that entire groups of people identify with the object.
NATIONALISTIC VALUE
 Works of art have nationalistic value in as much as they express the pride and
accomplishment of a particular culture.
PSYCHOLOGICAL VALUE
 Our reactions t art span virtually the entire range of human emotion. They include
pleasure, fright, amusement, avoidance, and outrage.
 One of the psychological aspects of art is its ability to attract and repel us, and this is not
necessarily a function of whether or not we find a particular image aesthetically pleasing.
ART IS FORM
 Forms means:
1. elements of art
2. the principles of design
3. medium of the artist
 Form, in this context, is concrete and fairly easily described- no matter which piece of art
is under scrutiny.
ART OF CONTENT
 Content is idea-based and means:
1. What the artist meant to portray
2. What the artist actually did portray
3. How we react, as individuals, to both the intended and actual messages
 It includes ways in which a work was influenced- by religion, or politics, or society in
general, or event the artist’s use of hallucinogenic substances- at the time it was created.
SUBJECT
 Subject is the term used for whatever is represented in a work of art.
 The subject of the work of art answers the question: “What is it about?”
 Not all arts have subjects. Those arts are called “nonobjective”.
 Painting, sculpture, the graphics arts, literature, and the theater arts are generally
classified as representational
 Music, architecture, and many of the functional arts are non-representational
 The non-objective arts do not present description, stories or references to identifiable
objects or symbols.
SOURCES OF ART SUBJECT

 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY- Greek and Roman mythology has been a very
important sources for subjects in the arts.
 Those arts are so well-known that they count as a definite part of our inheritance.
 During the Renaissance period, poets, painters, and sculptors drew largely from Greek
and Roman sources for subjects.
SOURCES OF ART SUBJECT

 RELIGION- Religion has played an enormous role in inspiring works of visual arts,
music, architecture, and literature through ages.
 It was during the Renaissance that the European artisans became “artist” and conscious of
their role in a way that had never been true before.
REALISM
 When objects are depicted in the way they would normally appear in nature, the
presentation is said to be realistic.
 It attempts to present the world as it appears to the everyday senses, and sought to depict
ordinary lives of ordinary people without exaggeration or idealization.
ABSTRACTION
 When an artist becomes so interested and engrossed in one phase of a scene or his feeling
about not show the subject at all as an object reality, but only his idea of it, or his feeling
about it, this referred to as abstraction.
 This is a technique of simplifying and reorganizing objects and elements according to the
artist’s creative expression.
SYMBOLISM
 In the arts, the use of symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work more
subjective than objective.
 Symbolist painters rejected realism and impressionism. They felt that art should not
simply depict, but should suggest ideas, moods, and psychological states through colour,
line, and form.
 The artist’s task is not to see things but to see through them to a significance and reality
far deeper that what is given in superficial appearance.
 The subject matter of the Symbolists becomes increasingly esoteric and exotic, weird,
mysterious, visionary, dream-like, fantastic.
 Edvard Munch gives us quite disturbing vision of neurotic panic breaking forth in a
dreadful but silent scream- the scream heard within the mind under prolonged anxiety.
 He also presents almost unbearable pictures of the tensions and psychic anguish that
beset modern men and the ultimate loneliness that is the inescapable lot of us all.
FAUVISM
 Fauvism (fauves. “wild beasts) is characterized by paintings that used intensely vivid,
non-naturalistic and exuberant colors.
 The Fauves brought color to a new intensity with starling discords of vermillion and
emerald green, cerulean blue and vivid orange held together by sweeping brush strokes
and bold patterns.
DADAISM
 In 1916 and 1917- a number of artists independently stated their disgust with the war and
life in general by making of nonart. This movement was early christened Dada, a
nonsense or babytalk term indicative of the conviction that European culture had lost any
real meaning at all.
 Dada ignore aesthetics.
 Dada was intended to offend.
FUTURISM
 It emphasized and glorified themes associated with contemporary concepts of the future,
including speed, technology, youth and violence, and objects, such as the car, the airplane
and the industrial city.
 An example of futurist architecture by Antonio Sant “Elia Unique Forms of Continuity in
Space, bronze sculpture by Umberto Boccioni. 1913, Museum of Modern Art (New York
City)
SURREALISM
 Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non
sequitur; however, many Surrealist artist and writers regard their work as an expression
of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact.
 It is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of previously neglected
associations, in the omnipotence of dream, in the disinterested play of thought.
EXPRESSSIONISM
 It is an artist style in which the artist attempts to depict not objective reality but rather the
subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him.
 He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and
through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.
IMPRESSIONISM
 The Impressionists sought to create the illusion of forms bathed in light and atmosphere
 This required an intensive study of outdoor light as the source of our experience of color,
which revealed that local color- the actual color of the object- is usually modified by the
quality of the light in which it is seen, by reflections from the other objects, and by the
effects produced by juxtaposed colors.
1. “The Philippines renounces war as a national policy” could be found in which article of the
Constitution?
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
Answer- B ARTICLE II
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
PRINCIPLES
Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the
people and all government authority emanates from them.
SECTION 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the
generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the
policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
2. In economics, _______ is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an
economy over a period of time.
A. Inflation
B. Mercantilism
C. Depression
D. Free trade
Answer- A: In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services
in an economy over a period of time.
3. The song’ Vincent’ was a tribute to the famous painting of Vincent Van Gogh, ‘Starry Night’,
that exemplifies which form of art?
A. Impression
B. Surrealism
C. Realism
D. Fauvism
Answer- A: Impressionism is a movement of art that emerged in 1870s France. Rejecting the
rigid rules of the beaux-arts (“fine arts”), Impressionist articles showcased a new way to
observe and depict the world in their work, foregoing realistic portrayals for fleeting impressions
of their surroundings.
The Starry Nights depicts a dreamy interpretation of the artist’s asylum room’s sweeping view
of Saint-Remy-de-Provence. Though Van Gogh revisited this scene in his work on several
occasions, The Starry Night is the only nocturnal study of the view. Thus, in addition to
description evident in the myriad of letters he wrote to his brother, Theo, it offers a rare
nighttime glimpse into what the artist saw while in isolation. “Through the iron-barred window, I
can make out a square of wheat in an enclosure, “he wrote in May of 1889, “above which in the
morning I see the sun rise in its glory, “Rendered in the artist’s characteristic, Post-Impressionist
style, The Starry Night features short, painterly brushstrokes, an artificial color palette, and a
focus on luminescence. This artistic approach is particularly evident in the sky, which is
composed of a thickly-applied tonal collection of blue and gold hues.
4. This law was the first American formal and official commitment to grant independence to the
Philippines.
A. Tydings-McDuffie Law
B. OsRox Mission
C. Hare-Hawes Cutting Act
D. Jones Law
Answer- D: The Jones Law declared the American intention to grant independence to the
Philippines islands, which the United States had acquired as a territory after the Spanish-
American War. Despite the Philippines Insurrection against colonial rule under Filipino leader
Emilio Aguinaldo and well-intentioned efforts of congressional sponsors, the Philippines Islands
remained under military government. Replacing the Philippines Organic Act of 1902, which
created the first American administration, the Jones Act became the first law to establish
Philippines Autonomy. It also asserted that Philippines Independence would occur “as soon as a
stable government[could] be established,” but the United States retained the power to determine
whether such a government existed. While the Jones Act sought to provide home rule for the
Philippines, it reasserted the sovereign rights and privileges of the United States over the islands.
5.He was known governor-general who said “I will rule with a crucifix in one hand, and sword in
the other”:
A. Carlos Maria de la Torre
B. Rafael Izquierdo
C. Diego delos Rios
D. Fermin Jaudenes
Answer- B: Rafael Geronimo Cayetano Izquierdo (September 30,1820- November 9, 1883) was
a Spanish Military Officer, Politician, and statesman. He served as governor-general of the
Philippines from April 4, 1871 to January 8, 1873. He was famous for his use of “Iron Fist” type
of government, contradicting the liberal government of his predecessor, Carlos Maria de la
Torre. He was the governor-General during the 1872 Cavite mutiny, which led to execution of 41
of the mutineers including the Gomburza martyrs. Izquierdo also acted as Governor-general of
Puerto Rico from March 1862 to April 1862.
6. He was known as “father of abstract painting”:
A. Pablo Picasso
B. Vincent Van Gogh
C. Wassily Kandinsky
D. Natalia Goncharova
Answer- C: The author of the first work of abstract art in history, a watercolor dating from 1910
on the back of which is written “abstract’ watercolor, Kandinsky played a very important role in
the appearance of abstraction in art. It is after many long years of reflection during which he tried
his hand at multiple art movement that the Russian painter built his distinguishable abstract style.
Kandinsky was capable of “seeing” the melodies he heard, in a way he conceived painting like
music, that is as a means to present spirituality and in inner mystique.
7. This form of escape from laxation is an attempt of the business owner to “recoup” the business
by declaring bankruptcy to avoid paying previous tax chargers:
A. Tax avoidance
B. Capitalization
C. Transformation
D. Shifting
Answer- C: TRANSFORMATION—One way of passing of tax from one person to another, e.g.
from manufacturer of consumers
a. Former shifting- transfer of tax a factor of factor of distribution
b. Backward shifting- The burden of tax is transfer from the consumer to the producer.
c. Onward shifting- The tax is shifted two or more times forward or backward.
CAPITALIZATION- refers to the reduction in the price of the taxed object to the capitalized
value of future taxes which the purchaser expects to be called upon to pay, e.g. reduction in the
tax of the real estate in anticipation of the future tax to be shouldered by the future buyer.
TRANSFORMATION—this occurs when the manufacturer or producer upon whom the tax has
imposed pays the tax and endeavor to “recoup” himself/herself by improving his/her of
production.
TAX AVOIDANCE--” Tax minimization”

The exploitation by the taxpayer of legally permission methods in order to avoid or reduce tax
liability, e.g. exhausting/utilizing all allowable deduction or exemptions in law to lessen or
reduce the tax burden.
8. Which writing of Rizal stipulated the exemplary fighting spirit of women, such that whatever
a mother shows to her children is what the children will become also:
A. The Story of the Moth

B. To the Young Women of Malolos
C. Canto de Maria Clara
D. El Canto del Viajero
Answer- B: “To the Young Women of Malolos” was originally in tagalog, Rizal penned this
writing when he was in London, in response to the request of Marcelo H. del Pilar. The
salient points contained in this letter are as follow:
1. The rejection of the spiritual of the trials—not all of the priests in the country at that time
embodied the true spirit of Christ and His Church. Most of them were corrupted by worldly
desires and used worldly methods to effect change and force discipline among the people.
2. The defense of private judgment
3. Qualities Filipino mothers need to possess— as evidenced by his portion of his letter, Rizal is
greatly concerned of the welfare of the Filipino children and the homes they grow up in.
4. Duties and responsibilities of Filipino to their children
5. Duties and responsibilities of a wife to her husband—Filipino women are known to be
submissive, tender, and loving. Rizal states in this portion of his letter how Filipino women
ought to be as wives, in order to preserve the identity of the race.
6. Counsel to young women on their choice of a lifetime partner.
9. These are the only officials removable by impeachment.
A. The President, Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the

Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman
B. The President, Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the
Constitutional Commissions and the Senators
C. The President, Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the
Constitutional Commissions and the Congressmen/women
D. The President, Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the
Constitutional Commissions and the Commander-in-chief of the Armed forces
Answer-A: The President, Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the
Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman, Section 2, Article XI. 1987 Philippines
Constitution.
10. Which of the following is a possible consequence of meritocracy in a social system?
A. Leadership of the people with talent

B. Culture of elitism
C. Rule by those with noble birth
D. Rule by the powerful and wealthy
Answer- A: Meritocracy is a political philosophy which holds that certain things such as
economic goods or power, should be vested in individuals on the basis of talent, effort, and
achievement, rather than factors such as sexuality, race, gender or wealth.
11. This is considered as once of the man-made wonders of the Philippines.
A. Mount Makiling
B. Rice Terraces
C. Manila Bay
D. Taal Volcano
Answer- B: The rice terraces are situated in the Cordilleras of Luzon Islands. The remote area-
some 220 miles (350km) from Manila—has long been home to century CE. Despite possessing
only basics tools, the Ifugao created an engineering marvel: a world wonder that created a vast
network of rice terraces sustained by an elaborate irrigation system. According to reports, the
terraces, roughly half the Earth’s circumference. While the rice terraces were important to the
Ifugao economy, they also served a cultural function, requiring intensive cooperation among the
people
12. A licensed and professional teacher conform to and observe the________.
A. City character
B. Code of Ethics
C. Barangay Code
D. Rules of Etiquette
Answer- B: CODE OF ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS Pursuant to the provision
of paragraph (e), Article 11, of R.A No. 7836, otherwise known as the Philippine Teacher
Professionalization Act of 1994 and paragraph (a), section 6, P.D No.223 as amended, the Board
for Professional Teacher hereby adopt the code of Ethics for Professional Teachers.
13. Governor-General Narciso Claveria was the one who ordered the______
A. Founding of the Union Obrera Democratica

B. Use of Spanish Surnames by Filipinos
C. Tobacco monopoly
D. Resettlement of Filipino communities in cabeceras
Answer- B: On November 21, 1894, the then Governor-General Narciso Claveria issued a decree
to adopt a standardized Filipino names and surname. Through the so-called “ Claveria Decree”,
he issued a list of family names in alphabetical order, which were based on a catalog of Spanish
surnames. He expanded it by including the names of places, plants, animals, minerals, art
products, and character traits, both in the native languages and in Spanish.
14.Who was the youngest Filipino general who give his life while heroically holding back
American troops in the battle of Tirad Pass in Ilocos Sur?
A. Carlos Romulo
B. Emilio Aguinaldo
C. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
D. Gregorio del Pilar
Answer- D: The Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the “Philippine Thermopylae”,
was a battle in the Philippines-American War fought on December 2,1899, in Northern Luzon in
the Philippines, in which a 60-man Filipino rear guard commanded by Brigadier General
Gregorio Del Pilar succumbed to over 500 Americans, mostly of the 33rd Volunteer Infantry
regiment under Major Peyton C. March, while delaying the American advance to ensure that
President Emilio Aguinaldo and his troops escaped.
15. The right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness is considered as a fundamental _______.
A. Self-preservation right
B. Intellectual right
C. Human right
D. Human characteristic
Answer- C: Human right (found in Article III: Bill of Rights)
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law,
nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable,
and no search warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined
personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the
witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons
or things to be seized.
Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.
16. He was the last Spanish Governor- General of the Philippines.
A. Ramon Blanco
B. Basilio Agustin
C. Diego del los Rios
D. Fermin Jaudenes
17. This is a person’s right against unlawful disappearance.
A. Bill Right
B. Writ of Amparo
C. Writ of Habeas data
D. Writ of Habeas Corpus
Answer- D: A writ of habeas corpus—literally meaning to” produce the body”—is an order
issued by a court of law to a prison warden or law enforcement agency holding an individual in
custody to deliver that prisoner to the court so a judge can decide whether or not that prisoner
had been lawfully imprisoned and, if not, whether he or she should be released from custody.
18. What right is being invoked in the “writ of habeas data?
A. Information privacy
B. Search of Information
C. Transmit of Information
D. Interpret of Information
Answer- A: Information privacy. The writ of habeas data is a remedy available to any person
whose right to privacy in life, liberty, or security is violated or threatened by an unlawful act any
official or employee, or of a private individual or entity engaged in the gathering, collecting, or
storing of data or information.
19. This person is a popular composer from Angono who was declared as a National Artist.
A. Buenaventura
B. Cenizal
C. Cayabyab
D. San Pedro
Answer- D: Senyor Lucio Pedro is a great musician, conductor, and teacher. He was born
February 11, 1913 in Angono, Rizal, Botong Francisco. The Painter is his cousin. Maestro Lucio
San Pedro left a legacy in Angono, for he really contributed a lot for Angono, Rizal to be the
center of arts.
20. He was the Spanish mestizo priest who first led the native secular clergy in the Secularization
Movement during the year 1861.
A. Father Pedro Pelaez

B. Father Jacinto Zamora
C. Father Jose Burgos
D. Father Gregorio Aglipay
Answer- A: Pedro Pelaez (1812-1863) was a Several of God and a Catholic priest who favored
the right for Filipino clergy during the 19th century. He was diocesan administrator of the
Archdiocese of Manila for a brief period of time. In the early 19th century, Pelaez fought for the
secularization of Filipino priest and is considered the “Godfather of the Philippines Revolution”
21. Who organized the first Labor Union in the Philippines in 1901?
A. Crisostomo Ibarra
B. Graciano Lopez Jaena
C. Isabelo delos Reyes
D. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Answer- C: Isabelo de los Reyes, also known as Don Belong (1864-1938), was a prominent
Filipino politician, writer, and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. He was the original
founder of the Aglipayan Church, an independent Philippines national church. For his writings
and activism with labor unions, he was called the “father of Filipino Socialism”. Returning to the
Philippines in 1901, de los Reyes founded the first labor union in the country.
22. What government agency was designated to preserve and nurture Philippine culture and arts?
A. NCAA
B. NCCA
C. CCP
D. NBI
Answer- B: The National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines (Filipino:
Pambansang Komisyon para sa Kultura at mga Sining, Cebuano: Nasodnong Komisyon alang sa
Budaya ug mga Arte), is the official government agency for culture in the Philippines.
23. This was the newspaper of the reform movement against the Spanish colonial rule.
A. La Independencia
B. La Solidaridad
C. El Filibusterismo
D. Mi Ultimo Adios
Answer- B: La Solidaridad (The Solidarity) was an organization created in Spain on December

13, 1888. Composed of Filipino liberals exited in 1872 and students attending Europe’s
universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony. The
newspaper published not only articles and essays about the economic, cultural, political, and
social conditions of the country, but also current news, both local and foreign, and speeches of
prominent Spanish leaders about the Philippines.
24. Political idealist support the ideals of politics, such as justice, equality and fairness.
However, political realist have a more realistic viewpoint of politics, aptly stated by “Might is
right”. Who among the following is more of a political idealist rather than a political realist?
A. Ferdinand Marcos
B. George Bush
C. Benigno Aquino, Jr.
D. Julius Ceasar
Answer- C: Benigno “Ninoy “Aquino was known for his political ideals especially against graft
and corruption during the Marcos regime. He assassination on August 21, 1983 drove the people
to massive protest until the 1986 EDSA People Power when his widowed wife Cory Aquino
became the 11th President of the Republic of the Philippines. Ninoy was known for saying “The
Filipino are worth dying for”.
25. The Philippines Legislature has two chambers. This set-up is known as _____.
A. Bicameral
B. Multilateral
C. Bilateral
D. Unicameral
Answer- A: A Bicameral Legislature divides the legislators into two separate assemblies,
chambers, or houses.
26. The Philippines is susceptible to earthquakes since it lies in a place where there as volcanoes,
and this place is called the______.
A. Equation plane
B. Below sea level
C. Ring of Fire
D. Volcanic glass
Answer- C: The Ring of Fire is a string volcanoes and sites of seismic activity, or earthquakes,
around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. Roughly 90% of all earthquakes occur along the Ring of
Fire, and the ring is dotted with 75% of all active volcanoes on Earth.
27. The term “Frailocracia” refers to the hidden control and domination of the orders on colonial
government. Who coined this term?
A. Graciano Lopez-Jaena
B. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
C. Jose Rizal
D. Juan Luna
Answer- B; La Frailocarcia Filipina is a pamphlet written by Filipino writer Marcelo H. DEL

Pilar. The pamphlet was an answer to a pamphlet entitled Los Frailes en Filipinas, whichwas
written by a Spaniard. The arguments were in five parts, namely, the much-mooted problem of
filibusterism, the much-vaunted love of the friars for Spain, the disagreement of Filipino
civilization by the friars, the influence of the friars on the Filipinos, and the aspirations of the
Filipinos.
28. What element of culture serves as standards of behavior in a society and as such, prescribes
or proscribes its members in doing or not doing it?
A. Values
B. Norms
C. Beliefs
D. Traditions
Answer- B: Norms—standards of behavior in a society, it tells what to do and what not to do on

either formal and informal settings.
Values—are a collective conception of what is supposed to be good or bad, desirable or
undesirable, proper, or improper in a culture.
Beliefs- are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Individual in a society have
specific beliefs, but they also share collective values.
Tradition- a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or
special significance with origin in the past.
29. RA 10963 is otherwise known as the:
A. Anti-Tambay Law
B. Anti-Vagrancy Act of 2012
C. TRAIN Law
D. Divorce Law
Answer- C: RA 10963
Section 1. Title--- This Act shall be known as the “Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion
(TRAIN).
Section 2. Declaration of Policy, It is hereby declared the policy of the state:
a) To enhance the progressivity of the tax system through the rationalization of the
Philippine internal revenue tax system, thereby promoting sustainable and inclusive
economic growth;
b) To provide, as much as possible, an equitable relief to a greater number of taxpayers and
their families in order to improve levels of disposable income and increase economic
activity; and
c) To ensure that the government is able to provide for the need of those under its
jurisdiction and care through the provision of better infrastructure, health, education,
jobs, and social protection for the people.
30. House Bill No. 7303 or otherwise known as “An Act Instituting Absolute Divorce in the
Philippines and for other purpose” has the following grounds, except one:
A. Gender reassignment surgery
B. Psychological incapacity
C. Separation in fact for 10 years
D. Joint petition of spouses
Answer- C: House Bill No. 7303 or otherwise known as “An Act Instituting Absolute Divorce
and Dissolution of Marriage in the Philippines. ‘The bill seeks to provide spouses in
“irremediably failed marriages” to secure an absolute divorce decree under limited grounds, to
protect children from pain and stress resulting from their parents’ marital problems, and to grant
divorced spouses to marry again.
Grounds for an absolute divorce include the following:

 Reasons stated under legal separation and annulment under the Family Code of the
Philippines
 Separation in fact for at least five years
 Legal separation by judicial decree for at least two years
 Psychological incapacity
 Irreconcilable differences
 Joint petition of spouses
The bill also provides for a mandatory six months cooling-off period for petitioner spouses, and
also recognizes the reconciliation of the spouses through a joint manifested to under oath
submitted to the court.
31. Rizal was eight years old when he wrote this poem. He realized the ultimate importance of
having a native tongue.
A. Remembrance to my Hometown
B. Our Mother Tongue
C. To Education
D. Intimate alliance between religion and good education
Answer- B: Our Mother Tongue was written in 1869, Rizal was born on June 19,1861. It was
interpreted that the regard people have their native tongue has great influence on the regard they
have for their own identity as a nation.
32. To each according to his needs, to each according to his abilities” is a famous dictum of:
A. Socialism
B. Feudalism
C. Slavery
D. Communism
Answer- D: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs’ is a slogan
popularized by Karl Marx in his 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program. The principle refers to free
access and distribution of goods, capital and services. In the Marxist view, such an arrangement
will be made possible by the abundance of goods and services that a developed communist
system will produce: the idea is that with the full development of socialism and unfettered
productive forces, there will be enough to satisfy everyone’s needs.
33. Teacher I in DepEd is Salary Grade 11 (SG 11) with a gross basic alary of 20.,179.00/ month
in the new tax schedule. In the new tax schedule, how much as the tax to be deducted from
Teacher 1’s Salary?
A. 1 261 72 Php
B. 0
C. 16 261 72 Php
D. 861 72 Php
Answer- B
34. This was a prize winning-poem of Rizal when he was a student in UST. This poem proved
that an Indio was not only equal but also more superior than the Spaniards in poetry writing.
A. To the Filipino Youth

B. They ask me for Verses
C. Hymn to Talisay
D. Kundiman
Answer- A: To the Filipino Youth. The Ultimate challenge of Rizal in this poem is to excel and
be an international figure.
35. He coined the term “survival of the fittest”.
A. August Comte
B. Karl Max
C. Herbert Spencer
D. Arnold Toynbee
Answer- C: Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution called Social

Darwinism which pertains to the progressive development of the physical world, biological
organism, the human mind, and human culture and societies.
36. Which among the following constitutes a quorum in each House of Congress?
A. One-third of the members of each House

B. Two-thirds of the member of each House
C. A majority of each House
D. Three-fourths of the members of each House
Answer- C: House of Representative: Section 74: Quorum: A majority of all the members of the
House shall constitute a quorum. Senate: Section 44: A majority of the Senators shall constitute a
quorum.
37. The Function by which schools help children to participate effectively in larger society is
called:
A. Socialization
B. Education
C. Enculturation
D. Acculturation
38. The Second Republic of the is known as the_________.
A. Freedom Constitution
B. Commonwealth Constitution
C. Japanese-sponsored Republic
D. Malolos Republic
Answer- C: Japan declared the Philippines an independent republic with Jose P. Laurel as its
president and Benigno S. Aquino as its Speaker. The new republic was inaugurated in front of
the legislative building and was recognized by Japan and other nations under the Greater East
Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere of Influence.
It was plain from the start that the 2nd Republic was a puppet state set-up by Japan in the
Philippines to gain the trust of the Filipino people. The republic, however, proved to be
unpopular as atrocities were continued to be done by the Japanese Under Japanese pressure, the
Second Republic declared war with the United States and Great Britain on September 23, 1944.
The legality of the second Republic as a formal state in the Philippines were disputed.
After the war, Laurel and other Filipino who held government post were deemed as collaborators
to the enemy. While many have argued that way, others also considered the fact that these people
did their best to protect the Filipinos from the harshness of the Japanese occupation, a fact that
may have worsen if the Philippine Republic was not established.
Jose P. Laurel was never recognized as President of the Philippines until the presidency
of Diosdado Macapagal. The Second Republic was dissolved in 1945.
39. Who was the 13th President, and the 3rd President of the 5th Republic?
A. Fidel V. Ramos
B. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
C. Corazon Aquino
D. Joseph Estrada
Answer- D:
FIRST REPUBLIC
1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964)
THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE THIRD REPUBLIC
2. Manuel L. Quezon (1878-1944)

The first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under American rule
THE SECOND REPUBLIC
3. Jose P. Laurel (1891-1939)
President of the Second Republic from 1943 to 1945. He had been secretary of the
interior (1923), senator (1925-1931), delegate to the constitutional Convention (1934),
and chief justice during the commonwealth.
THE POSTWAR AND THE THIRD REPUBLIC

4. Sergio Osmena, Sr, (1878-1961)
The first Filipino national leader under the American regime as speaker of the Philippine
assembly and the second president of the Philippines (1944-1946).
5. Manuel Roxas (1892-1948)

The last president of the Philippine Commonwealth and the first president of the
Republic (1946-1948).
6. Elpidio Quirino (1890-1956)

President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953. As vice president during Manuel Roxa’s
term, he was also secretary of foreign affairs, He became president when Roxas died in
1948. He was president in his own right in 1949.
7. Ramon Magsaysay (1907-1957)

President of the Philippines from 1953 to 1957
8. Carlos P. Garcia (1896-1971)

President of the Philippines from 1957 to 1961. Remembered for his Filipino First Policy.
He was among the founders of the Association for Southeast Asia (1963), the precursor
of the Association for Southeast Asians Nations (ASEAN).
9. Diosdado Macapagal (1910-1997)

President of the Republic of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965. He asked Congress to
pass the Agricultural Land Code, which abolished share tenancy and installed a leasehold
system in its place; it finally passed on August 8, 1963.
10. Ferdinand Marcos (1917-1989)

President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1972. THE FOURTH REPUBLIC
Ferdinand Marcos (19717-1989)
Declared martial law on September 21, 1972.After the People Power revolution in
February 1986, he was ousted from power and lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii.
THE FIFTH REPUBLIC

11. Corazon Cojuangco Aquino
President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. With Salvador Laurel as her running
mate, she led the opposition that overthrew the authoritarian government of Marcos, who
into exile after the successful People’s Power Revolution of 1986.
12. Fidel V. Ramos

President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. As head of the Constabulary under
President Marcos, he was instrumental in helping to design and implement martial law.
Together with General Ponce Enrile and the RAM, he defected from the government in
1986 and joined the People’s Power revolution that ousted Marcos from power. His
presidency is remembered for better integrating the national economy in the global
scheme.
13. Joseph Estrada

President of the Philippines from 1998-200. During his term in office, he was arrested
and stood trial at a congressional impeachment hearing on charges of accepting bribes
and corruption. While this trial was aborted when the senators voted 11 to 10 not to open
incriminating evidence against him, he was ousted from power anyway as a peaceful
People’s Power II revolution arose and called for his resignation.
14. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

President of the Philippines from 2001-2010. She served as vice—president under
President Estrada and became president when Estrada was forced to step down for
malfeasance, through the People’s Power II Revolution.
15. Benigno Aquino III

President of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016. Was elected to a six -year term in May
2010.
16. Rodrigo Duterte

Current president of the Philippines. Was elected to a six-year term in May 2016. Took
office on June 30. Known by the nickname Digong. A lawyer and politician of Visayan
descent from the southern island of Mindanao.
40. A subculture that blends in harmony with the dominant culture usually uses this group
process:
A. Amalgamation
B. Accomodation
C. Assimilation
D. Transmission
Answer- C: ASSIMILATION is a gradual process by which a person or group belonging to one

culture adopts the practices of another, thereby becoming a member of the culture.
Amalgamation- refers to a sociological process by which two different cultures blend
together and a new culture originates. This process is also referred to as the melting pot theory,
since when two ingredients are melt in a pot, they both lose their distinct individual identity and
a new substance is formed with a different flavor.
Accommodation is the term used by sociological to describe a process by which
competing and conflicting individuals and groups adjust their relationships to each other in order
to overcome the difficulties which arise in competition, contravention or conflict’.
Transmission is a one-way system in which culture is passed onto a person through
certain channels.
41. The principle of checks and balances is intended to maintain balance among executive,
legislative and judicial departments of the government. Which one is a check on the executive
department by the judiciary?
A. Determining the salaries of the President and Vice-President

B. Declaring a legislative measure is unconstitutional
C. Declaring an act of the President unconstitutional
D. Impeaching the President
Answer- C: Judicial department is the one who interprets the law Declaring the Law
Constitutional or Unconstitutional.
42. Which among the following is not a peninsula?
A. Korea
B. French Indo-China
C. Japan
D. Saudi Arabia
Answer- C: An archipelago is a group of Island. Japan is considered to be an archipelago

because it is made up of many islands. Specially, it is comprised of 6,582 Island, but only about
430 are inhabited. The largest islands are: Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu. The
Japanese archipelago is extremely active seismically. The makes Japan prone to earthquake and
tsunamis.
PENINSULA- A piece of land surrounded by water along the majority of its border while
still being connected to a mainland from which it extends. Korea, French, India, China and Saudi
Arabia are known peninsulas.
43. The Philippine Development Plan under the Duterte Administration includes NEDA’s vision;
AMBISYON NATIN 2040. What the life that we want according to this vision?
A. Matatag, Payapa, Malinis

B. Maginhawa, Payapa, Panatag
C. Matatag. Maginhawa, Panatag
D. Malaya, Panatag, Maginhawa
Answer- C: Matatag, Maginhawa, Panatag
According to NEDA, The life of all Filipinos in 2040:

Matatg..., Maginhawa at Panatag na buhay
By 20240, Filipinos enjoy a strongly rooted, Comfortable, and secure life.
In 2040, the Filipinos shall enjoy a stable and comfortable lifestyle, secure in the knowledge that
they have enough for their daily needs and unexpected expenses, that they can plan and prepare
for their own their children’s future. The family live together in a place of their own, and they
have the freedom to go where they desire, protected and enabled by a clean, efficient, and fair
government.
Filipino are strongly rooted: matatag.Filipino families live together; there is work life
balance so that there is time to spend with family even for members who work. On weekends,
families and friends enjoy time together in parks and recreation centers. It is a high -trust society
with a strong sense of community. There are volunteer opportunities, and Filipinos spend time to
serve the community, help others who are in need, and contribute to various causes.
Filipino Comfortable: maginhawa. No one is poor, no one is ever hungry Filipino
families live in comfortable homes with desired amenities and secure tenure. Families and
friends are within reach because transport is convenient and affordable, and they can take
vacation together within the country and abroad. Children receive quality education so that they
realize their full potentials and become productive members of society. Decent jobs that bring
sustainable income are available, including opportunities for entrepreneurship.
Filipino are source: panatag: Filipinos, feels secure over their entire lifetime. They expect
to live long and enjoy a comfortable life upon retirement. There area resources in the country.
Filipinos trust their government because it is free of corruption and provides service to all its
citizens equally.
44. In the TRAIN LAW, which good is exempted from VAT?
A. Tobacco
B. Petroleum
C. Softdrinks
D. 3 IN 1 coffee
Answer- D: To promote a healthier Philippines, sugar-sweetened beverages will be taxed.

P6 per liter for drinks using sugar and artificial sweeteners P12 liter for drinks using high
fructose corn syrup.
All kinds of milk, 3 in 1 coffee, natural fruit and vegetable juices, and medically indicated
beverages are exempted.
45. How much percent of the exercise tax is imposed on automobiles categorized as non-hybrid
and amounting to 800,000 Php?
A. 4%
B. 2%
C. 10%
D. 5%
Answer- C:
PRICE NON-HYBRID CARS HYBRIDS CARS
Up to 600,000 4% 2%
Over 600,000 to 1 million 10% 5%

Over 1 million to 4 million 20% 10%
Over 4 million 50% 25%
46. These informal norms raise comparatively little concern when violated, and those who will
not observe it properly would be rather perceived as rude than offender:
A. Mores
B. Social control
C. Folkways
D. Laws
Answer- C: FOLKWAYS- are accustomed or habitual behavior that raise comparatively little
concern that when violated only raise comparatively little concern. E.G dress codes
MORES- are that represent the moral and ethical standards of a society that its members cherish
as important for the general welfare of everyone. More, often, mores become laws. E.G the
Philippines collectively stands against abortion, drug addiction, and prostitution
SOCIAL CONTROL- are a mechanism to regulate the norms of society
LAWS- are formal norms that are codified and written down, mutually agreed upon by those
governing and governed.
47. The right to suffrage is a constitutional right of the Filipinos, and this can be found in:
A. Article III
B. Article IV
C. Article V
D. Article VI
Answer- C: Article V
Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified
by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for
at least one year, and in the place wherein they propose to vote, for at least six months
immediately preceding the election. No, literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall
be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
Section 2. The congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot
as well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote
without the assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing
laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the
ballot.
48. “The Triumph of Science Over Death” is Rizal’s famous:

A. Poem
B. Novel
C. Essay
D. Sculpture
Answer- D: The Triumph of Science Over Death

The Triumph of Science over Death, also known as Scientia, is a clay sculpture made by Jose
Rizal as a gift to his friend Ferdinand Blumentritt.
The Statue depicts a young, nude woman with flowering hair, standing on a skull while
bearing a torch. The woman symbolizes the ignorance of humankind during the Dark Ages of
history, while the torch she bears symbolizes the enlightenment science brings to the world. The
woman stands atop a skull, a symbol of death, to signify the victory that humankind aims to
achieve by conquering the bane of death through scientific advancement.
49. This body of water often has political significance that sets the line of lowest elevation within
a valley or watercourse:
A. Thalweg
B. Cape
C. Strait
D. Gulf
Answer- A: Thalweg—The line of lowest elevation within a valley or watercourse Thalwegs

often acquires special significance in political geography because disputed borders along river
are often as the river’s thalweg.
STRAIT- (Also called channel)

1. A waterway separating two relatively close landmasses.
2. Any narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water.
3. The deepest part of a shallow body of water, often used as a passageway for large ships.
CAPE- A large headland or promontory extending into a body of water, usually a sea or ocean
50. Petra feels that her cultures is more superior compared to others. She is guilty of:
A. Cultural relativism
B. Xenocentrism
C. Cultural lag
D. Ethnocentrism
Answer- D: ETHNOCENTRISM- an attitude towards cultural variation that when an individual

or group is confronted with a new culture, he/she they fell(s) superior above others.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM- is taking into consideration cultural contexts before casting

judgments
XENOCENTRISM- is the tendency to appreciate what is of foreign origin e.g colonial mentality
CULTURAL LAG- takes place when somebody cannot easily adopt to cultural change. This is
the problem of most senior citizens who tend to be technophobic.

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I.

THE FIRST REPUBLIC (MALOLOS REPUBLIC)

Teodoro Sandico Secretary of Interior

Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretary of War

Mariano Trias Secretary of Finance

Gracio Gonzaga Secretary of Welfare, including Public Instruction, Public Works,

THE SECOND REPUBLIC (JAPANESE-SPONSORED REPUBLIC)

THE THIRD REPUBLIC

THE FOURTH REPUBLIC (Martial Law, 1972-1981)

THE PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS

1. Emilio Aguinaldo 1899-1901

4. Sergio Osmeña, 1944-1946

6. Elpidio Quirino, 1948-1953

9.Diosdado Macapagal, 1961-1965

10. Ferdinand Marcos, 1965-1986

12. Fidel V. Ramos, 1992-1998

13. Joseph Estrada, 1998-2001

14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 2001-2010

15. Benigno Aquino III, 2010-2016

16. Rodgrigo Duterte 2016-Present

B. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

C. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

D. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT

AGRARIAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES REFORM

URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING

ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS

ARTS AND CULTURE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Habeas Corpus Amparo Habeas Data

PARDONING POWER OF THE PRESIDENT

THE 17 REGIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES

Island Group: Luzon

Region: 2. Cagayan Valley

Region: 3. Central Luzon

Island Group: Luzon

Island Group: Luzon

Region: 4B. MIMAROPA

Island Group: Luzon

Island Group: Visayas

Region: 6. Western Visayas

Island Group: Visayas

Region: 7. Central Visayas

Island Group: Visayas

Island Group: Mindanao

Region: 9. Zamboanga Peninsula

Island Group: Mindanao

Region: 10. Northern Mindanao

Island Group: Mindanao

Region: 11. Davao

Island Group: Mindanao

Region: 12. SOCCSKSARGEN

Island Group: Mindanao

Region: 13. Caraga

Island Group: Luzon

Region: 14. Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)

Island Group: Mindanao

Island Group : Luzon

Region 16. Natiional Capital region (NCR)

Republic Act No. 6735

(d) “ Proposition” is the measure proposed by the vendors.

IMPORTANT EVENTS AND DATES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

March 16, 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines.