Normed and Banach Spaces

Normed Space: Let X be a vector space over the field K(R or C). A real valued
function k.k : X → R is said to be a norm on X if it satisfies the following conditions:
(i) kxk ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ X
(ii) kxk = 0 ⇔ x = 0
(iii) kαxk = |α|kxk f or any α ∈ K
(iv) kx + yk ≤ kxk + kyk ∀ x, y ∈ X

A vector space X with a norm k.k defined on X is called a normed space.

Examples
1. The vector space R is a normed space w.r.to the norm defined by
kxk = |x| ∀ x ∈ R

2. The vector space C is a normed space w.r.to the norm defined by

kxk = |x| ∀ x ∈ C

3. The vector space R2 is a normed space w.r.to the following norms:

(i) kxk1 = |x1 | + |x2 |, where x = (x1 , x2 ) ∈ R2
(ii) kxk2 = max{|x1 |, |x2 |}
1
(iii) kxk3 = (|x1 |2 + |x2 |2 |) 2

4. The vector space K n (Rn or C n ) of all n-tuples x = (x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) of scalars is a

normed space w.r.to the following norms:
n
X
(i) kxk1 = |xk |
k=1
n
1
X
(ii) kxk2 = ( |xk |2 ) 2
k=1
n
X 1
(iii) kxk3 = ( |xk |p ) p where p > 1
k=1
(iv) kxk4 = max{|x1 |, |x2 |, · · · , |xn |}

Note: The normed space K n (Rn or C n ) with the norms (iii) and (iv) is usually denoted
by lpn and l∞
n
respectively.

5. The vector space l∞ or l∞ of all bounded sequences of real or complex numbers is a

normed space w.r.to the norm defined by
kxk = sup |xn |
n

1
6. The vector space c of all convergent sequences of real numbers is a normed space
w.r.to the norm defined by
kxk = sup |x|
n
∞
X
p
7. The vector space l ( p > 1), of all sequences such that |xn |p < ∞ is a normed
n=1
space w.r.to the norm defined by
∞
X 1
kxk = ( |xn |p ) p
n=1
X∞
Clearly lp = {x = {xi } : xi ∈ K and |xi |p < ∞}.
i=1

8. The vector space C[a, b]) of all real valued continuous functions defined on [a, b] is a
normed spaceR b w.r.to the following norms:
(1) kf k1 = a |f (x)|dx
Rb 1
(2) kf k2 = ( a |f (x)|2 dx) 2
(3) kf k3 = sup |f (x)|
a≤x≤b

9. The vector space P [0, 1]) of all polynomials with real coefficients on [0, 1] with the
norm
kxk = sup |x(t)|
0≤t≤1
is a normed space.

NOTE: k.k does not define a norm on lpn for n > 1 and 0 < p < 1.
To prove the above observation, let x = (1, 0) and y = (0, 1) be two elements of l2 . Then
1 1
kxkp = 1 = kykp and kx + ykp = (|1|p + |1|p ) p = 2 p .
1
we observe that 2 p > 2 if 0 < p < 1, i.e,kx + ykp ≥ kxkp + kykp only when 0 < p < 1.
Hence lpn with n > 1 and 0 < p < 1 is not a normed space.