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Nukleus

Kromosom DNA Gen


Nucleus Chromosome gene

bebenang halus
Fine thread-like
nukleotida
nucleotides
heliks ganda dua
double helix
pewarisan
inheritance

Autosom/ Autosomes
kehadiran lesung pipit
presence of dimples

kromosom X
kromosom seks/ sex chromosomes
X chromosome

Kariotip / Karyotype

Autosom Lelaki/ male

Perempuan / Female
kromosom Sex
menebal
thicken
kromatid
chromatids
Gentiang gelondong
Spindle fibre
Membran nukleus
Nuclear membrances

sentromer

centromere kutub
sel bertentangan
Satah khatulistiwa

equatorial plate
opposite pole of the cell

sitoplasma

cytoplasm
mengilang
disappear sel anak

daughter cells
nukleolus

nucleolus
Profasa I / prophase I Metafasa I / Metaphase I

menebal

thicken satah khatulistiwa

equatorial plate
kromosom homolog
homologous Chromosome
pindah silang

crossing over

Anafasa I Anaphase I Telofasa I / Telophase I

berpisah sitoplasm
cytoplasm
separates

profasa II / Prophase Metafasa II/ metaphase

Gentiang gelondong sentromer


centromere
Spindle fibres
Anafasa II / Anaphase Telofasa II / Telophase
kromoatid kembar
separuh

twin chromatids half

merupakan proses pembahagian sel / is a cell division process


Replikasi DNA berlaku pada interfasa / DNA replication occurs at the interphase.

Dalam sel soma Dalam sel pembiakan


In somatic cell In reproductive cell

Empat
Dua four
two
sama seperti sel induk Separuh daripada bilangan
dalam sel induk
identical to parent cell
different from parent cell
sama dengan sel induk
berbeza daripada sel induk
identical to parent cell
different from parent cell
tidak berlaku berlaku
does not occur occur

ya
tidak
yes
no

pertumbuhan gamet
growth gametes
menggantikan variasi

replace variation

membahagi
tidak terkawal
devide
uncontrollably
Alel / Allele

Psangan gen lokus

Gene Pairs locus

dominan

alel dominan

dominant
dominant allele

A, B a, b

R D R D

R R r r

Rr Rr Rr Rr

bunga merah bunga merah bunga merah


bunga merah

red flower red flower red flower


red flower
1 RR : 2Rr : 1 rr

R r R r

RR Rr Rr rr 3 bunga merah :
1 bunga putih

bunga merah bunga merah bunga merah bunga putih 3 red flower
red flower red flower red flower white flower 1 white flower

K K k k

Kk Kk Kk Kk

Berambut Berambut Berambut berambut


kerinting kerinting kerinting kerinting
curly hair Curly hair Curly Hair Curly hair

44 + XY 44 + XX

22+X 22+Y 22+X 22+X

44+XX 44+XX 44+XY 44+XY

perempuan perempuan Lelaki Lelaki


female Female male male
50%

spontan rawak

ciri
spontaneously randomly
characteristic

kimia
bilangan struktur
chemical number
structure

albinisme / albinism sindrom down / down Syndrome


buta warna / colour blindness sindrom Klinefelter / Klinefelter syndrown

Melahirkan anak sebelum berumur 35 tahun / have children before 35 years old

tidak memakan makanan yang mengandungi kersinogen seperti daging yang diproses dan minimum berakohol
Do not eat foods containing carcinogens such as processed meat and alcoholic beverages
Elakkan pendedahan kepada sinaran radioaktif seperti sinar -X/ Avoid exposure to radioactive ray such as Xrays.
X^A Y X^a X^a

X^A X^a X^A X^a X^a Y X^a Y

perempuan lelaki pesakit


pembawa anemia sel sabit
anemia male sickle-cell
sel babit anemia patient
girl sickle cell anemia
carrier

kaedah amniosentesis dan kaedah kariotip / amniocentesis method and karyotype method
pengubahsuaian genetik sesuatu organisma/ genetic modification of an organism

penghasilan spesis baharu menyebabkan


kepupusan spesies asal/ the production of new
penghasilan insulin dan enzim daripada
species leads to extinction of original species
bakteria
the production of insulin and enzymes menyebabkan alahan dan kesan-kesan
from bacteria sampingan seperti mutasi pengguna/ causing
allergies and side effect such as mutation to
users
menghasilkan tanaman dalam kuantiti
yang banyak dan masa yang singkat menghasilkan organisma yang mempunyai daya
serta cepat matang untuk ditunai tahan yang tinggi terhadap pesticid
produces plants in large quantities in short produces organisms that have high resistance to
time and ripe quickly to be harvest pesticides
pengklonan manusia / human cloning
kesan jangka masa memakan organisma termodifikasi genetik (GMO)
long term effects of consuming genetically modified organisms (GMO)

menguatkuasakan undang-undang dan peraturan bagi mendidik mendisiplinkan pengkaji


enforca and regulations to educate and discipline the researches.
penyelidikan dijalankan dengan integriti yang tinggi agar tidak menyalahi moral dan agama
research is carried out with high integrity so it does not violate morals and religion

perbezaan sama
difference same

variasi selanjar / continuous variation variasi tak selanjar / discontinuous variation


1 9 8 3 1
2 5 13

1 5 12 8 3
7 4 2

Number of students
bilangan murid

15

10

135- 140- ketinggian


139 144 (cm)
height (cm
)

number of students

15

10

body
mass (kg)
155 - 159 cm
50-54 kg

tabiran normal / normal distribution

tidak / no

warna kulit / sikin colour


kepintaran / intelligence

selanjar
continuous

33 9
number of students

30

20

10

0 kebolehan
boleh tidak boleh
able unable menggulung
lidah
ability to roll the
tongue

taburan diskrit/ discrete distribution

ya/ yes

tak selanjar
discontinuous
persenyawaan secara rawak
pindah silang semasa random fertilisation
meiosis pH
crossing over during meiosis iklim
climate

mutasi kromosom dan gen pemakanan


chromosomes and gene mutations nutrition

kembar seiras mempunyai genetik yang sama. Walaupun begitu, faktor


persekitaran seperti pemakanan boleh menyebabkan variasi kepada
kembar seiras. Adam lebih gempal keranan memakan kalori yang lebih
banyak manakala Aked lebih gelap kerana terdedah kepada lebih banyak
cahaya matahari
Identical twins have the same genetics. However, environmental factors such
as nutrition can cause variation in identical twins. Adam is chubby for eating
more calories while Aked is darker because he is exposed to more sunlight.

perubahan persekitaran
kepupusan
environment changes extinction

pemilihan semula jadi

natural selection

nilai tambah

added value

penyamaran
disguise
2 4 9 6
3

variasi selanjar / continuous Variation


R Q S P

Kromosom / chromosome

46

Mutasi / mutation

menghasilkan sel baharu untuk menggantikan sel yang mati atau rosak
Produces new cells to replace dead or worn-out cells
Menghasilkan sel baharu untuk untuk pertumbuhan
produces new cells to replace dead or worn-out cells

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