Equations

1. Ideal gas equation

PV= nRT

P = nRT / V

Problems
P T
16 4
8 2
4 1
2 0.5

T
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

PV = nRT
P V
16 1
8 2
4 4
2 8
 1 16

V
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

V
 Equation
2. Viscosity Equation
Def: Viscosity is the resistance of flow of liquid.

Viscosity of liquid flowing through any tube is given by:

v= ΠPtr⁴/8ƞl where;
t = time of flow
r = radius of capillary
l = length of tube
ƞ = coefficient of viscosity
P = pressure

Problem
Question- Prove that graph between volume of co- solvent (methanol) and time of flow in straight line having negative slope.

S.No. Volume of methanol(in ml)

1 0
2 20
3 40
4 60
5 80
6 100

X- Y plot
Time of flow ( in seconds)
50
45
40
35
Time of flow (sec)

30
25
20
15
10
5
 45
40
35

Time of flow (sec)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume of co-solvent (methanol) (in ml)

ow in straight line having negative slope.

Volume of water ( in ml) Time of flow ( in seconds)

100 46.3
80 41.6
60 37.2
40 33.4
20 29.9
0 26.7

in seconds)
 60 80 100 120

ethanol) (in ml)

80 90 100
VISCOSITY EQUATION
Equation
3. Rate law
zeroth first
rate law expression rate=K[A]° rate=K[A]¹
integrated rate law expression [A]=-Kt+[A]0 ln [A]=-kt+ln[A]0

Problem and X-Y Plot

Time(sec)
2
4
6
8
10
12

2.5

f(x) = 0.114453238539297 x + 0.869370553898211

2 R² = 0.989899038654761

1.5
1/c

0.5

0
0 2 4 6
TIme (sec )
 second
rate=k[A]²
1/[A]=kt+1/[A]0

Plot
conc(mM) ln conc 1/c
0.8705 -0.138687519773893 1.14876507754164
0.7578 -0.277335780397637 1.3196093956189
0.6597 -0.415970092753312 1.51584053357587
0.5743 -0.554603371111886 1.74125021765628
0.5 -0.693147180559945 2
0.4352 -0.831949583440404 2.29779411764706

4453238539297 x + 0.869370553898211
899038654761

4 6 8 10 12 14
TIme (sec )
Equations
4.Arrhenius Equation
ln k = ln(Ae-Ea/RT)1

ln k = ln(A) + ln(e-E
ln k = ln(A) + (-Ea/RT) = ln(A) –

Ea= The activation energy 

K = the rate of chemica
R= The universal gas const
T = the temperatu
A = constant depending on the chem
(Ae-Ea/RT)1

n(A) + ln(e-Ea/RT)
T) = ln(A) – (Ea/R)(1/T)

activation energy 

e rate of chemical reaction

niversal gas constant

T = the temperature .

nding on the chemicals involved

Problems
1. Use this to calculate the activation energy, Ea, and the
y, Ea, and the Arrhenius constant, A, of the reaction.
tion.
X - Y Graph
Temperature (K) 1/T (Kˉ¹)
310 3.23 * 10 ˉ³
335 2.99 * 10 ˉ³
360 2.78 * 10 ˉ³
385 2.60 * 10 ˉ³
Time (t) (s) Rate constant (k) (sˉ¹) Ln K
57 1.01 * 10ˉ⁴ -9.2
31 3.01 X 10 ˉ⁴ -8.1
19 5.37 X 10 ˉ⁴ -7.5
7 9.12 X 10 ˉ⁴ -7
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ank you