SECTION I - PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS... 1.1 FIELD OF APPLICATION ... 1.2 PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS. 1.3 VERIFICATION CATEGORIES SECTION 2 - DESIGN DATA FOR MATERIALS. 2.1 CONCRETE 2.2 PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT .3 PASSIVE REINFORCEMENT SECTION 3 - PRESTRESSING 3.1 INITIAL STRESS . 24 3.2 MAXIMUM VALUE OF THE INITIAL STRESS wv z 24 3.3 LOSSES OF STRESS IN THE CASE OF PRESTRESSING BY POST-TENSIONING sone. 3.4 LOSSES OF STRESS IN THE CASE OF PRESTRESSING BY PRE-TENSIONING 34 3.5 PROBABLE VALUE OF THE PRESTRESSING FORCES... 36 SECTION 4 - FORCES AND STRESSES. : nnn 8 4.1 Forces ssn nnn svn 38 4.2 ANALYSIS sos o son sete nel 4.3 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS — 44 4.4 DESIGN LOADINGS - GENERAL. so 4.5 DESIGN LOADINGS IN RELATION TO THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES WITH RESPECT TO STRENGTH, 52 4.6 DESIGN LOADS IN RELATION TO SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES sen sone 4 4.7 VERIFICATION OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM. 36 4.8 VERIFICATION OF DIMENSIONAL STABILITY 56 4.9. FATIGUE CHECK. seo 56 4.10, PROCEDURE FOR TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CHARACTERISTIC PRESTRESS VALUES. 56 SECTION § - DEFINITION OF SECTIONS. 5.1 GROSS SECTIONS 58 5.2 REFERENCE SECTIONS FOR STRESS CALCULATIONS 58 5.3 COVER SECTIONS. : 6 5 EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF THE FLANGE OF T-BEAMS sc. — oe 5.8 CHANGES IN SECTION os . 64 SECTION 6 - THE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR PRISMATIC MEMBERS * UNDER NORMAL STRESSES66 6.1 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES oss 66 6.2 CALCULATION OF DEFORMATIONS - SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES WITH RESPECT TO DEFORMATION. 4 6.3 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES 80 (64 LIMIT STATE OF DIMENSIONAL STABILITY 86 6.5 FATIGUE LIMIT STATE. svn 2 SECTION 7 - THE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR * PRISMATIC MEMBERS WITH RESPECT TO. ‘TANGENTIAL STRESSES 7.1 PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS * sonia 7.2 ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBERS OF A BEAM WITH RESPECT TO TANGENTIAL STRESSES [AT THE SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 98 7.3 ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBERS OF A BEAM WITH RESPECT TO TANGENTIAL STRESSES. AT THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE 102 7.4 SPECIAL MEANS FOR THE APPLICATION OF PARAGRAPHS 7.2 AND 7.3 TO SIMPLE ABUTMENT SUPPORT ZONES1O8 7.5 SUPPLEMENTARY ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE ABUTMENT SUPPORT ZONES. soon ho 7.6 TORSION — naSECTION 8 - SPECIAL RULES APPLICABLE TO ZONES WHERE PRESTRESSING FORCES ARE INTRODUCED. 122 8.1 GENERAL. 8.2 THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL CHARACTER OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRESTRESSING FORCES... 8.3 DISTRIBUTION IN THE CASE OF POST-TENSIONING. 8.4 DISTRIBUTION IN THE CASE OF PRE-TENSIONING 8.5 PRINCIPLE OF THE ANALYSES. 8.6 PROVISIONS IN THE CASE OF POST-TENSIONING 8.7 PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO PRE-TENSIONING, SECTION 9- SLABS. 9.1 FIELD OF APPLICATION Ba 9.2 STRESS CALCULATIONS —— : 136 9.3 GENERAL AND LOCAL BENDING MOMENTS. 2 9.4 ANALYSES WITH RESPECT TO NORMAL STRESSES ry 9.5 RULES RELATING TO PASSIVE REINFORCEMENT ..sonn nen las 9.6 ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO REDUCED SHEAR FORCES * 148 SECTION 10 - CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS. 10.1 DETAILED DIMENSIONING OF MEMBERS. 134 10.2 ALIGNMENT, POSITION AND COVER OF POST-TENSIONED TENDONS. 156 10.3 POSITION AND COVERAGE OF PRE-TENSIONED TENDONS 162 10.4 SHAPING AND COVER OF PASSIVE REINFORCEMENT. 164 10.5 OtTWaRD THRUSTS. 16 10.6 APPLICATION OF FORCES RESULTING IN THE TRANSVERSE TENSIONING OF THE WEB OF A BEAM" 168 10.7 LOCAL PRESSURES, HOOPING, HINGES 168‘Commentary SECTION 1 - PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS 1.1 Field of application * Structures which are subjected to large thermal effects shall be governed by specific supplementary rules. This applies for example to certain nuclear engineering structures and storage structures, It should also not be forgotten that structures which are likely to be subjected to fire shall be analyzed according to the "FB" DTU design rules. ‘++ The rules in this document do not all apply without adaptation to concrete of characteristic tensile strength greater than 60 MPa. '*** Clauses specific to external prestressing are given in Appendix 7, ‘+++ These special rules may apply to certain unconventional structures used in building, the design conditions for which are laid down in accordance with the procedures of the appropriate Ministry. 1.2 Principles of analysis + A description of this method and definitions of the terms used will be found in the "Common directives applicable to the design of structures” of 1979. (DC 1979). ‘These limit states and the conditions which be met are specified in sections VI and VII. ‘These are essentially limit states of deformation and limit states associated with cracking = the limit state of decompression, characterized by the appearance of zero stress in the least compressed fiber of the section or part of a section under analysis «the limit state of crack formation, characterized by the appearance in the concrete of a tensile stress equal to fy (notations are given in Appendix 12) « the limit state of crack width characterized by the appearance in the passive steel reinforcement of a certain tensile stress which depends on the maximum permissible width of any cracks which may form.Text SECTION | - PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS, 1.1 Field of application These design rules , known as the BPEL 91 Rules, apply to all prestressed concrete structures subjected to temperatures which do not deviate greatly from those due to climatic effects alone * and whose constituent concrete has a characteristic tensile strength no greater than 60 MPa** Prestressing may be applied by pre-tensioning or by post-tensioning. It is applied by means of reinforcement within or even outside the concrete *** ‘The following lie outside the strict field of application ofthese rules - prestressing by methods other than the tensioning of steel reinforcement - members provided with rigid reinforcement (rolled sections) and mixed steeV/eoncrete structures - some factory mass-produced prefabricated members which are justified by direct tests. In addition to this some structures may be subject to special rules to which reference should be made * 1.2 Principles of analysis Calculations have been established using the limit state method”. ‘A “limit state” is a state in which the required condition for a structure (or one of its members) is strictly satisfied, AA distinction is made between : ate limit states", which correspond to the limits of static equilibrium srrength dimensional stability ~ “fatigue limit states” ene =" serviceability limit states", which are defined taking conditions of use and/or durability into accounCommentary 13 Verifications categories «The conditions for allocation to the various categories shall be determined in the contract. The corresponding categories are test categories and not quality eategories. The limit tates associated with them shall be regarded as reference marks rather than precise change of state thresholds : «tn category [the limit state for decompression shall not be exceeded under the effect of rare combinations. «in category I the limit state for crack formation in the covering section (defined in 5.3) shall not be exceeded ‘as aeesult of the effect of rare combinations, and the limit state for decompression shall not be exceeded as the result of frequent combinations. “tn category III (partial prestressing) a certain limit state for crack width defined for the entire section shall not be exceeded under rare combinations and another limit state for crack width defined for the covering section hall not be exceeded under frequent combinations, and finaly the limit state for decompression in the covering section shall not be exceeded under a semi-permanent combination. Insofar as this is specified by the Special Technical Specification different categories may be applied to the same structure depending on the part of the structure or the condition for which the analysis is made. As the concept sf category is linked with that of situation part ofa structure in a given condition may, ifthe Special Technical Specification permits, be verified using the means appropriate to one given category in a certain use situation and those appropriate to another category in a different use situation (in the sense of DC 79). “The choice of verification category for a structure or part of a structure shall be based on a number of technical and economic factors, among which may be mentioned «the aggressive nature of the environment in which the structure is located, «the type of structure, its method of construction (constructed in parts or not), the method of manufacture of its members (prefabrication, pre-o post-tensioning), « the relative magnitude of the permanent and variable stresses and the distribution of the larer in time ~ experience acquired with previous structures. ‘The use of category is, in principle, exceptional, It is nevertheless applicable to members which are subjected to simple tension : tes, the walls of circular tanks, particularly ifthe laner are intended to store dangerous fluids, and also members which are liable to be highly stressed by fatigue. Category Il is particularly intended for members which are exposed to 2 corrosive environment (like certain industrial buildings) and those which incorporate numerous joints. Finally category III applies essentially to members in weakly corrosive ammospheres (the members of ordinary buildings for example) ; this category however cannot be used for the verification of sections joining prefabricated members. Finally the concept of category, according to the strict definition given in 6.1.2, may be subject to interpretation for application to certain special cases (¢., silos) It is then the responsiblity of those drawing up special rules for these types of structures to modify the concept in question while respecting the leter of the verifications specified in section 6 but regrouping them in a way more suited tothe special problems arising.Text 1.3 Verification categories ‘Structures, members within structures and sections are placed in one of three verification categories*, defined by the design rules specified in 6.1.2 for the analysis of normal stresses only with regard to serviceability limit states. ‘ !y/¢0 eubsequent categories. An auaiysis preps: The above classification does not apply to special sections and zones (abutments, anchorages). Specific rules are given elsewhere in 6.1.4 for sections containing permanent or construction joints and in 6.1.5, for coupling sections.Commentary SECTION 2 - DESIGN DATA FOR MATERIALS 2.1 Concrete * These conventional data are to be distinguished from the rules applicable for their control. rate, for example. ++ High alumina cements or other cements having a special hardenis “+ This situation is dealt with in Appendix 5. ‘This situation is dealt with in Appendix 6. 2.1 Properties of concrete which must be token into account in design + The values for these properties relate specifically to the standards or failing this to the procedures of the Cenwral Highways Laboratory. 2.1.2 Compressive strength = The conditions which be satisfied for a concrete to be regarded as having achieved the required characteristic strength are given in Part 65 of the General Technical Specification. ‘== The values selected for any concrete in relation to the nature and location of the member which is to be constructed shall be determined by the contract, preferably in the following series (in Mpa). 30, 35, 40, 50, 60. fagg strengths of more than 35 Mpa are reserved for structures for which the concrete has been justified at the project stage, or certain industrial manufactures. When the manufacture of the concrete and the uniformity of its components are checked in accordance with Bulletin 65 of the CCTG the mean strengths of the concrete are not to be more than about 10% greater than the characteristic values. On the other hand if the concrete is less uniform and the site is less well supervised the difference may be very much greater ; in the absence of appropriate information it may then be estimated that the mean value should reach fa," 125 fas. ++ It can be assumed that for j < 28 the strength f of non-beat-treated concrete approximately obeys the following laws: High-strength concrete containing active ultr-fines may have a change law intermediate between the two given above. For heat-treated concrete, refer to appendix 6. This rule does not prevent a requirement for increased strength nor the specification, if appropriate, of a longer-term strength (e.g. 90 days) greater than fay. For non-heat-treated concrete whose fix does not exceed 40 MPa, such an increase in f beyond 28 days may be taken into account in analyses other than those concerning the stress limits and the strengths of the sections; fy can then be calculated using the first formula given above, with an upper bound of f= 1.10 fez. 21.3 Tensile strengthText SECTION 2 - DESIGN DATA FOR MATERIALS 2.1 Concrete ‘The data given in this section are conventional data*. ‘They do not all apply to the following = coneretes made with special binders*™*, + concretes made with lightweight aggregate™ ~ head treated concretes**** 2.1.1 Properties of concrete which must be taken into account in design* ‘The fundamental property is the 28 days compressive strength, from which the values of the following properties are derived - compressive strengths atthe age of j days, other than 28 days, «tensile strengths at different ages, ~ the modulus of longiainal deformation of the concrete. The other data required in design relate tothe following properties = long-term deformations, = Poisson's ratio, = the thermal expansion coefficient. 2.1.2 Compressive strength In the preparation of designs a concrete is defined by the value of its compressive strength at the age of 28 days, ‘which is know as the "required or specified characteristic strength » *. This, which is denoted f ca, is selected at the outset having regard to local possibilties®* Inthe case of stresses acting on a concrete aged less than 28 days reference should be made to the characteristic strength fg obtained for the day in question” By convention the compressive strength is considered to be constant after 28 days' 2.1.3 Tensile strength ‘The characteristic tensile strength at the age of j days, denoted fy, is conventionally defined by the formula: £5706 +0.06 65 where f y and f g are expressed in Mpa (or N/mm).Commentary 2.1.4 Instantaneous longitudinal deformations + This only applies in practice in the analysis of members having a very high slendemess ratio with regard to the ultimate limit states od dimensional stability, ++ This formula provides an evaluation of the probable value of the peak stress deformation based on the characteristic strength of the concrete.Text 2.14 Instantaneous longitudinal deformations 2.1.4.1 An instantaneous deformation can be regarded as a deformation resulting from the application of a static force which acts for a period of an order of magnitude of less than 24 hours. “This instantaneous deformation of the concrete is only proportional to the applied load in a limited range, 2.1.4.2 In ordinary circumstances, up to the serviceability limit states, it can be assumed that the concrete behaves in a linear fashion. If there are no confirmed experimental results the modulus of instantaneous longitudinal deformation of the concrete, denoted Ey, is given a conventional value equal to: E,= 11,0000 /Fcj (where f and Ej are expressed in Mpa or N/mm). However when greater accuracy is required in the evaluation of deformations, and in particular, when calculating loss of prestress in strongly compressed thin members and checking their deformation during manufacture, the stress-strain diagram given in Appendix 1 shall be used if no confirmed experimental data are available. 2.1.43 When a stress-strain relationship representing the behavior of the concrete up to failure is required, particularly in the calculations for ultimate limit states, ‘one of the following models must be used. In ordinary circumstances where there is no need to evaluate the deformations accurately the parabola/ rectangle diagram illustrated opposite may be used. When the deformations have to be evaluated more accurately and no confirmed experimental data* are available a diagram shall be used which takes into account a Tie ase > «the tangent value of the modulus at the origin, for which the formula used is Eye = 11,0000%/Fe} (Mpa). «= the value of the deformation at maximum stress, know as the peak stress deformation, which can be evaluated using the formula .62.. 10-3. Yej** (Mpa) oe ~ and the value of the compressive strength of the concrete f,. Reference may then be made to Appendix 1.Commentary 2.1.5 Long-term deformation «The terms shrinkage and creep used in this section indicate relative shortening. More accurate definitions are given in Appendix | The mean radius defined in this way is substantially equivalent ro twice the mean distance traveled by water when it evaporates during hardening of the concrete 1c evaluation is required, in particular to evaluate differential effects, the member has to be Where a more accurate the mean radius evaluated for each one hearing in mind the divided up into more or less homogeneous units and physical phenomenon which is to be represented. In the case of @ beam under a roadway the mean radius of the topping slab is its thickness because of the watertight cover and the coverage. The radius of the boom flange is half the radius of the largest inscribed circle. The radius of the fillet region connecting the web and the topping slab is the radius of the largest inscribed semicircle. In the case of a box beam the mean radius of the webs is equal to their thickness and the same applies to thickness of the bottom slab, 2.1.5.1 Shrinkage * The final shrinkage depends on numerous factors, in particular the relative humidity of the atmosphere in the locality, the thickness of the member in question and the cement and water contents.Text 2.1.5 Long-term deformations Long-term deformations of the concrete are the result of shrinkage and creep* which are regarded in the calculations as independent phenomena having an additive effect. The deformation and their change with time depend on the mean radius of the member fq, When the overall * effects are considered in ordinary cases the mean radius of the member may be defined by the ratio : where B is the area of the right cross-section of the member and u is its external perimeter** 2.1.5.1, Shrinkage ‘The value of shrinkage as a function of time may be expressed in the form (=e 0) where :€,s the final shrinkage of the concrete*™ and r(t) is a function of time varying between 0 and 1 when the time from concreting varies between 0 and infinity If no experimental results are available the final shrinkage is given by + either the following arbitrary values 1.5 « 10% in very humid climates; 2 x 10° in bumid climates, which isthe case in France excluding its south-eastern quarter; 3 x 10" in dry temperate climates, such as the south-eastern quarter of France; 4 10* in hot dry climates, 5x 10* in very dry or desert climates. « of if greater accuracy is required, by applying Appendix 1 Ifo experimental results are available the relationship for the development of shrinkage rt is given by t o= 1" ee where tis the age of the concrete in days from the day of manufacture and rps the mean radius of the member expressed in centimeters. -10-Commentary 2.1.5.2 Creep * Although creep ceases to be linear beyond a certain stress value the formulae in this section are accepted for the evaluation of creep in the calculations for the ultimate states with respect to dimensional stability. ++ a modulus of longitudinal deformation of the concrete in the long term, which includes the instantaneous and the long-term deformations, denoted Ey, may therefore be defined forthe purposes of calculation ; tis can be sed under the effect of dead loads or loads applied for very long periods and is given by the formula 11,000 ye Ey= —— Visi (Mpa) For high-performance concrete, with characteristic strength fzs greater than 50 MPa, a value of less than 2 can be adopted for © as long as itis justified by thorough testing. eileText 2.1.5.2 Creep In the calculations for serviceability limit states* the creep deformation at time t of a concrete subjected to s stress O°; at age j= ty - ty is expressed in the form Eq=Fie.Kq (ty -to)-Ft-t) (acme t1: time of loading where :€;c is a conventional instantaneous deformation under the effect ofa suess 0) : -¢ oo i28 Key is the creep coefficient, which depemis in particular on the age of the concrete (t, - t) at the time when it is subjected to stress “, and £(t = t,) is a function of the duration of the loading expressed in days, which varies between 0 and 1 as this period varies between 0 and infinity. €,, can also be weitten in the form: Ole, te Ce -t) where: 7 Md ’ oy . $3 b= ky Eij_ is the ratio between the final creep deformation ani the actual instantaneous deformation. £, 4s the actual instantaneous defornatio! x28 When the deformation must be ‘evaluated accurately the calculation shall be carried out as specified in Appendix 1. For ordinary circumstances it may be -assumed that** : fg PSL Ele ot, we ge? om Whe relationship for the development of creep f (t -t,) is given by the gormula: f(t-t) = ase where the time for which the load is applied (t - t,) is expressed in days and the mean radius r_ is expressed in centimetres. -12-Commentary 2.1.6 Poisson's ratio * This value is also acceptable for stages of plastic deformation. 2.1.7 Thermal expansion coefficient « “The thermal expansion coefficient varies approximately from 3. 10° for concretes with entirely limestone agaregates to 12.10” for concretes with entirely silica aggregates. iseText ‘When the concrete is subjected to a succession of changes in stress itis permissible for the creep deformations due to each variation in stress to be superimposed unless some of these changes are large decreases. In this case reference should be made to Appendix 1. 2.1.6 Poisson's ratio Poisson's ratio for uncracked concrete is taken to be equal to 0.20*. If cracks are present itis taken to be equal to zero. 2.1.7 Thermal expansion coefficient If no experimental results are available the thermal expansion coefficient is taken to be equal to 10 per degree ct 14.Commentary 2.2 Prestressing reinforcement + A supply authorization may be granted to the manager of a producing factory for a limited period by the Chairman of the inter-Ministry Prestressing Committee for a given quality which is in the process of receiving approval. ‘An authorization for use may be granted to an owner or contractor for a specific structure by the Chairman of the Inter-Ministry Prestressing Committee. In the text below the term “approval Decision” will refer to an actual approval Decision or an authorization for supply or use. 2.2.1 Characteristics to be taken into account in the calculations * If the reinforcement selected entailed the establishment of strength categories under Part Il of the Bulletin 4 of the CCTG it is the guarantee values specified for these categories which are given in the approval Decisions and which shall therefore be taken into account in the calculations. <15-Text 2.2 Prestressing reinforcement Prestressing reinforcement shall meet the requirements of Part II (high strength steel reinforcement for prestressed concrete construction using pre- or post-tensioning) of Part I of Bulletin n® 4 of the CCTG (supply of steels and other metals). ‘These tendons shall either be approved by the Ministry in question or be covered by a supply authorization or an authorization for use*. In the case of prestressing by post-tensioning the category of reinforcement to be used (wires, bars or strands) shall be defined in the order approving the prestressing procedure. In the case of prestressing by pre-tensioning only strands and wires other than smooth round wires may be used. 2.2.1 Characteristics o be taken into account in the calculations ‘The characteristics of the tendons which are to be taken into account inthe calculations shall be « either the characteristics whose specific values are specified in Part Il of Bulletin n° 4 of the CCTG or by the Decision of approval : + the nominal cross-sections of the tendon, ‘= guaranteed values of the maximum breaking load F prg which when related to the nominal cross-section is designated by the symbol fprg* and the load at the conventional 0.1% elastic limit Fpeg which when related to the unit nominal cross-section is designated by the symbol fpeg*, + relaxation + bond tothe concrete = or unspecified characteristics whose arbitrary values are specified inthe paragraph below + thermal expansion coefficient, ‘+ modulus of longitudinal deformation and the stress/strain diagram, -16-Commentary 2.2.2 Relaxation + fpr represents the maximum breaking load measured on the test piece adjacent to the one subjected to the relaxation test (see standards NF A 03-715 and A 03-716). part Il of Bulletin 4 of the CCTG defines a maximum of 23 sub-classes of relaxation denoted VSR (very small relaxation : P 1000 = 2.5%) and NR (normal relaxation : P 1000 = 8%) respectively. ‘An approval decision may also specify an intermediate P1000 value, + A more accurate formula is given in Appendix 2. This formula can also be used to calculate the relaxation at an intermediate time t. 2.2.3 Bond to the concrete 2.2.3.1 Prestressing by pre-tensioning * The conventional conditions for tests on the conventional transfer length are in particular a tension 0, " 0.85 fy, atthe origin of the tendons and a compressive strength ofthe concrete at the time when the tension in the tendons is released of 40 MPA in a first series of tess and about 25 MPA in a second series of tests. “The approval decision may link the value of les with special conditions of construction (e.g. hooping). + ttcan be assumed that f., = 1.25 £, and itis strongly recommended that tendons should not be embedded in a concrete for which fej is less than 20 MPA. ‘+++ In practice in the case of tendons of the shape and strength categories in existence at the time when this document was written a suitable approximate value of les is given by KD, where D, is the nominal diameter of the tendon and K is a coefficient taken to be equal to 100 for wires other than smooth round wires and strands of 3 wirés, and equal to 75 for strands of 7 wires. + In practice the values currently used for these two coefficients are : = 133 for strands (including strands of 3 wires) = 1 for wires other than smooth round wires. -17-Text 2.2.2 Relaxation ‘The approval decision specifics the guaranteed value for the loss due to isothermal relaxation at 1000 hours expressed as a % of the initial tension and denoted P joo, for an inital tension of 0.7 F py» ‘The value of the relaxation Ac (x) expressed as an absolute value is given by the formula in 3.3.2.3**. 2.2.3 Bond to the concrete 2.2.3.1 Prestressing by pre-tensioning ‘The approval Decision specifies the conventional transfer length ly for wires and strands obtained from the interpretation of tests prior to approval*. ‘The nominal transfer length ly which is to taken into account in the calculation may differ appreciably from L, when the conditions of use (initial tension od the tendons, compressive strength of the concrete when the tension is transferred from the tendons, in particular) differ from the conditions used for the conduct of the conventional tests. If no confirmed results are available for the conditions envisaged the following formula which is valid for fem = 25 Mpa is to be used** Igy (41 0.85) * [ey + 2 (40-fom)] * Where lg and I, are expressed in em, (Opn! fq) (Gyn being the tension in MPA of tendons before release) fq being the expected mean value of the compressive strength of the concrete at the time ‘when the tendons are released expressed in MPA and subject to a maximum of 40) ‘The bonding coefficients np and Yq (the cracking and transfer coefficients) are laid down in the approval Decision ****. 2.2.3.2 Prestressing by post-tensioning ‘The bond coefficients which may be taken into account are to be derived from the results of experiment. -18-Commentary 22.4 Thermal expansion coefficient 2.25 Modulus of longitudinal deformation and stress-strain diagram + in some cases the decision for the approval of procedures will indicate the apparent modulus of the prestessed units to which reference should then be made. -19-Text 2.24 Thermal expansion coefficient “The thermal expansion coefficient of the reinforcement shall be taken to be equal to 10 per degree C. 2.2.5 Modulus of longitudinal deformation and stress-strain diagram In the absence of experimental results on the reinforcement in question the following are to be assumed* : E, = 200 000 Mpa for wires and bars, E, = 19000 Mpa for strands. P ‘The stress-strain diagrams which are to be taken into account in the calculations are shown in Appendix 2. 20+Commentary 2.3 Passive reinforcement * Refer to the comment* to paragraph 2.2 2.3.1 Characteristics to be taken into account in the calculations * The elastic limit in question is a conventional value obtained by dividing th load at the elastic limit by the nominal cross-section. 2.3.2 Modulus of longitudinal deformation of the concrete and stress-strain diagram 2.3.3 Ability of the reinforcement to remain integrally bonded to the concrete surrounding it e2ieText 2.3 Passive reinforcement Reinforcement other than prestressed reinforcement is referred to as passive reinforcement. This identical to the reinforcement used in reinforced concrete. It shall satisfy the requirements of Part 1 "Steels for reinforced concrete” of Bulletin 4 " The supply of Steels and other metals" of the CCTG. ‘The reinforcement may comprise smooth round bars, high bond reinforcement or welded mesh. High bond reinforcement and welded mesh shall either be approved by the Minister in question or be provided with a ‘supply authorization or an authorization for use*. 2.31. Characteristic to be taken into account in calculations “The characteristics of passive reinforcement which depend on the method of manufacture are defined in Section lof Part 4. Of these characteristics the ones which are to be taken into account in the calculations are as follows : = nominal eross-section of the reinforcement, = guaranteed elastic limit, designated by f,, oF ,", = the modulus of longitudinal deformation and the stress-strain diagram, = the ability of the reinforcement to remain integrally bonded to the concrete surrounding it. 2.3.2 Modulus of longitudinal deformation and the stress-strain diagram ‘The modulus of longitudinal deformation of steel Es is taken to be equal to 200 000 Mpa. The stress-strain diagrams are given in Appendix 2. 2.3.3 Ability of the reinforcement to remain integrally bonded to the concrete surrounding it ‘This is characterized by the bond coefficients know as the cracking and transfer coefficients designated by 7 and y, respectively. ‘The values of the coefficients which are to be taken into account in the calculations are = for smooth round bars: ='¥,= 1 - for high bond reinforcement and welded meshes the values given in the approval decisions. -2-Commentary SECTION 3 - PRESTRESSING 31 Initial stress “The prestressing force in a tendon is obtained by multiplying its tension by the nominal cross-section of the reinforcement A. 3.2 Maximum value of the initial stress 3.21 3.2.2 * In the case of prestressing reinforcement consisting of wires which are not round or smooth, bars, strands 0 stranded or twisted cables fg and fg shall be replaced respectively by the quotients of the guaranteed breaking load Fy and the guaranteed load at the conventional 0.1% elastic limit divided by their nominal cross-sections. ++ This organization is mainly concemed with the reliability of anchorages and the safety of personnel. -2B-Text SECTION 3 - PRESTRESSING 3.1 Initial stress Prestressing forces vary along the length of the reinforcement and with time. They are evaluated using the probable value of the initial stress *, denoted oq, that is the stress at the projecting ends of the tensioning devices atthe time of tensioning, on the concrete side, specified inthe design. In general the divergences between the initial stress and the stress acting at a given point in the reinforcement at a given time are described as "losses of prestress”. 3.2 Maximum value of the initial stress 3.21 ‘The initial stress shall be at least equal to the limiting values authorized by : = the Arrété approving the steels used, - the Arrété approving the prestressing procedure in the case of post-tensioning. 3.2.2 It shall also not be greater than the smaller of the following values * in the case of post-tensioning. 0.80 fpr, (or 0.80 28 ) ‘*D o90fpeg (or 0.80 FEE cy except for rolled bars, in which case the tension is limited to 0.70 f prg. + in the ease of pre-tensioning as a general rule 0.80 fprg (or 0.80 ie 0.90 f peg (or 0.80 S22) Ap ‘These values may be increased to 0.85f prg and 0.95 f peg in the case of industrial manufacture with a quality control organization ** -24-Commentary 33 Losses of stress in the case of prestressing by post-tensioning 3.3.1 Instantaneous losses of stress « These losses can occur at different stages during construction. 5.3.1.1 Loss of stress by friction of the tendon * The line of the tendon in space has to be taken into account. However it is allowed for simplicity to take the sum of the angular deviations in two perpendicular planes. ‘Attention is drawn to the conditions for the validity of these coefficients as specified in Part 65 and restated in Appendix 3 f different values are used in certain special cases the values shall be based on experimental results and appropriate be specified in the contract. shall peaText 3.3 Losses of stress in the case of prestressing by post-tensioning 3.3.1 Instantaneous losses of stress In the case of post-tensioning the tendons are subjected to instantaneous losses of stress which are «the losses of stress due to friction, ~ the losses of stress at the anchorage, «the losses of stress due to instantaneous deformations of the concrete* ‘The total value of the instantaneous losses of stress in a cross-section of abscissa x in the reinforcement is denoted Aop (x). ‘The tension at a point of abscissa x after deduction of the instantaneous stress losses, know as the "initial stress” is denoted pi () (oF simply €5))= ep ~ Ad; (%). 3.3.1.1 Loss of stress due to friction of the tendon “fax The stress G(X) * Gyo & where : x. is the distance of the cross-section in question from the outlets of the tensioning devices, is the base of Napierian logarithms, is the total angular deviation * of the cable over distance x, fis the friction coefficient in the curve, (rd"), is the coefficient of loss of stress per unit length (m ). ‘The values of the coefficients f and $ under normal conditions of use are established in Appendix 3 ** or if appropriate by the Arrété approving the prestressing procedure used *** ‘The loss of tension due to friction, in the section considered, is equal t0 G50 - Gyo (X)- -26-Commentary 4.3.1.2 Loss of sress at the anchorage * Special care is needed in the calculation of loss of stress due to slip of the anchorage in the case of short tendons (e.g. in the case of tensioned stirrups). Itis then recommended that the greater of the following values should be used in calculation : 1.5 times the slip of the anchorage specified in the Arrété approving the prestressing process used, «the slip of the anchorage plus 2 mm. 3.3.1.3 Loss of tension by instantaneous deformation of the concrete * In practice when the changes in stress remain small a sufficient approximation of the loss due to instantaneous deformation of the concrete can generally be obtained by taking it to be equal 10: 6 kop Op indicating the final stress of the concrete defined in paragraph 3.3.2.2. ++ In the case of n identical tendons which are tensioned in tum the coefficient k isin fact equal to (n - 1Y2n. It becomes closer to Yas the number of tendons increases. -27-Text 3.3.1.2 Loss of sress atthe anchorage ‘The loss of stress which can result from slipping of the tendon with respect to its anchorage, settling or deformation of the anchorage, settling or deformation of the anchorage, called the "loss due to slip of the anchorage” is to be obtained from the value established by the Amété approving the prestressing procedure used * 3.3.1.3 Loss of stress due to instantaneous deformation of the concrete ‘The loss of stress resulting from instantaneous deformation of the concrete due to the force from the tendons and other permanent forces can be liked to an average loss affecting each tendon which in a given section is equal t0 = bo bj under the various permanent forces applied on day j, indicating the change in stress * acting at the center of gravity of the tendons in the section in question and k a multiplication coefficient equal to -1/2 ** for changes in stress due to prestressing at the stage when the tendons in question are prestressed and the permanent forces which are applied simultaneously, for changes in stress due to the permanent forces applied subsequently to this prestressing phase, including those due to the active reinforcement which is tensioned subsequently. -28-Commentary 4.3.2 Long-term loss of stress 43.2.1, Loss of stress due to shrinkage of the concrete a The effect of heat treatment of the concrete onthe loss of stress due to shrinkage is dealt with in Appendix 6. 4.3.2.2 loss of sress due to creep of the concrete = This paragraph provides simplified design rules for estimation of te loss of stress due to creep in respect of cinieh would be misleading to attempt to achieve greater accuracy. The effect of heat treatment ofthe concrete ‘on the loss of stress due to creep is dealt with in Appendix 6. ‘++ These changes may be associated with - prestessing, which always changes with time asa result of long-term loses and which also often changes as a result of successive tensioning. = the dead loads which are very often brought into play by subsequent stages can include several concreting Sperations, the installation of prefabricated members and the instalation of various superstructures, Some prefabricated beams subjected to high stresses cbj under their own weight while the definitive suess 0 is Scatvely small may be mentioned as examples. Ifthe members are stored for 8 long period the obj swesses then five rise to effectively irreversible creep deformations. -29-Text 3.3.2 Long-term loss of stress 3.3.2.1 Loss of stress due to shrinkage of the concrete The final loss of stress due to shrinkage of the concrete* equal to 40," 8 {1-F (DI Ep &, being the total shrinkage of the conerete as defined in paragraph 2.1.5.1, J the age of the concrete at the time when itis prestressed 1{t)a function representing the change in shrinkage as a function of time defined in paragraph 2.15.1 3.3.2.2 Loss of stress due to creep of concrete ‘When a member is subjected to permanent forces which vary in time ** once it has been prestressed the final loss of tension due to creep of the concrete is to be taken to be equal to : Ep 097 (p+ oy) (yr Ow) = Gy being the final stress and hy the maximum stress applied to the concrete in the section in question at the center of gravity of the tendons under above mentioned forces, including prestressing forces, J the age of the concrete when it is prestressed. If yy 1.5 Gp itis allowed for simplicity to evaluate the final loss of stress due to creep of the concrete at bon = 2.5 0, EB Ei =30-‘Commentary 3.3.2.3 Loss of stress due to relaxation of the steel 3.3.2.4 Evaluation of long-term stress losses * The loss of stress due to relaxation of the steel is reduced by the effects of shrinkage and creep of the concrete. Ithas been taken into account nominally in this relationship by reducing the value of the final relaxation of the steel to 5/6. The conventional calculation penalizes tendons which are subjected to loss of stress through high shrinkage and creep, in which case the loss of stress by relaxation is less than that given opposite. aieText 3.3.2.3 Loss of stress due to relaxation of the steel ‘The final loss of stress due to relaxation of the steel is given by 05 ~ 0.069 * 1000 * [(p() / fq) ~ Hal * (8) ug being a coefficient equal t: 0.43 for tendons with a very small relaxation (VSR) 0.30 for tendons with normal relaxation (NR) (0.35 for other tendons. 3.3.24 Evaluation of the long-term loss of stress as a function of time ‘The final long-term loss of stress is taken to be equal to ay 6,+ 6044+ bo,* ‘When the change in prestressing losses as a function of time has to be taken into account it can be assumed that the total value of the long-term losses Acy evaluated j days after the tensioning of the group of tendons in question is governed by the following relationship : dog = 10) 404 the function rj) being identical to the function r(t) defined in paragraph 2.1.5.1 32+Commentary 3.4 Loss of stress in the case of prestressing by pre-tensioning 5.4.J loss of stress in construction 3.4.1.1 losses on tensioning the tendons + These losses shall then be determined by experiment. 3.4.1.2, Losses berween tensioning of the reinforcement and presiressing of the member + In cerain cases of mass production related to construction and subject to an intemal inspection procedure approved by an official inspection or certification body, nominal values, which are then specified in the corresponding decision, may be assigned to these losses, + The shrinkage is to be taken into account from its onset. ** Supplemented by Appendices I and 2. -33-Text 3.4 Losses of stress in the case of prestressing by pre-tensioning 3.4.1 Losses of stress in construction In the case of pre-tensioning the tendons are subjected to stress losses in construction occurring : = when the tendons are tensioned, = between tensioning of the tendons and the prestressing of the member, = when the member is prestressed. ‘The total value of the losses of stress in construction in a cross-section of the reinforcement of abscissa x is denoted Acq (x). ‘The stress at the point having abscissa x after the loss of tension on construction, called the initial stress, is denoted op (x) (or simply Gy) = opp AGy (x). 3.4.1.1 loss on tensioning the tendons As appropriate = the loss of stress resulting from slippage of the tendon with respect to its anchorage on atest bed, = the loss of tension resulting from friction and the use od deviations *, are to be taken into account. 3.4.1.2. Losses between tensioning of the reinforcement and prestressing of the member ‘These losses of stress * are caused by - shrinkage of the concrete, - relaxation of the steel, - long-term deformation of the reinforcement and the concrete under the effect of heat treatment applied to the concrete, In the absence of heat treatment of the concrete the losses due to shrinkage ** and relaxation shall be evaluated following the specifications of section 2 In the case where the concrete is subjected to heat treatment the above two losses are altered and a specific loss called the thermal loss must be added. These various losses are then evaluated in accordance with the provisions of Appendix 6. 3.4.1.3, Loss on prestressing of the member ‘The loss of stress when the member is prestressed is caused by instantaneous deformation of the concrete due to the tendons when they are released. ‘This loss is taken to be equal to: obj indicating the stress acting at the center of gravity of the tendons under the various permanent forces applied on prestressing day j. kis defined in Appendix 1. 34Commentary 5.4.2 Long-term stress + In the case of prestressing by pre-tensioning, generally inthe circumstances of the industrial mass production of procuets which are also assembled ina few stages an accurate evaluation of the tension losses is justifiable. However, in certain cases of mass production related to construction and subject to an internal inspection procedure approved by an official inspection or certification body, nominal values, which are then specified in the corresponding decision or its supporting documents, may be assigned to these losses. ++ in particular when a stage follows a fallin the suess ob in the concrete a term in respect of further creep evaluated as specified in paragraph 4.4 of Appendix 1 shall be taken into account. ++ In this case it may be necessary to take into account the non-reversible component of the instantaneous deformation, depending on the resulting level of stress, in accordance with paragraph 2.1 of Appendix 1. 3.4.3 The effect of instantaneous deformations imposed after prestressing 3.5 Probable value of the prestressing forces -35-Text 3.4.2 Long-term stress losses Long-term stress losses shall be calculated stage by stage * according to the various stages in construction, i.e. the various stages in which permanent forces are applied. each of the terms due to shrinkage and creep of the concrete and relaxation of the steel shall then be calculated in the interval between two instantaneous deformations, the effects of which are to be evaluated in accordance with paragraph 3.4.3. “The correlations between relaxation of the steel and shrinkage and creep of the concrete shall also be taken into account using the formula given in paragraph 5 of Appendix 2. “The losses due to shrinkage and creep of the concrete at each stage shall be evaluated as specified in Appendix 1 ++, supplemented in the case of treatment by Appendix 6. “The loss due to relaxation of the steel at each stage shall be evaluated as specified in Appendix 2, supplemented in the case of heat treatment by Appendix 6, 3.4.3 The effect of instantaneous deformations imposed after prestressing Some stages in construction result in an instantaneous change Aobj in the stress of the concrete at the center of gravity of the tendons. The change in stress in these tendons is then taken to be equal to Ac bj p SS Eij fd is equivalent to an increase in the compression ofthe concrete* this change represents a los of prestress If doy; is equivalent to a decrease in the compression of the concrete this change represents an additional tensioning of the tendons. 3.5 Probable value of the prestressing forces ‘The probable value of the prestressing forces, at day j and along the abscissa x, is calculated from the stress pu (%) (OF Simply Op): Spm 2) = op BO (8) Gyo being the probable value of the initial stress defined in article 3.1 {AGp (x) being the total loss of stress, that is, the sum of al the losses up to day j and point x along the abscissa. eeeCommentary SECTION 4 - FORCES AND STRESSES 4.1 Fores 4.11 General * At the time of the publication of this document the main standards, codes and reference regulations defining certain loads are as follows : = NF P 06-001 : Imposed loads in buildings = DTU P 06-002 : Rules defining the effects of snow and wind on structures known as the NV 65 Rules, supplemented by the N 84 rules (DTU P 06-006), = NF P 06-004; Dead loads and imposed loads due to gravitational forces = CPCV - Part 61 - Section II : Loading program and testing of road bridges ‘++ In particular the provisions of Appendix 8. 4.1.2 Representative values of permanent and variable forces * While awaiting coordination of all the texts with the principles of the Common Directives of 1979, Appendix 8 defines or specifies the various representative values of the magnitudes of the forces which are to be taken into account (part A). s* The characteristic value Fy, can rarely be determined scientifically. ‘The nominal values may be (see D.C.79 - comment 3.3.): er values calculated from the project drawings ~ or values determined on a non-statistical basis (limited forces for example) ~ of values specified arbitrarily with the object of simplification following a statistical investigation + or estimated values of Fi, or values which depend on human activities which the users must not exceed. a7)Text SECTION 4 - FORCES AND STRESSES Forces and stresses are to be evaluated in accordance with the following paragraphs. ‘The Common Directives must be consulted in cases which are not explicitly considered in this text 4.1 Forces 4.11 General In application of the following a distinction is made between : -~ permanent forces, other than the prestress, denoted G, «the prestressing force, denoted P, - variable forces, denoted Q, ~ accidental forces, denoted A (oF F,)- ‘The nature and the magnitude of the forces which are to be introduced into the calculations are determined by the contract, either by reference to the standards, codes or regulations in force *, or by reference to this part of the General Technical Specifications **, or directly when they are individual to the structure. 4.1.2 Representative values of magnitude of permanent and variable values, are: «the characteristic values Fy, and inthe case of variable forces: - the combination values Wa Qu + the frequent values x, Qy “the quasi-permanent values Ys; Qu (qu being the characteristic valu ofthe variable force Q) If possible these different representative values are to be evaluated on a statistical basis. Failing this they are ‘most often replaced by so-called nominal values ** which are determined as stated in 4.1.1 above. -38-Commentary 4.1.3 Forces due to prestressing + For a given analysis the longitudinal tendons of a beam are thus all assumed to be tensioned at ether P, or P, 4.1.3.1 Characteristic values of the prestress in the case of past-tensioning and in the main part of the tendons in the case of pre-tensioning * For prefabricated members that are subject to an intemal inspection procedure approved by an official inspection or certification body, other values may be specified in the corresponding decision. -39-Text 4.1.3 Forces due to prestressing “The prestress is represented by a design value Py which is: the most unfavorable of the two characteristic values P, and P, (defined in 4.1.31. below) for the analyses with respect to the serviceability limit states, probable value Py for the analyses with respect tothe ultimate limit states When Py ( Pi, Ps), there is no need to consider the case where some of the tendons in similar directions would be tensioned at their maximum characteristic value and the others at their minimum characteristic value. “The procedure for taking the characteristic values P, and P, into account are specified in 4.10 below. 4.1.3.1 Characteristic values of the prestress in the case of post-tensioning and in the main part of the tendons in the case of pre-tensioning In the general case * they are defined by P, (x,t) = 1.02 P, -0.80 A P (x,t) P, (x)= 1.98 Py 120A P(x) and they are centered on the probable value Pp (st) = Pe > AP (Xt) Pz represents the “initial” prestress, equivalent to the tension oj, defined in 3.1, and AP (x,t) is the loss of prestress at the point having abscissa x at time t -40-Commentary “413.2 Characteristic values of the presiress in the vicinity of the ends of the tendons in the case of pre- tensioning + The bonded end of the tendon is located either at the end of the member or at the place where any wrapping (sheathing) is interrupted. s+ The data provided in this way can be used to determine the two values ofthe prestress which are regarded as Gharacteristio, for either end of the reinforcement ; the diagram below, in which F, represents the tension in a tendon, explains the determination. 4.14 Accidental forces « In general these are forces resulting from a fire, an explosion or an earthquake. ‘Only examples can be given for a given structure : impacts by ships on the piers of bridges, pact by vehicles against bridge anchorages or supports. = In the case of earthquakes reference should be made to DTU p 066003 “Recommendations on the structures to be built in regions subject to earthquakes (Earthquake Protection Rules 69). -41-Text 4.1.3.2 Characteristic values of the prestress in the vicinity of the ends of the tendons in the case of pre- tensioning It is assumed that the prestress only reaches its characteristic value calculated according to 4.1.3.1 at transfer distance from the bonded end * Ai be |, representing the nominal transfer length defined in 2.2.3.1, with Itis also assumed, if accurate experimental determination is lacking, that the relationship governing the tension of the tendon over I, is of a parabolic nature, the parabola having its axis parallel to the axis of the tensions and its apex at abscissa ly ** 4.1.4 Accidental forces ‘Accidental forces * are not to be taken into consideration unless this is specified in regulations or inthe contract. Ifno regulations are in existence ** the representative values for these forces shall be specified in the contract. -42-Commentary 42 Analysis «The combination of design forces which are to be considered shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of the Common Directives for the design of structures (DC 79) supplemented in dificult cases by the specifications in the contract. *+* See paragraph 6.5 and Appendix 10. 4.3 Structural analysis 4.3.1 General rules © The linear elastic model is well suited to structural analysis in structure which are built in a single stage ; it may also be used for the calculation of service stresses in hyperstatic structures built in several stages under the conditions specified im paragraph 4.3.5. ‘Although not perfect for evaluation of the stresses at the ultimate limit state with respect to strength in a hhyperstatic structure it is also used for convenience in this case, unless specified otherwise in the Speci Technical Specifications, but it is then permissible to adapt it as specified in paragraph 6.3.1. On the other hand the linear elastic model is not suitable for certain analyses, particularly at the ultimate limit ‘state with respect to dimensional stability (see paragraph 6.4). ‘+ When the Strength of Materials is not applicable one may : + either use systems which approximate to known structures, a method which is applicable in simple cases and depends on the good judgment and experience of the designer, - or use more complicated models for calculation, + or cary out extensive experiment on a model. Interpretation of appropriate tests results in an evaluation of the stresses and deformations which are used in the same way and with the same safety coefficients as the values calculated using the methods of Strength of Materials. When these tests are also used to estimate the resistant stresses the design values of the later shall take into account the usual coefficients for materials. 43.2 Stresses resulting from the prestressing * The concept of the regularisation zone is defined in Section 8. 243-Text 4.2 Analysis ‘These consist of demonstrating : - with regard to the ultimate limit states with respect to static equilibrium, that the combinations of design forces which must be considered will not result in failure of the equilibrium of the structure or of the member in question * = with regard to the ultimate limit states with respect to strength, that the effect of the design loadings which are to be taken into consideration do not exceed the resistance of the section in question, - with regard to the ultimate limit states with respect to dimensional stability, that there is a distribution of stresses in the structure as a whole which balances the effect of the loading which are to be taken into consideration, including second order stresses, in each section. - with regard to serviceability limit states, thatthe design loadings which are to be considered do not give rise to the phenomenon which isto be avoided. ‘The fatigue limit states, which involve both magnitude and the frequency of the loadings simultaneously, are special limit states requiring specific analysis **. 4.3 Structural analysis 4.3.1 General rules For most analyses stresses are to be calculated using an elastic linear model of the entire structure *. ‘The methods of Strength of materials are to be used where the shape of the members permits ** 4.3.2 Stresses resulting from the prestressing The above general rules apply to the calculation of forces brought about by the prestressing When Strength of Materials is used the hyperstatic prestressing stresses are to be evaluated taking into account the entire length of the tendons although the stresses and deformations in the vicinity of their ends, in particular within a zone known as the "regularisation zone» **, do not fall within the scope of the normal rules for the Strength of materials. -44-Commentary + Thus when a tendon is anchored in the main part of a beam a cross-section S, immediately to the lef of the anchorage and a cross-section S, immediately to its right shall be analyzed in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 6.1,6.3, 7.1 and 7.2. The isostatic stress due to the anchored cable is only present in S, (and not in s,) 4.3.3 Permissible simplifications 433.1 * Amention is drawn to the sudden fall in torsional rigidity following cracking. 4.3.4 Restrictions on the linear model * Second order effects are always to be taken into account in the investigations of dimensional instability. It is convenient in this case to use stress-strain relationship which are representative of actual stress-strain relationship for the materials. Bass)Text Specific analyses must be made in these zones, as specified in Section 8. However the isostatic prestressing stresses are still evaluated in the conventional way so that it is possible to proceed with additional conventional analyses identical to those applicable to the main part. The corresponding conventional analyses shall be made on either side of the ends of the anchored tendons ** 4.3.3 Permissible simplifications 43.31 ‘When the byperstatic unknowns do not depend on the value of the elastic modulus it is permissible to replace the mechanical constants which appear best to characterize the actual deformability of the members by the constants which apply to the gross cross-sections of the members which are assumed not to be cracked and to be without their reinforcement provided however that the ratios of the deformabilites of the various structural members are ‘not fundamentally changed by this substitution * 4332 When the forces depend on Poisson's ratio value of the later is selected in accordance with paragraph 2.1.6 of these rules. 4333 In the case of analyses at the ultimate limit states it is often possible to neglect the stresses due to imposed deformations insofar as the ductility of the members in question permit. 4.3.4 Restrictions on the linear elastic model It is desirable that : = the provisions of paragraph 4.3.5 should be taken into account inthe case of structures builtin several stages, = the effects of deformations, generally known as second order effects, should be taken into account in cases, where these are not negligible *. + the provisions of paragraph 6.3.1 should be taken into account when evaluating the design stresses at the ultimate limit states with respect to strength. = 46Commentary 4.3.5 Structures built in several stages * Itis necessary to take the successive stages in the loading of the structure into account and for this purpose to undertake an accurate analysis of the succession of loads throughout the construction period : successive stages of concreting, tensioning, removing formwork, transferring supports, adjustment, etc. ‘The impediment to the free development of deformation in the concrete (caused by shrinkage and creep) resulting from construction by stages brings about a redistribution of forces and/or stresses which can only be appreciated rigorously by a visco-elastic analysis which takes the sequencing of operations into account. ‘Two situations may arise, and these may occur in combination : - a section of concrete consisting of several parts cast on different dates. ‘The long-term differential deformations (shrinkage and creep) of the various parts bring about a redistribution of the stresses in the section and, ifthe structure is hyperstati, a redistribution of the forces, a structure which is hyperstatic in its service configuration but which is subject to a variable static system in the course of construction. “The progressive restraint of deformation imposed by the increase in the hyperstatc level of the system results in a redistribution of the forces. ‘These two situations occur in combination particularly in very ordinary structures constructed using prefabricated prestressed beams surmounted by cast-in-situ reinforced concrete topping slabs which are placed in continuity using the procedures of reinforced concrete construction. Evaluation of the hyperstatic reactions ‘must then take into account the heterogeneity of the behavior of the parts of the structure alongside and in the vicinity of the continuity support (reinforced concrete) with respect to those in the span (prestressed concrete), as the linear elastic model can no longer be used. cracking of the support sections results in a transfer of the stresses from the latter to sections in mid-span. -47-Text 4.3.5 Structures built in several stages When a structure is built in several stages this isto be taken into account in the evaluation of stresses both during construction and when the structure isin service. “The principle of the superimposition of successive partial deformation states, assuming in calculation of the forces that the concrete is viscoelastic and free from cracks *, is accepted. tt is however desirable in the case of conventional structures to use the elastic modulus, superimposing the changes in forces and stresses due to long-term deformation ofthe concrete (shrinkage and creep), evaluated in a fominal manner in accordance with the provisions ofthe contract inthe light of experience acquires withthe type of structure, on te forces and sesses calculated onthe basis ofthis assumption, if appropriate. -48-Commentary 4.4 Design loadings general + As specified in DC 79 a distinction is made berween permanent, temporary and accidental conditions. Very often itis necessary to consider : - one or more temporary conditions: the condition or conditions during construction, sn : the service condition (in certain cases there may be several service conditions), - one permanent con «if appropriate, one or more accidental conditions. ‘++ In fact the effective value of the prestress in these analyses has very litle effect on safety. see The calculated prestresses then depend directly on the value of the prestress. This is why it is necessary to introduce the characteristic values P, and P; in order to test whether the limiting stresses specified in 6.1, 7 and 7.6.4 are respected. However, in order to avoid superfluous calculations it is preferable to base the systematic calculation of stresses in a swucture on the probable value of the prestress and only the sections for which this calculation reveals the ‘smallest margins with respect to the limiting stresses should be subjected to additional checks based on the ‘characteristic values of the prestress, according to the simplified procedure defined in 4.10. Of course, this latitude does not prevent the carrying out of full checks with P, and P, if adequate computing, facilities are available; this second approach offers the best guarantees of compliance with the stress limits. Other methods intended to reduce the amount of calculation may also be considered ; except in certain cases where there is 2 major redistribution of forces following creep itis sufficient ro use P, for the tests in respect of the use of the structure and P for tests for the long-term. 49Text 4.4 Design loadings - general [All the design loading conditions defined in paragraphs 4.5 and 4.6 below * should in principle be considered in each condition specified for a structure : In the case of analyses for the ultimate limit states with respect to strength the stresses are to be based on the probable value of the prestress P,, alone **. On the other hand the design loadings with respect to serviceability limit states incorporate the most unfavorable of the characteristic values P, and P, *** In the following P, represents the prestressing force taken as its design value ; Ry represents the prestressing force taken as its design value ; Ry represents all the hyperstatic reactions corresponding to application of the prestress withthe value Py S(P,) represents the total prestressing force. S(R,) represents the hyperstatc prestressing force due to external and internal links with the structure. Pm and Rm are the homologues of P, and R, when the probable value of the prestress is used alone. -50-Commentary 4.5 Design loadings in relation to the ultimate limit states with respect to strength 45.1 Fundamental combinations + In agiven combination Garg and Gnis indicate loadings of different origin and nature, which rules oit the apportionment ofa given load berween the two parts. In particular the intrinsic weight ofa continuous beam is ingoduced with the same coefficient overall its length. ‘On the other hand if itis a question of the load from backfill whose weight has a favorable effect but whose thrust has an unfavorable effect it is preferable to take the minimum value of the weight (Gua) and the maximum value of the thrust (Gag) since the uncertainties in these two factors are of different physical origin, ‘** This applies for example : =10 members subject to checks in respect of the limit states of dimensional stability when the tendons are outside the concrete without any connection with it except at their ends, ~ certain two-dimensional members which are prestressed in one direction when the analysis is being made in a perpendicular direction (e.g. a bridging slab in which the cables are not uniformly distributed over its breadth, or the topping slab of a box bridge of variable depth containing prestressed tendons). ‘The value of 1.35 for yp may also be considered in certain tests with respect to tangential stresses when the prestress is the only force giving rise to significant effects (inclined cables anchored at one end of a corbel for example) ; it would however be exceptional for such a situation to be preponderant. ‘+++ For certain temporary structures the contract may specify other values of yo, following analysis in particular of the conditions of operation and use. +*# The loads of s special nature for road bridges are military convoys and the exceptional transports specified in paragraphs 9 and 10 of Section Il of Part 61 of the Special Specifications or in the contract. s+*** tn the case of systems of beams, when significant tension variation must be taken into account in the tendons, which is the case when bonding between these tendons and the concrete is guaranteed (by means of injection grouting and the sheath in the case of post-tensioning), itis permissible to take the design stresses for analyses with respect to normal stresses to be : SaIR,+135 Gu * Gan #101Qn+ E13 ¥uQat It is therefore the total tension (including tension variation) of the tendons which must be considered when evaluating resistance stresses. ‘The following two procedures are in fact strictly equivalent whea y, = 1, «taking the isostatic effect of the prestressing in the design stress and thus using S(P.), only the variation in the tension of the steel tendons from Gj being involved in the resistance. =r on the other hand ignoring the isostatic effect of the prestress in the design load and therefore only including ‘S(R,) this time taking the total tension (tension under permanent loads ¢,_ and the variation in tension) into account in the resistance. This second procedure it most often used by designers for analyses with respect to normal stresses, the first being nevertheless essential for analyses with respect to tangential stresses because of the fact that these rules in this case neglect, for safety, any overtensioning of the longitudinal tendons. -51-Text 4.5 Design loaaings wu siativs 7 *he ultimate limit states with respect to strength 4.5.1 Fundamental combination ‘Asa general rules the design stresses which are to be taken into account areas follows: S {pm + 135 Gmax + Gmin + yQly Qik + Bi>113 ¥oi Qik with the notation defined below Gmax represents all the unfavorable permanent loadings, Gmin represents all the favorable permanent loadings *, Qik represents the characteristic value of the basic loading, Poi Qik represents the combination value of an accompanying loading. ‘yp is equal to 1 in most cases, or 1.35 if this value is more unfavorable in the analysis of members, zones or directions with respect to which the prestress must be regarded as an extemal force * Yo is equal to 1.35 in the general case *** 1.35 for the temperature if this has to be taken into account 1.35 for imposed loads which are strictly limited or ofa special nature **** 1,35 for agricultural buildings with a low human occupancy * In these circumstances only the changes in tension (from Gyq) of the tendons are included in the evaluation of resistant stresses ******, 52+Commentary 4.5.2 Accidental combinations jons as in 4.5.1 ****** itis permissible to take the design loads to be : * Under the same con S Ra + Fa + Gaux + Guin + ¥i1 Qu * FE Yi Qa) 4.6 Design loads in relation to serviceability limit states + In the service situation all; these combinations are effectively to be taken into account to the extent to which they can be determined. In the construction situation, on the other hand, the formulation of the design combinations is equivalent to that of the rare combinations; some variable loads may act with reduced values (such as the wind on road bridges under constuction). 4.6.1 Rare combinations 4.6.2 Frequent combinations 4.6.3 Quasi-permanent combinations 53+Text 4.5.2 Accidental combinations If appropriate, and when they are not defined by the texts which are specific tothe accidental forces in question, the design stresses, as a general rule, are the following : S Pq *Fat Gam * Ga ¥i1Qu* E Voie) with the notations below : Fa is the nominal value of the accidental force Win Qu isthe frequent value of a variable force WxiQq. is the quasi-permanent value of another variable force. 4.6 Design Loads in relation to serviceability limit states ‘The various combinations to be taken into account * are defined below. 4.6.1 Rare combinations ‘The design loads are of the form S {pd-+Gmax+Gmin+y il Qik +Zi > lyolQik 4.6.2 Frequent combinations ‘The loads which are to be taken into account are S {pd +Gmax+Gmin +11 Qik i> Wy21Qik} 4.6.3 Quasi-permanent combinations ‘The design loads are then : S pd+Gmax+Gmin+ Z1> 121 Qik -54-e Commentary 4.7 Verification of static equilibrium + The limit states of static equilibrium derive from a difference between the effects of forces, permanent forces in particular. Safety with respect to these limit states depends greatly on th sizeof variable forces in relation to permanent forces, the level ofthe analysis (whether secondary frees or parameters are to be taken into Fccoumt), the variability of permanent forces and their correlation, etc... ‘+= These limit states vary considerably depending on the nature of the structure and their consequences. Very often difficult cases are involved and special analyses need to be made on the basis of the Common Directives of 1979 (paragraph 6). 4.8 Verification of dimensional stability 4.9, Fatigue check 4.10, Procedure for taking into account characteristic prestress values * systematic calculation with P., constitute, in all cases, an indispensable reference for the engineer, since it indicates the probable behavior of the structure. 4.10.1. Sections subject to additional checks * In the case of post-tensioning, these precautions consist in particular in: ~ providing empty conduits in the design forthe installation of additional cables forthe case where the probable tension would not be obtained on site; = requiring measurements ofthe transmission coefficient on the first cables tensioned (suitability tral) and on an adequate number of cables tensioned later (inspection trial); = senting up a sufficiently extended work schedule to be able to determine and carry out any necessary corrections. “These precautions must be clearly defined in the contract. ** In the case where it defines the special precautions in question, the contract may specify other values for k and k, allowing for the sensitivity of the structure tothe effects ofthe prestress. In practice: 05k $0.03, 092 sks! 4.10.2, Additional checks © This is equivalent to accepting that the uncertainty in the prestress (P, - Pa ~ Pa P,) is only local; the overall behavior of the structure is still adequately represented by the calculations based on Pa 55+Text 4.7 Verification of static equilibrium “The limit states of static equilibrium depend on the type of structure ** and shall be analyzed for each stage in construction and for the finished structure. 4.8 Verification of dimensional stability ‘The design loads which are to be taken into consideration and the nature of the analyses which must be submitted are specified in paragraph 6.4 of this document. 4.9. Fatigue check ‘The design loads which are to be taken into account andthe nature ofthe analyses which are to be provided are specified in paragraph 6.5 of this document. 4.10, Procedure for taking into account characteristic prestress values ‘With respect to the serviceability limit states and the fatigue limit states, a structure is cor with P,= ( P,, Pp}, even ifthe systematic evaluation ofthe stresses is performed with Pq *, aS long as, in the sections defined in 4.10.1., additional checks based on the characteristic presuress values P, and P, are carried cout under the conditions specified in 4.10.2 4.10.1. Sections subject to additional checks ‘These are sections where one of the following conditions is satisfied: ~ the margin between the normal stresses in the concrete calculated from P., and the stress limits defined in 6.1.2. is less than k fej, = the calculation of the normal stresses belongs effectively to category Ill, = the shear stresses ¢ do not satisfy the inequalities obtained from those in 7.2 and 7.6.4 by substituting kt for “igs Both € and Typ, being evaluated on the basis of Pa, In the normal cases values of the coefficients k and k’ are: k= 0,04 ; k'= 0,90. When, in accordance with a contract requirement, special precautions are taken both in design and in ‘construction so that the probable prestress P, is obtained in the structure *, these values are modified as follows k= 0,02 ;k'= 0,95. >. Addtional checks In the sections defined above, the stresses calculated on the basis of P, are re-evaluated on the basis of P, and P,, but its permissible to take into account only the isostatic effect of (P, - Pq) or of (Pz ~ Pq) to perform this re- evaluation, ‘The new stresses thus obtained must by in strict compliance with the conditions in 6.1.2.,7.2, 7.6.4 and 6.5.4 in the case of a check with respect tothe fatigue limit states. They are to be used to determine the minimum reinforcement defined in 6.1.32. = 56-Commentary SECTION 5 - DEFINITION OF SECTIONS 5.1 Gross sections « tn the case of the deformation of parts of structures included in category III the cracked sections as defined in 5.2.2 are to be taken into account. 5.2 Reference sections for stress calculations 5.2.1 Sections without cracks 5.2.4.1 Net sections * vis permissible for transverse voids not to be subtracted if they simultaneous satisfy the following conditions : 1) They are grouted. 2) The largest dimension of these voids perpendicular to the mean plane of the panel containing them is not ‘greater than 30 % of the thickness of the panel. 1) There is a thickness of concrete equal to atleast the largest dimension of the voids between any point on the perimeter bounding these voids and the closest external face, without this thickness being less than 5 em. 4) When there are several similar and successive voids their spacing is to be equal to at least eight times their largest transverse dimension. -57-Text SECTION 5 - DEFINITION OF SECTIONS When calculating the geometrical characteristics of a section (position of the center of gravity, area, moments of inertia, etc..) the dimensions of the section at the stage in question are to be taken into account. 5.1 Gross sections When evaluating « the intrinsic weight ofa structure = the rigidity ofthe different members making up the structure (with a view to calculating hyperstatic stresses) «the deformations of part ofthe structure while respecting the conditions for Category Il * the gross sections are tobe taken into account as defined below ‘These are the cross-sections of concrete alone, as shown in the formwork drawings, without deductions for voids, indentations and conduitss designed to take prestressing tendons or their anchorages. 5.2 Reference sections for stress calculations 5.2.1 Sections without cracks These are the ones taken into account to calculate the stresses in Category I or I. 5.2.1.1 Net sections ‘These are obtained by subtracting longitudinal and transverse voids such as holes, indentations and conduits made for the passage or anchorage of longitudinal and transverse tendons from the gross cross-sections, and this is to be done without exception even if these voids are subsequently filled, ‘These net cross-sections shall be used in the calculations of the stresses developed by permanent forces at the serviceability limit states. = 58Commentary & = The purpose of m: they are subject when for Section 3 are applied to the. .2 Homogeneous sections aking the tendons homogeneous is to take into account the variations in tension to which ces which are not taken into account when calculating their tension according to ‘structure after they have been installed and they have been bonded to the concrete. 1 J the case of post-tensioning the use of homogeneous sections is thus ruled out when the ducts are not routed, when they are filled with grease, when there is no bonding due to their shape or when certain temporary protective products are used with the tendons and there is no bonding due to their shape. ‘On the other hand when the tendons are bonded by virme of their shape there is no risk of slippage which might give rise to the problematical release of temporary protection products and they may be treated as being homogeneous. ++ As regards the quasi-permanent fraction ofthe variable forces, its in principle the long term equivalence coefficient n, = 15 which has to be used in order to evaluate the stresses to which they give rise. Howev Order to simplify the calculations itis permissible o use the instantaneous equivalence coefficient n,= 5 for this part of the variable forces. 5.2.2 Cracked sections + The design assumptions for cracked sections are given in 6.1.1. ++ This reduction of 0.5 in the section of the tendons is intended to cover the uncertainties concerning bonding which depend on both the arrangement of the tendons used, which are grouped into strong units, and the quality of the grouting. s99 See 5.2.1.2. 09 See 6.1.1.2 -59-Text : 5.2.1.2 Homogeneous sections * ‘The homogeneous sections obtained by adding the cross-sections of the longitudinal tendons multiplied by a suitable equivalence coefficient tothe net cross-sections defined above are to be considered insofar as these tendons are bonded to the concrete either by direct contact in the case of pre-tensioning or by means of injected ‘grouting and the sheath in the case of post-tensioning **. Ikis permissible to calculate the stresses developed by the variable forces on the basis of the characteristics of these homogeneous sections. Whatever the length of the period for which the said variable forces are applied the instantaneous equivalence coefficient which is conventionally taken to be equal to n; = 5 may be used *** 5.2.1.3 Contribution of the passive reinforcement Its permissible to include passive reinforcement in the definitions of both net cross-sections (5.2.1.1) and homogeneous cross-sections (5.2.1.2) by adding the cross-section of this passive reinforcement multiplied by a suitable equivalence coefficient (n, = 5 or n, = 15) to the cross-sections defined above, provided that this reinforcement meets the requirements specified in Section A.6 and paragraph A.8.1 of the BAEL rules. 5.2.2 Cracked sections When calculating the stresses in Category III * reduced homogeneous cross-sections need to be introduced ; these are defined on the basis of - only the compressed portion of the concrete in the cross-section “the cross-section of the longitudinal passive reinforcement multiplied by the equivalence coefficient ny = 15, insofar as the reinforcement in question meets the requirements of Section A.6 and paragraph A.8.1 of the BAEL rules. « the fraction p ofthe cross-section ofthe longitudinal prestressed reinforcement multiplied by the equivalence coefficient n, = 15 p has the value : 1 in the case of pre-tensioning 0.5 ** in the case of post-tensioning when the conditions of construction allow a certain amount of bonding between the tendons and the concrete to be taken into account ***. o in the case of post-tensioning when there is no bonding of the tendons *** - 60-Commentary 5.3 Cover sections parallel to the axis of flexion Cover section Effective width of the flange of t-beams * These requirements are no longer applicable when more complicated methods which take into account the distribution of the stresses are used. 5.4.1 Determination of hyperstatic unknowns of all kinds ‘= The calculation of hyperstatic unkmowns, in particular those due to prestressing, is base on this paragraph ; the isostatic prestressing stresses which are used as a basis for this calculation shall then be evaluated on the basis of the same assumptions. (On the other hand reference should be made to paragraph 5.4.2 for the calculation of both isostatic prestressing stresses and the corresponding stresses when making an analysis of the sections. -61-Text 5.3 Cover sections ‘The definition of categories of analysis in paragraph 6.1.2 includes the concept of a cover section * For the analysis of normal stresses in a section under the effect of a stress which includes a flexural component the cover section is the area of the concrete bounded by the perimeter of the sections and two lines parallel to the axis of flexion which are regarded as framing all the tendons (beyond the ducts if these are present) which are taken into account in the calculation in question at a distance equal to the minimum permissible distance according to paragraph 10.2 and 10.3 between these tendons (or ducts) and the walls of the concrete. In the absence of a flexural component the cover section becomes the same as the total cross-section. 5.4 Effective width of the flange of t-beams When the conventional procedures for the Strength of Materials are used the following requirements shall be applied ‘A given part ofa topping slab must never be attributed to two different beams at the same time. In addition to this, depending on the object in view, the width b of the topping slab which is to be taken into account on either side of a rib from the corresponding face shall be subject to the additional limitations specified below. 5.4.1 Determination of hyperstatic unknowns off all kinds * It is then permissible to use a constant flange width along the entire length of the structure, the value b being limited to one tenth of the mean of the spans. -62-Commentary 5.4.2 The analysis of sections 4$.4.2.1 Calculation of the stresses balancing the normal force 2 hen the normal force is introduced as a result of the application of concentrated forces t0 a beam (suppor aoe forces under anchorages) then the additional analyses according co the provisions ‘of Section 8 have to Tocamied out in the vicinity ofthe poiats of application ofthese forces. ‘The limitation defined here applies only to the evaluation of normal stresses in a right cross-section (6) It iresonts the progressive spread of compression stresses inthe topping sla when the Brats PA of the normal Tan applied atthe end ofthe beam. When the situation is different, ths representation can nevertheless be retained without any amendment for the sake of simplicity. Iushould be noted that the stresses produced by the normal force eventually affect the entire width ofthe topping Slab when the stresses produced by flexion are located in the vicinity of the ribs (see 5.42.2). 5.4.2.2 Calculation of the stresses balancing of other forces ‘tn the case of a cross-member the span which is to be taken into consideration is the distance between the axes of the beams on either side. + The various limitations in 5.4.2.2 are summarized in the diagram below 5.5 Changes in section PeasText 5.4.2 The analysis of sections 5.4.2.1 Calculation of the stresses balancing the normal force “The width b defined above is limited to two thirds ofthe distance from the closest abutment *. 5.4.2.2 Caleulation ofthe stresses balancing other forces ‘The width b in question is then assigned a maximum value of : = one tenth of the span of each of the spans = two thirds of the distance to the axis from the closet support plus, in the case of an intermediate support, one fortieth (1/40) of the sum of the spans on either side of it ** 5.5 Changes in section When the transverse dimensions of a beam vary with the abscissa measured along the beam, the effective ious are to be taken into account provided that the inclination of the walls with respect to the axis of the abscissa is not greater than 1/3. If this is not the case imaginary sections connected to the minimum sections by imaginary walls of inclination 1/3 are to be taken into account.Commentary SECTION 6 - THE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR PRISMATIC MEMBERS * UNDER NORMAL LOADS to beams and columns. * This appli 6.1 Serviceability limit states 6.1.1 Assumptions used in calculation * Abutment and anchorage zones are dealt with in Section 8. However additional conventional analyses need to be made in the sections in the same way as for ordinary sections, the stresses being evaluated as specified in 4.3. 6.1.1.1 Bonded presiress = The calculations specified in Section 3 for evaluation of tension in prestressed tendons takes into account their deformation under the effect of all permanent forces. There is therefore no need to render these tendons homogeneous in order to calculate the stresses corresponding to permanent forces. On the order band passive reinforcement may be taken into account as specified in 5.2.1.3. ‘++ The excess tension in the tendons is the sum of the two terms: App "O'S pa + A Ope Acipg * Sciqy is the excess tension associated with a retum of the stress in the concrete at the reinforcement to 0. ‘S'Gpg (like the stress os in the case of passive reinforcement) is the result of a calculation for composite flexion in the reduced homogeneous section for which the normal forces includes the term Py + A'pg (With A'py™ Ay ‘Gyan Ay indicating the cross-section of the tendons). The reduced homogeneous section in question is defined in paragraph 5.2.2; attention is drawn to the fact that its definition includes only a fraction p of the cross-section A, of the longitudinal tendoas, -65-Text SECTION 6 - THE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR PRISMATIC MEMBERS * UNDER NORMAL STRESSES 6.1 Serviceability limit states 6.1.1 Assumptions used in calculation ‘The calculations for ordinary sections * are to be made using the following two fundamental assumptions :** - plane sections remain plane « the stresses in materials are proportional to their deformation. 6.1.1.1 Bonded prestress Depending on the type of anchorage in question additional assumptions are indicated below 2) Calculations for a section which is not cracked : - the stressed concrete is resistant to tension + the materials are not subjected to any relative slip ‘The latter assumptions means that all the normal stresses due to forces other than the permanent forces * can be calculated for the entirely homogeneous section as defined in 5.2.1.2, b) Calculations for a cracked section = the concrete which is under tension is neglected the materials are not subjected to any relative slip = when the deformation of the conerete becomes zero at the level of reinforcement the tension in the latter takes the value 0 in the case of passive reinforcement pg +1 Sigg (With n, = 5) in the case of a prestressed tendon where og represents the stress in the concrete at the reinforcement in question under the effect of permanent forces and the prestress which is taken to have the value Py «the stress in the passive reinforcement and the change in excess tension ** in the prestressed tendons which appears after decompression of the concrete are evaluated on the basis ofthe equivalence coefficient n, = 15. 6.1.1.2 Unbonded tendons ‘As these tendons can slip with respect to the adjacent concrete no excess tension in this reinforcement is taken spt in the cass of =

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