1.

Br
ingoutt
her
oleandf
unc
tionsofVi
ctorFr
ankens
tei
n.
Answer-Fr ankens teini sa popul ars ciencef ic
tion wr i
tten by Mar y
Shelley.Thisnovelwaspubl ishedi nt heyear1818.Thr ought hisnovel ,
terr
iblec onsequencesoft hemi sappl icati
onofs ci
enc ehasbeens hown.
Suff
icet osayt hatthepr esentnovelhasmul ti
plelayer sofr esonanc es.It
hasbeen es tabli
shed beyond al ldoubt st he Fr ankens teini st he fi
rst
sci
enc ef i
cti
onwr i
tteni nEngl ishL it
erature.Thr ought hi snovel ,anew
genr eoff i
cti
onall i
ter at
urei sint roduc ed.Atonel evel ,thisnovels hows
thedanger sthatmaypr evai lupont heent i
rehumanr aceowi ngt othe
misappl i
cati
onofs cienc eandt ec hnol ogy.Atanot herl evel ,i nthisnovel ,
Mar yS hell
ey'sartofc harac t
erizationr eac hest othel evelofmat urit
y.As
anovel i
st
,shehasgi venequalemphas i
sont hepor trayalofbot hmaj or
and mi norc haracters.Int he pr esentnovel ,in ever ys ens e,Vi ct
or
Frankens t
einisac ent ralchar acter.I nit
iall
y,t hereader sr ec ogniz ehim as
af amouss ci
entist
.But ,gr adual l
y,t her eader sadmi rehi m asagood
individualwhohasmuc hc onsider ati
onf orot her
s.Theot hert raitsofthe
charac t
erofVi ct
orF rankens t
einwi llbeexpl oredgr adual ly.

VictorFr ankenstei
ni sthec entralcharact
eroft hepr es
entnovel .The
sci
entistwasbor ni nanarist
oc r
aticf
ami l
yofJ eneva.Hegoest oEngl and
forthebet termentofhi sc
areerasas c
ienti
st.Ther
ehes ucceedstocreate
aMec hanicalMons ter
.Witht heempl oymentofs ci
enceandt echnology,
thes c
ient i
st
sc r
eatesaMec hani c
alMons ter.The realt
wi s
toft hi
snovel
occursfrom thispointonwards .

Thes t
oryoft hepr esentnovelhasbeenr evealedbyVi ctorFrankenst
ein
toas eaCapt ain.Rober tWaltononlybeforeaf ew daysoft hedeat hof
thes c
ienti
st
.Ac cordingt othes ci
ent
is
taft
erf i
nishingthec reati
onoft he
Mec hanic
alMons ter.The scienti
sti
ss ofrightened thathe l eaveshi s
experimentalpr ojectimmedi atel
y.The resulti sthatt hisMec hanical
Mons terkil
lsWi l
li
am,t hebr otherofthesci
entistandEl i
zabetht hewife
ofthes ci
entis
t.Besides,theMec hani
calMons t
eri sseeminglyresponsi
ble
fortheawar d ofc apitalpunishmentofJ ust
ine.I nthisway,f rom all
dir
ecti
ons,t he Mechanic
alMons terbec ome an agentofdeat h and
dest
ructi
on.I ns
pit
eofhavi ngmi sf
ortunet hescient
is
tr ef
usest
ocreatea
f
emalec ounterpartoft
heMec hanicalMons t
er.Eventuall
yhedoesit
.But
,
thesci
entis
tkeepshisprojecti
ncompl ete.

Thescienti
stevengoest otheNor thPol et
oc hasetheMons ter.Itisapi t
y
thatthe scienti
stfail
st o destroy hi sown c r
eation.He r at
herdi esof
exhorti
on.Thr ought hepat heti
cpl ightofVi ct
orFr ankenst
einas er
iesof
messageshasbeendel i
vered.First
ly,nobodys houldgoagai nstthel aws
ofnatur e.S ec
ondly,underno c irc umst
ancess ci
ence and t echnology
shoul
dbeus edtos erveevi lpurpos es.Fi
nall
y,itisbet t
ertous es c
ience
andtec hnol
ogyf orthebet termentoft heli
vingcondi t
ionsofthemes s
es.

By the way ofr ecapitulati

on,l ights hould be t hrown on t he human
aspectsofVi ctorFrankens t
ein.I nspiteofhavi nghi ghbi r
th,Vi ct
orhasno
prideatal l.Hismodes tydemandst headmi rat i
onofoneandal l.Again,
hehasgr eatr espectand l ovef orhi spar ent s.Vi ctoreven t r
eatsthe
servants and t he mai d-s
er vant as hi sf ami ly member s. Under no
cir
cums tances,thisfactc anbei gnoredt hatVi ctori sal overofnat ure.
The nat uralbeaut y ofS witz erl
and i mpr esseshi m hi ghl y.Bes i
des,the
snowy t opsoft he mount ainsofS witzerland make Vi ctormad wi th
pleasure.Aftertheunexpec teddemi seofWi lliam,Vi ctori shi ghlymoved.
Itprovest hatinnoway,hei sMec hanical.Hishear ti
sf il
ledwi ththemi lk
ofhumani t
y.Bes i
des,Vi ct
ori sal so known f orhi ss teady l ove for
Eli
zabeth.Heneverbec omesvoc alabouti t.Asas cientist,Vi ct
ormay
commi tas eri
ousbl under .But ,i nnoway,hei sac ri
mi nal .Histragic
predicamentbec omesr emini scentofDant e'sof tquot edobs ervati
on,"To
errishuman/Tof orgivei sdi vine."Ont hebas i
soft heaboveanal ysis
,it
isfairt or emar kt hatVi ctorFr ankens t
ein hasbec ome a memor able
por t
rai
ti nthepagesoft henovel ,Frankens tein.

2.Cr
it
ical
lyanal
yset
her
oleandf
unc
tionsofRober
tWal
ton.

Or
.Show your ac
quai
ntanc
e wi
tht
he nar
rat
ive t
echni
que
empl
oyedi
nthenovel
,Fr
ankens
tei
n.
Answer-Fr ankens teini sa popul ars ci
enc efic
tion wr it
ten by Mar y
Shell
ey.Thi snovelwaspubl is
hedi nt heyear1818.Thr ought hisnovel,
ter
riblec onsequencesoft hemi sappl ic
ationofs ci
enc ehasbeens hown.
Suff
icet osayt hatthepr esentnovelhasmul ti
plelayer sofr esonances.It
hasbeen es tabli
shed beyond al ldoubt st he Frankens teini sthe fi
rst
sci
enc efict
ionwr i
tteni nEngl i
shL i
terature.Throught hi snovel,anew
genreoff i
cti
onall i
ter aturei sintroduc ed.Atonel evel ,thisnovels hows
thedanger sthatmaypr evailupont heent i
rehumanr aceowi ngt othe
misappl i
cati
onofs cienc eandt echnol ogy.Atanot herl evel ,inthisnovel,
Mar yS hell
ey'sartofc har acteri
zationr eachest othel evelofmat urit
y.As
anovel ist
,shehasgi venequalemphas isont hepor trayalofbot hmaj or
andmi norcharacters.I nt hisnovel ,amongmanyc harac ter,thecharacter
ofRober tWal t
ondr awst heat t
ent i
onofoneandal l.Di ff
erentt r
ait
sof
the characterofRober tWal ton wi llbe expl ored gr adual ly withthe
unfoldingoft heplotoft henovel ,Fr ankens t
ein.

Thec har acterofRober tWal tonhasbeeni ntr

oducedqui teearl
yi nt he
novel.Indeedbypr ofess
ion,Wal tonisas eaCaptain.Hei sadvent urous
aswel l
.Fort hisver yreason,hegoest ot heNorthPol e.Itisas heer
chance,i nt heNor thPole,ami dsttheice,hec omesac rossas cient is
ts,
Vict
orFr ankenstein.The s c i
entis
ti sresponsi
blef ort he creation of
Mec hani c
alMons terthatbec omesanagentofdeat handdes t
ruct
ion.The
sci
entistadvi sesRober tnott obec omethroughambi t
ious.Het hent ells
thes t
or yofhi sli
fet oRober t.Henc e,RobertWaltonbec omesthec hief
narratoroft hisnovel .Allhi sdescri
pti
onsar epict
uresque.Ther eader s
can wi tnessever ything through t heeyesofl oft
yi magi nati
on.Att he
samet ime,t hepr esentstor
ybec omesthril
li
ngtot hec hil
drenac r
os st he
wor l
d,downt heages .

Thepres
entnovelisan exampleofEpis
tol
aryNovel.RobertWalton
wr i
tesaser
iesoflet
ter
stohissis
ter
,Margaret
.Thus,thest
oryoft he
novelmoves.Ther
eadersal
socometoknow theexper
iment
alproj
ectof
Vic
tor.I
nsomanywor ds,t
heter
ri
blec
ons
equenc
esoft
hemi
sappl
ic
ati
on
ofsci
encehavebeenhi
ntedat
.

I
ti sundeni abl ethats ever alt rait
soft he charac t
erofRober tWal ton
i
mpr essther eadershighl y.Bynat ure,hei stooambi tious.Fort hi
s,he
darest omakeanexpedi t
iont owar dstheNor thPol e.Hisonl yambi t
ionis
toc onquert heal mostunr eachabl eregi onoft hewor l
d.Agai n,Capt ain
Wal toni sami nut
eobs erverofmanandmanner s.Fort his,c omi ngat
closepr oximi tywi t
hVi ctorFr ankens t
ein,theCapt ainr eali
zest hatt he
newl ydi scover ed man i sgood athear t
.Its hould als
o bement i
oned
proper l
yt hatCapt ainWal toni samanofc onsi
derat i
on.Fort his,het akes
properc areoft heaili
ngs ci
ent is
t.Shor tl
y,intimac yandf ri
ends hipar e
resultedbet weenRober tWal tonandFr ankenstein.TheCapt ains ucceeds
towi nthehear tofthes cient i
s t
.Fort hisveryr eason,thes c
ient i
stunl ock
hishear tbef oret he Capt ain.I ns o many wor ds,Vi ctorf or bidst he
Capt aintobet ooambi tious .Thes ci
entistals
owar nstheCapt ainnott o
goagai nstthel awsofnat ur e.

To sum up,asa nar rator,t he s

ucc essofRober tWalton isbeyond
imagination.Hi s descri
pt i
ons are vi vi
d and c lear.Hisl et
terss how
simplici
tyandc lari
ty.Asas eaCaptain,Rober tmaynotbet oos ucc
essful
.
Hei sc ompelled to giveup hi sexpedi ti
on inthemi dway undert he
pressureofhisf ell
ow sailors.But,Rober tWal t
onmaybec reditedwi th
bringingt hest
or yofVic t
orFr ankensteintothec i
vili
zedwor l
d.Her e,l
ies
thereals i
gnif
icanceofthec haract
erofRober tWal ton.

3.Whyi
sFr
ankens
tei
ncal
led"
Moder
nPr
omet
heus
"?

Or
.Jus
ti
fyt
hes
ubt
it
leoft
henovel
,"Moder
nPr
omet
heus
."
Answer-I
thasbecomear egularpracti
ceinthedomainofli
ter
atur
ethat
onmanyoc c
asi
ons,theauthorsprefertogiveanalt
ernati
vetit
letothe
text
swri
tt
enbyt hem t
heas sumpti
oni sthatsuc
htechni
queenablesthe
authorstoexpressmor et hanonei deaatat imet hrought hec apti
on.
Again,insomec ases
,theaut horsarefondofus ings ubt
itl
et ot heirtext.
Such method mays afelybeappl i
ed to al
lbranc hesofl it
er at
ure.The
novelcannotbeanexc eptiont othi
sobservati
on.Mar yShell
eyc ompos es
as ci
encef i
cti
on undert he t i
tl
e,Frankenstei
n.Thi svery novelwas
publi
shedintheyear1818.But ,itshoul
dbenot ed,att hisjuncturet hat
thepresentnovelhasas ubti
tle.Thesubti
tleofFr ankenst
einr eadst hus,"
Moder nPrometheus"
.

Beforejus t
ifyingt heappr opriat
enessoft hes ubti
tle,itisbettertodeal
with Promet heus.Ac cording to Myt hology,Pr omet heusi sa t rus
t ed
foll
owerofGod.Hi srespons i
bili
tywast okeept hef ir
eofPar adis
eint ac t.
But,wi t
nes singthes uffer
ingofman,Pr omet heusdr opsoneoft hef i
re
ballsont heEar th.Bei ng angr y,God br ingsPr omet heusi nt
oc apt i
vity
forever.
Sincet henPr omet heusstandsforar evolutionary.IntheCl ass
ic al
Era,Aes chylusc ompos esadr ama,undert het i
tle,Pr ometheusBound.
Thisplayc onveyst hemes saget hatundernoc ir
cums tances,t
hedec rees
ofGods houl dbei gnor ed.Int heRomant icEr a,P.B.S hel
leycompos es
anotherdr ama,ent it
led Promet heusUnbound.Thr ought hisplay,i ti s
suggestedt hatPr omet heusi sar evolut
ionar ywhom nobodyc ankeep
underc aptivity.Her e,Promet heusstandsforf reedom andl i
bert
y.

In t he pr esent novel , Victor Frankenstein,

emer ges as t he central
char acter
.The man who wasbor ni n Geneva i nS wit
zer
land in an
aristocrat
icfamily.From c hi
ldhood,Vi ctorismedi tati
vebynat ur
e.L at
er,
themani sknownf orhi ssc
hol ast
icambi t
ion.Beingas t
udentofscience,
Vi c
torengageshi ms elftothec reati
onofs omethingi nnovati
ve.Bei nga
not ables c
ientis
tVic tormakesaMec hanicalMons tergoi ngagainstthe
l
awsofnat ure.Tos omeext ent,theMons teri
sgi vent hequali
ti
esofa
human bei ng.But ,owi ng tos ome t echnologic
aler rors
,the Mons ter
br i
ngsaboutdi sast
er .Thelac kofhumans ympat hy,l oveands oli
darity
trans f
ormt heMons teri ntoac oldbloodedmur derer .Theentiresi
tuati
on
demandsexpl anati
on.
I
ni t
iall
y,t he Mons t
erf l
eesaway f rom t he room oft he sci
entis
t.He
remai nshiddeni nthefores
tandat t
empt shislevelbestt
odr aw loveand
sympat hyf rom menwhom hemeet s.But,theMons t
eristreat
edbadl y.
Asac onsequence,hel ostallconcernsfortheman.Hevowst ot ake
severer evengeuponhi screat
or,VictorFrankenstei
n.Thus,theMons t
er
createsaper manentthr
eatt ot
hepeac efulexi
stenceofthemanki nd

Tor ecapitulate,thes ci
entisthi mselfbec omesavi ct
im ofc ruelt
ymadeby
theMec hani c
alMons ter.Firs
tly,theMons terki ll
sWi ll
iam,t hebr ot herof
the scientis
t.S econdly,i tput st he bl ame ofmur deron J ustine,t he
innocentmai ds ervantofFr ankens t
ein'sf ami l
y.Thi rdly,Vi c
tor '
sc loses
t
fri
end,Henr yi sstr
angl edt odeat hbyt heMons ter.Four thl
y,t henewl y
mar ri
edwi feoft hes c i
entist
,El i
zabet hi sal s
obr ut
allymur deredbyt he
Mons teri nt he weedi ng ni ght.The c ategor i
calmes sage ist hatl ike
Promet heus,Vi ctorFr ankens teinal s
os uf f
ersi ntenselyf orhisdel i
berate
ignoranc eofGod' sdec ree.Inever ysens e,Fr ankensteingoesagai nstthe
lawsofnat ure by c reating an ar t
if
ici
alman.I nt ermsoft hi sdar ing
atti
tude and l i
mi t
lesspowerofendur ance,a heal thy c ompar i
son is
possiblebet weenPr omet heusandVi ct
orFr ankens t
ein.Thus ,manyc ri
tic
s
prefert oc ons i
derF rankens teinasmoder nPr ometheus .Thes ubt i
tl
eof
presentnovelal sogainsdeepers i
gni f
icance.

4.S
how yourac
quai
ntanc
ewi
tht
heMec
hani
calMons
ter
.
Mar yS hel l
ey'sFrankens tei
ni sa r emar kabl
e noveli nt he domain of
sci
encef i
c ti
on.Thisnovelc omesi nt
oexi s t
enceint heyear1818.Atone
l
evel,thisnoveldeal swi thhumanr elat i
onshipinr egardtot r
ustand
f
r i
endship.Atanot herl evel,throught hisnovel ,aMec hani
calMonster
comes i nto exi st
enc e. It s hows t erri
ble c onsequences of the
misapplication ofthes c
ience.In everys ense,theMec hanicalMonster
becomesanagentofbot hdeathanddes t r
uct
ion.Ithasnot hi
ngtodof or
thenour i
s hmentofl ove,s ympathyandhumani ty.

I
tshoul
d benot
ed c
lear
lyt
hatasanovel
is
t,Mar
yShel
leys
howsher
experti
sei nr egar dtot he artofc haracterizat
ion.S he givesequal
emphas ison t he por t
rayalofbot h maj orand mi norc har
ac t
ers.Itis
i
nnovat iveont hepar toft henovel istthats hegi vesl ivi
ngent it
yt oa
Mec hanicalMons t
er.Thus,theMons t
erbehavesl ikeahumanbei ngof
fl
eshandbl ood.Thec reat
ionoft heMec hani
c alMons terhastwos ides.I
t
thef i
rstplace,t heMons t
erstandsf ort echnologic aladvanc ementt hat
man ac hieves.Agai n,t hedestructi
veac t
ivi
tiesoft heMons tersuggest
thatthemi suseofs c
ienceandt ec hnologywi llleadt othedes tr
uctionof
theentirehumanr ace.

Vict
orFrankenst
einisthec entralc har acteroft hisnovel
.Hewasbor nin
Geneva inS wit
zerl
and in an ar i
stoc rat
icf ami l
y.He isknown f orhis
sc
holast
icambiti
on.Vi c
torFr ankens teinisawel lknowns c
ienti
st.But,he
doeshishighers t
udiesinNat uralPhi l
osophy.Heal wayshanker saft
er
cr
eatingsomethingnew.Taki nghi ghambi ti
on,Vi ct
orgoest oEngl and
withhisfri
endHenr yCl er
val .Int heuni vers
it
y,i nthec l
asses
,Vi ct
oris
hi
ghlyimpressedbyt helectures.Att hisper i
od,hebegi nstoplanf orthe
cr
eationofanartif
ici
alman.

Thus,t hei deaofc reatingaMec hanicalMons tercomesi nt ohismi nd.At

thedeadouroft heni ght,Victorbegi nstoc oll
ectthebonest hef l
esht he
li
mbsoft he dead human bei ngsf rom t he gr aves.He t hen engages
himselft ot he c r
eation oft he Mec hanicalMons ter .Ul ti
mat ely,t he
Mec hanic alMons terisc reated.But ,itsc r
eat oriss of r
ightenedt hathe
leavest heMons terwi thoutgi vinghi m humans ensibi l
it
ies.Ther esultis
terri
ble.Theas s
umpt ioni sthatthec onc eptionofahumanbei ngwi thout
humans ensi
bili
tyisnotatal ldes ir
ed.Undernoc i
rcums tances,manc an
beamac hine.Mec hani smc annotbet healter nati
vet ohumani s
m.I ndeed,
itisas eriousblunderont hepar tofthes ci
ent is
t.Hec r eatesamac hineor
mons ter.But ,hefail
st ocreateahumanbei ngofs ensibili
ties.

Tosum up,Fi
rst
ly,t
heMechani
calMonsterki
ll
sWill
iam,thebrotherof
Vict
orinGeneva.TheMonst
erisals
oresponsi
blef
orthedeathsentence
ofJust
ine.Sec
ondly,theMonst
erbecomesc r
azytos at
is
fyhislast
.He
demandsf oraf emalec ount erpar t.Af terinit
ialhesitat
ion,thes cientis
t
agreest oc reatet hefemal ec ounterpartoft heMons ter
.But ,hel eaves
thepr ojectunf ini
shed.To t aker evenge,theMec hani calMons terki ll
s
Eli
zabeth,t hewi f
eoft hes cientistandHenr y,thefriendoft hes c
ientist
.
Inani ndirectway,t heac tivitiesoft heMec hani c
alMons tersugges tsthat
nobodys houl d go agains tt hel awsofnat ure.Agai n,nobodys hould
dispensewi tht hefactt hatt hes cienti
sthims elfi
sr esponsiblefort he
cruelty and i nhumanity of t he Mons t
er. Keeping al lt hese i nto
cons i
derat
ion,i tisfairt or emar kt hatthe Mec hani calMons t
erhas
bec omeani nfamouspor traitint hepagesoft henovel ,Frankenstein.