A Review on Frequency Selective Surfaces and its
Applications
Kanishka Katoch
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Jaypee University of Information Jaypee University of Information
Technology,
Waknaghat, Solan, India
kanishka30aqua@gmail.com
Abstract— This article presents the frequency selective surfaces
(FSS) and its concepts. Principle of operation of FSS is briefly
explained. To understand the physical geometry, equivalent
circuit models are discussed. Various applications of FSS are
studied. It is observed that the FSS have spatial filtering
properties and can be implemented as a bandpass or bandstop
filter with least attenuation of 20dB. The miniaturized FSS
provides angular stability up to 85˚. FSS integrated with MIMO
antenna system reduces the mutual coupling effect with ECC less
than 5e-6 can be obtained. FSS when integrated with the antenna
enhances the gain. FSS also provides better electromagnetic
shielding. Apart from these, 3D FSS structures and
reconfigurable FSS are also discussed. The latest techniques to
implement FSS are outlined. The new advancements in this field
are also investigated.
Keywords—Frequency selective surface (FSS), filtering,
electromagnetic shielding, angular stability, polarization, 3D FSS,
reconfiguration
I. INTRODUCTION
Periodic structures such as negative index materials,
frequency selective surfaces (FSS) and electromagnetic band
gap structures (EBG) are intensively applied in
electromagnetics. A profound interest of researchers has been
noticed over years on the frequency selective surfaces (FSS)
due to its attributes in wide range of applications [1].
Frequency selective surface is a collection of similar unit
cells in a specific order. High design versatility, compact size,
multifunctional mechanism, eases of fabrication and
implementation, makes FSS an easy replacement to the
conventional filters. Therefore, it exhibits special filtering
characteristics and are employed in communication filtering
applications effectively.
Apart from filtering application, FSS finds its applications in
antenna radomes, reflectors, electromagnetic shielding,
polarizer, absorbers, angular stability, reconfiguration and
many more [1]. These structures have few disadvantages
associated with them, i.e.
1) Large electrical length of the unit cell leads to large array
of FSS, therefore the angular instability of the structure
will affect its performance.
2) Fabrication of the complicated FSS structure is difficult.
3) The implementation of two or more layers of FSS leads to
increase in both size and fabrication cost to achieve the
desired result.
978-1-5386-9436-7/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
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Naveen Jaglan Samir Dev Gupta
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
Jaypee University of Information
Technology, Technology,
Waknaghat, Solan, India Waknaghat, Solan, India
naveen.jaglan@juit.ac.in samirdev.gupta@juit.ac.in
Therefore, researchers aim at miniaturization of the FSS size
with less structural complexity for ease in fabrication and
manufacturing. Extensive research has been conducted to
improve the performance of the FSS and few techniques are
discussed in this paper.
In this paper, a brief overview of FSS is undertaken. Section
II discusses the principle of operation of the FSS based on
Floquet’s principle and wave propagation mechanism. In
Section III, a detailed discussion of the applications of the FSS
such as spatial filters, integration with antenna, MIMO system,
electromagnetic shielding, angular stability and
reconfiguration is performed and Section IV concludes the
study.
II. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The basic working of FSS is based upon the Floquet’s
principle, which indicates that when an infinite plane wave
strikes an infinite periodic structure, then every single element
present in that planar structure, i.e., each unit cell should
contain the same amount of field and current distribution.
However, due to the phase of the incident wave, phase shift in
between unit cells may occur [2].
Fig. 1. (a) Electrons undergo oscillation, therefore low transmission, (b)
Electrons undergo no oscillation there high transmission [3].
However, the wave propagation mechanism is such that, as the
incident wave hits the filter, the electrons in the metal start
oscillating. At a particular frequency, a large section of this
incident energy gets absorbed by the present electrons and
therefore they re-radiate this energy in backward direction and
cancel the initial field, leading to least transmission through
the FSS, as shown in Fig. 1(a). If only a small portion of
incident wave is absorbed, than no cancellation of incident
wave takes place and hence strong transmission occurs, as
shown in Fig.1(b) [3].
75
 III. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT simplest to analyze using equivalent model. Fig. 2(a) shows
To understand the physical background of the designed FSS the unit cell structure and Fig. 2(b) shows its equivalent
geometry, equivalent circuits are created. Square loop FSS is circuit.

(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Square loop FSS and its Equivalent circuit [3].

TABLE1 BRIEF OF SOME GEOMETRIES AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS [3].

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The equivalent inductance and capacitance have been
overviewed for different FSS structures in Table 1. For
equivalent inductance, XL is the inductive reactance and Zo is
the characteristic impedance, whereas for equivalent
capacitance Bc is the susceptance, and Bg, Bd are the
susceptance between the horizontal and vertical arms,
respectively. The wavelength of the FSS is given by λ and F is
the function depending upon the design parameters of the FSS
IV. APPLICATIONS OF FSS
A. Spatial filter
Filtering is one of the key features in communication system,
as it eradicates the effect of the unwanted frequencies,
therefore, only the required frequencies are passed. The
frequency selective surface works as a band stop or band pass
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filter depending on whether metallic part is patch or aperture,
respectively [1], [4]. A variety of band pass and band stop
structures have been proposed in the literature, for example,
multi-stacked metallic patches are used as a polarization
independent band stop filter and combinations of spiral
elements are implemented as miniaturized band pass filter [5]
using FSS. A modified unit cell of swastika shape is
implemented to work as a bandstop filter to prevent
attenuation of the WLAN signals [6]. Each arm of
conventional design is rotated by 35˚and is etched over a FR4
substrate, as shown in Fig 3(a).
With the advancement in the field of wireless
communication and electronics, the multi-frequency system
structures are gaining momentum [7],[8]. Fractal structure [9]
and single layered FSS with many elements [10] are some of
the structures presented by the researchers. A metallic
centered square is attached with the L-shaped arms with 45˚
separation to attain ultrathin dual band FSS for X band
application [11]. The dual-band characteristic is obtained from
the L-shaped arms. Vertical arms control the lower resonance
frequency (8.47 GHz) and horizontal arms control the higher
resonance frequency (10.45 GHz). The structure is shown in
Fig. 3(b). Similarly, a triple stop band is obtained using a
simple FSS structure as shown in Fig. 3(c), (d) [12]. However,
at the backside same square loop is printed with 2 folded arms
embedded. This structure presents a stop band in three
different frequency bands, i.e., WiMAX, WLAN and X-band.
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 3 Unit cell structures (a), (b) [6], [11] and (c) Front view and (d) back
side [12].
B. Integration with antennas
Researchers work on the improvement of the antenna design
to enhance the gain\directivity, widen the bandwidth and
provide high efficiency. FSS not only provides the filtering
mechanism but helps in the improvement of the gain and
bandwidth of the antenna for better communication [13], [14].
A dual-polarized antenna with unidirectional radiation
characteristics at ultrawideband (UWB) band is shown in Fig.
4(a) [15]. Here FSS is used as a backing reflector and the dual-
polarized radiator is mounted over it. It has been observed that
the antenna exhibits an enhanced average gain of 9.5 dBi with
two different polarizations of good characteristics. An
impedance band covering the entire UWB band with an
isolation level of 20 dB is obtained. An electromagnetic band-
gap (EBG) antenna is presented in [16]. To improve the
(a)
Fig. 4. Unit cell dimension of FSS integrated with antennas [15], [17].
C. MIMO system
Besides microwave, FSS can be also implemented in
millimeter wave applications. In [19], a FSS wideband
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impedance bandwidth as well as gain of the antenna, a layer of
frequency selective surface is implemented as a superstrate.
To increase the directivity, multisource feeding technique is
used to operate in the Ku-band. The maximum gain of 22.5dB
is obtained with impedance bandwidth of 14%.
FSS enhances the gain, however due to back and forth
reflection of the incident waves inside the antenna and FSS,
the energy distributes itself, hence the radiation is not
effective. To avoid this, a single source element with CPW
feedline, combined with a frequency selective surface (FSS) to
form a Fabry–Perot Cavity antenna (FPCA) system is
implemented [17]. The antenna resonates at 11.4 GHz. The
FSS have an array of 9x27 rectangular unit cells. Initially all
horizontal FSS is placed above the slot antenna with air as a
cavity. This structure is taken from [18], where in the FSS and
slot antenna, the metal side faces down, as shown in Fig. 4(b).
The highest concentration of the field is observed above the
radiator and a moderate concentration of field is also observed
(d) above the non radiating feedine. This occurs due to multiple
reflections inside the cavity. When no FSS is present and the
results are obtained for the CPW feedline, the peak strength
obtained is 73V/m, however with the implementation of the
FSS the peak strength increases to 137V/m, when measured at
point above feedline. To avoid this FSS-1V and FSS-3V is
implemented, as shown in Fig. 4(d) and (e); it is observed that
the peak intensity decreases as the number of vertical unit cell
sets increases. For FSS-1V and FSS-3V, the CPW peak
intensity (Efeedline) value decreases to 50 V/m and 26 V/m,
respectively, when measured to FSS-AH. Thus, FSS-1V and
FSS-3V designs efficiently overpower feedline energy in the
near field that can adversely affect far-field radiation
performance. The maximum gain obtained is 4.95dBi at
11.4GHz.
Therefore, it is evident that not only FSS passes a given
resonant frequency and enhances the gain of the antennas but
it helps in the reduction of spurious radiation caused by the
energy source.
(c) (d) (e)
(b)
structure is implemented in U and V band. To obtain
wideband a Jerusalem cross is imprinted at the top of the
RO4003 substrate, whereas FAN shape is imprinted at the
bottom. The design is such that two different shapes are
78
integrated together to make a single unit cell FSS, as shown in
Fig 5(a). When simulated individually, J-cross resonates at 48
GHz and FAN resonates at 60 GHz. However, when these two
structures are put together, the resonant frequency shifts due to
the effect of mutual coupling. Bandwidth is also calculated by
changing the dimension of the loop radius of FAN shape and
arm length of the J-cross. It is observed that with the change in
the loop radius from 0.4 to 0.25 mm, bandwidth reduces from
56.75% to 44% and as the arm length increases, resonance
frequency shifts to lower values.
In recent years, millimeter MIMO system is gaining
importance [20],[21]. Since the above model is appropriate for
millimeter-wave shielding, therefore, this structure with
different techniques is used for the implementation of a 60
GHz MIMO dielectric resonator antenna for the reduction of
mutual coupling [22]. Mutual coupling is avoided by building
a FSS wall in between two DRAs and etching two different
sized slots over the ground. FSS wall decreases free space
radiation whereas slots reduce the surface current. This
antenna system obtains a bandwidth of 6 GHz ranging from 57
to 63 GHz, with 1.5dB incremented antenna gain from the
referenced antenna. It is observed that with the
implementation of the slots and FSS wall, isolation of about -
30dB is achieved. The ECC less than 5e–6 is obtained which
implies good MIMO antenna performance.
D. Electromagnetic shielding
To protect the wireless receiving devices and circuits from any
distressing radiating field effect, electromagnetic shielding is
required and the use of FSS is one such approach [23]. The
(a)
Fig. 5 Front and back view of the FSS [19], [24], [25].
(a) (b)
Fig. 6 Unit cell structures of various FSS [27-29], [31-32].
stable frequency filtering for incident angles and polarization
as well.
In [27], authors have proposed a single-layer frequency
selective surface (FSS), as shown in Fig. 6(a). For enhanced
angular stability two cross loops are combined to form the
proposed structure. This combined FSS (CFSS) shows better
results towards TE or TM polarizations incidence due to its
rotational symmetry and it is observed that from 0° to 85°of
incident angle, only 0.08 GHz frequency deviation occurs.
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use of cross dipole on side of the FR4 substrate and ring on the
other side is shown in Fig. 5(b) [24]. In this it is observed that
the structure exhibits a stop band of 7.5 GHz ranging from 6.5
GHz to 14 GHz. It provides the shielding effectiveness in two
communication bands, i.e., X-band and Ka- band with a
minimum attenuation of 20 to 35 dB.
However, for a reconfigurable frequency selective surface
(RFSS) in which a pair of two square loop are metaled
together to form the unit cell, electromagnetic shielding is
measured [25]. The model is shown in Fig. 5(c). This structure
provides electromagnetic shielding for WiMAX (3.5 GHz),
WLAN (5 GHz), and ISM/WiMAX bands (5.8 GHz). 1x20
elements FSS are implemented for tuning purpose. The
reconfiguration range of 3.5 GHz to 8.2 GHz is obtained by
varying the space in between the unit cells. By increasing the
space, i.e., the horizontal space (k), the resonant frequency
shifts to the lower frequencies and maximum effective
shielding is obtained at lower value of k. Therefore, this
prototype is useful for wideband frequency tuning.
E. Angular stability
Angular stability is very necessary in applications such as
radar, radomes etc. A basic FSS radome consists of one or
more than one FSS layer implemented over the substrates. To
reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) there is a need of an
incident angle which is stable at different angles. Therefore, to
improve the angular stability, Liu et al [26] have a reported a
bandwidth compensation technique. This method provides
(b) (c)
(c) (d) (e)
F. 3-D FSS structures
Conventional FSSs are composed of a two dimensional
structures (2D). However, research in the 3D structures has
also been conducted. A 3D FSS structure is implemented that
provides miniaturized unit cell and stability for an angle of
incidence with easy implementation and fabrication [28]. Via
holes are created on the multilayer PCB board, as shown in
Fig 6(b). Over a four layered PCB substrate, four legged loop
79
elements are fabricated to create a 3D FSS. It is observed that techniques [30]. For reconfiguration, a concentric threaded
this structure achieved a high angular stability for 6.4 GHz at cylinders (CTC) unit cell of a 3D FSS is created, as shown in
0˚, 20˚, 40˚ and 60˚with a good agreement in between the Fig. 6(d) [31]. It uses sliding technique where the outer
simulated result and measured result. cylinder slides over the inner cylinder for the frequency
There are different approaches for describing the behavior reconfiguration with a tuning range of 1.86-3.10 GHz. The
of the FSS structure in the literature. The principle of obtained results are listed in Table 2. A multifunctional
operation is presented by an equivalent circuit [29]. A band reconfigurable FSS is presented in [32], as shown in Fig. 6(e).
pass filter with high frequency selectivity can be achieved Here two orthogonally polarized meandered patterns are
using a 3D FSS. Here, every unit cell consists of multiple placed at the opposite side of the dielectric.
resonators which help to exhibit multiple number of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as a substrate that is
transmission poles and zeros, as shown in Fig. 6(c). Open laser etched to mould into a microfluidic channel of any
circuited and short circuited resonator helps in the production arbitrary shape. A liquid metal Eutectic gallium indium
of transmission poles in the passband, whereas transmission (EGaIn) is inserted to achieve the reconfiguration. This
zeros are produced by the resonant frequencies of the other structure performs for four different reconfiguration states
short-circuited resonator. For 3D FSS implementation, three (dual-polarized all pass, dual-polarized bandpass, single-
layered structure has been used. It is observed that this polarized bandpass and single-polarized low pass) by the
proposed structure shows an angular stability for an incident insertion of the liquid metal inside meander lines. This
angle of 0˚ to 50˚. structure provides high angular stability up till 60˚ with
mechanical flexibility, thus makes it suitable in many potential
G. Reconfigurable FSS
applications.
Apart from spatial filtering application, FSS can be used as a
tunable device. Reconfiguration in FSS is achieved by various
TABLE 2 COMPARISONS OF DIFFERENT FSS STRUCTURE
Ref. Unit cell Resonant No. of Frequency bands Attenuation Angular FSS Bandwidth Tunable
dimension frequency operating (dB) stability Dimension (mm)
(mm) (GHz) / bands
Tuning range
[4] 6.8x6.8x0. 10 1 X-band 56 0˚-60˚ - 4GHz No
127
[6] 7x7x1.6 5 1 WLAN 20 0˚-60˚ 30x30 400MHz No
[11] 8.8x8.8x0. 8.47, 10.45 2 Wideband - 0˚-60˚ - - No
762 X-band
[12] 10x10x1.6 3.5, 5.2, 10.2 3 WLAN, WiMAX, 60 0˚-30˚ - 0.5 GHz (3.1-3.7), No
X-band 1.9 GHz (4.1-6),
4.1 GHz (8-12.1)
[19] 0.34λx.0.3 48, 64 2 U and V band More than 0˚-30˚ 95x95 30GHz (40-70) No
4λ 16
[23] 20x20x2 2.45,5.5 2 Wi-Fi and WLAN 43 0˚-45˚ 260x200 5.5 GHz No
[25] 15x15x1.3 3.5, 5, 5.8 3 WiMAX, WLAN, 40 - 15 x 300 - Yes
6 and ISM/WiMAX
[31] 56x56x25 1.86-3.10 2 L and S band 20 0˚-45˚ 280x280 660MHz Yes
From Table 2, it is observed that with the variation of the that with FSS, frequency tuning can be obtained. Therefore,
shape parameter of the FSS as shown in [4], [6], [11], [12], FSS can be used in various fields.
[23] and [19] different resonant frequencies appear. It is
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