concept of Nationalism and Filipino Nationalism.

Nationalism in its broadest sense is the 'love' of one's

country. It is a consciousness, a feeling or sentiment of belongingness to a particular community, group

or race. It could manifest as the attitude of the members of a nation have when they care about their
national identity and the actions that they take in order to attain or sustain self-determination or
independence. Before the 19th century there was no national consciousness hence, no Filipino
nationalism. During the Spanish colonial rule, the people called Filipinos applied only to Spaniards born
in the Philippines (insulares) The indios were not united in words and in deeds, as the Spanish church
and state officials, mainly the friars, divided and ruled the natives.

influenced the emergence/evolution of Filipino nationalism. Before the coming and colonization of
Spain, the Filipinos were divided geographically, thus, there was no concept of a nation nor of Filipino
race and identity. The Spaniards took advantage of this disunity and had successfully pacified them.
They named these islands "Filipinas" in honor of King Philip of Spain.

In the 19th century build suez canal, travel between Europe and Asia (Spain to Philippines) was shorter,
faster and safer which led to the influx of liberal ideas from Europe to the Philippines. The ideas of
liberty, equality and fraternity were legacies of the French Revolution and democratic ideas from the
United States have penetrated the minds of the Filipinos. A decree was passed in 1863 instructing the
establishment of schools and allowing Indios to be admitted. This led to the development of national
identity when insulares, Chinese mestizos and Indios began to identify their selves as Filipinos.

Filipino awareness and nationalism have fueled Filipinos' battle for liberation and emancipation from
Spain. As a result, the Philippines became the first Asian country to launch a revolution and gain
independence from a European state. It has also influenced our national identity and history.

Before the coming and colonization of Spain, the Filipinos despite having a common Austronesian
ancestry, were divided geographically, thus, there was no concept of a nation nor of Filipino race and
identity. The Spaniards took advantage of this disunity and had successfully pacified them
Opening of Manila to World Trade In the nineteenth century the European powers, including Spain,
liberalized their colonial policies because of the teachings of the English thinker, Adam Smith, and other
advocates of economic freedom. Influenced by this new spirit, the Spanish king issued the Royal Decree
of September 6, 1834, which officially opened the port of Manila to world trade.

1787 -a Frenchman named Sebir conducted a profitable business in Manila

1798 Tomas de Comyn, a Spanish writer, in his book published in Madrid 1820, mentioned an unnamed
English merchant who left the Philippines in 1798 after living in Manila for 20 years during which he
became rich.

1821-George W. Hubbell, an American businessman, and his younger brother Henry, arrived in Manila,
engaged in business, and founded the Hubbell Company.

Opening of Suez Canal

The opening on November 17, 1869 of the Suez Canal. in Egypt, one of the most important artificial sea-
leve waterways in the world, paved the way for the Philippines' direct commercial relations with Spain
instead of via Mexico.

Effects:

easier and faster communication with Spain

development of agricultural exports

development of Manila to world trade

Often going of foreign merchants in the Philippines carrying their liberal thought

emergence of another elite among the native population- the ilustrados.

Liberalism in Europe and the philippines

Origins of 19c Liberalism

The word was first used when the term was adopted by the Spanish political party, the Liberales, in
1812.

In general, liberalism in Europe is a political movement that supports a broad tradition of individual
liberties and constitutionally-limited and democratically accountable government. This usually
encompasses the belief that government should act to alleviate poverty and other social problems, but
not through Preszdical changes to the structure of society.
1868-1870 -the revolt in Spain, which had deposed Isabella II, succeeded in establishing a Provisional
Republic, which for about two years pütfiberalism in the saddle

General Carlos Maria de la Torre, a fierce liberal, brought liberalism in the Philippines and was appointed
to be the Governor-General.

November of 1870, the Spanish Cortes elected a new constitutional monarch (an Italian prince, Amadeo,
who reigned only three years) and six months later, brought a new Governor to the Philippines, General
Rafael de Izquierdo.

Cavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers
at the Cavite arsenal, which became the excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic
Philippine nationalist movement. Ironically, the harsh reaction of the Spanish
authorities served ultimately to promote the nationalist cause.

The mutiny was quickly crushed, but the Spanish regime under the reactionary governor
Rafael de Izquierdo magnified the incident and used it as an excuse to clamp down on
those Filipinos who had been calling for governmental reform. A number of
Filipino intellectuals were seized and accused of complicity with the mutineers. After a
brief trial, three priests—José Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and Mariano Gómez—were
publicly executed. The three subsequently became martyrs to the cause of Philippine
independence.

Execution of Gomburza[edit]
On February 15, 1872, the Spanish colonial authorities sentenced three martyr Fathers Jose
Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora to death by garrote at Bagumbayan, Philippines and
charged with treason and sedition, and subversion. Two days after their verdict, they were executed.
The charges against Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora was their alleged complicity in the
uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard. It was believed by Governor Rafael Izquierdo that the
Filipinos will create its own government and allegedly, the three priests were nominated as the
leader of the planned government in order to break free of the Spanish government.
The death of Gomburza awakened strong spirits of anger and resentment among the Filipinos. They
grilled Spanish authorities and demanded reforms due to the prejudicial governance of the Spanish
Authorities. The martyrdom of the three priests, ironically, assisted in the creation of the Propaganda
Movement which aimed to seek reforms and inform the Spanish people on the abuses of its colonial
authorities in the Philippine Islands. [5]
Besides from Gomburza execution, on January 28, 1872 the military court sentenced 41 mutineers
to death. However, on the next day Governor Rafael Izquierdo pardoned 28 mutineers and the rest
were confirmed to sentence. On February 6, 1872, 11 mutineers were sentenced to death but
Governor Izquierdo commuted their death sentences to life imprisonment. Together with execution
of garrotte to the three martyrs was Enrique Paraiso, Maximo Innocencio and Crisanto Delos Reyes
were imposed to ten years imprisonment. [6]
Furthermore, there were people being sentenced by the military court of Spain to exile them to the
Marianas (now Guam): Fr. Pedro Dandan, Fr. Mariano Sevilla, Toribio H. del Pilar (brother
of Marcelo H. del Pilar), Agustin Mendoza, Jose Guevara, Miguel Lasa, Justo Guazon, Fr. Aniceto
Desiderio, Fr. Vicente del Rosario, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose Basa y
Enriquez, Mauricio de Leon, Pedro Carillo, Gervasio Sanchez, Jose Ma. Basa, Pio Basa, Balvino
Mauricio, Maximo Paterno (father of Pedro Paterno), and Valentin Tosca.[5][6]