STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF

BUILDINGS

A Research Study presented to

College of Engineering, Fine Arts and Architecture

(Civil Engineering Department)

Batangas State University- Alangilan

In partial fulfillment

Of the requirements for the subject

Research Project

By

Cusi, Joane V.

De Guzman, Angelica E.

De Leon, Lycie Anne

Lope, Joycel Ann Q.

Lucab, Jahziel

December 2021

1
 Table of Contents

Title Page 1

Table of Contents 2

Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 3

Objectives of the Study 5

Literature Review 6

Significance of the Study 16

Definition of Terms 17

Chapter 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES

Research Design 18

Research Method 19

Research Locale 19

Types of Data/Sources of Data 19

Ethical Issues 19

Data Collection Procedures 20

Chapter 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results and Discussion 21

Chapter 4: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Summary 25

Conclusion 28

References 29

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 CHAPTER 1 

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

At present time there are many proposed projects, ideas, and solutions to

limit the impacts of natural hazards related to safe, economical, and stable

construction. Earthquakes have become one of the major factors that affects the

efficiency of works and building structures. It is one of the most destructive natural

disasters that damage structures caused by the shaking of the ground resulting in

loss of financial resources, destruction of property and personal injury. Nowadays

engineers and designers emphasize the resistant earthquake design to minimize

the seismic impacts while analyzing, building, and designing the structures.

According to Dixit (n.d.) the principle of earthquake design is that the building shall

withstand almost no damage to moderate earthquakes which have probability of

occurring several times during life of a building. The building shall not collapse or

harm human lives during severe earthquake motions, which have a probability of

occurring less than once during the life of the building.

It is a challenge to engineers to meet the design requirements for strength

and durability of infrastructures. A sole responsibility to construct the building

structurally and consider loads acting on it. The various structures formed and

established into simple ones to more complex ideas which are subjective to

earthquake loads considered during the design phase. Then, the structural

analysis of the design evolves that deals with the prediction of performance of

3
structures. The main reason for this study is to provide a safe and a proper design

and increase proficiency and knowledge about earthquake resistant design. 

The problem statement of the study is the earthquake's major effect on the

infrastructures. As an earthquake hits structures, it generates inertia forces which

could be greatly destructive causing deformations and horizontal and vertical

shaking. It causes an active shaking due to volcanic eruption, which causes the

failure of weak and badly designed structures, leading to the innumerous fatalities.

The collapse of warehouses, offices, and manufacturing facilities was the leading

cause of worker death and injury. This concerned mostly concrete structures with

insufficient confinement or poor reinforcement (Krausmann, Cruz & Affeltranger,

2009) 

The resistant earthquake design is one of the solutions to address this

problem. It is an evaluation of the earthquakes and the structure response on its

effects at a particular site to provide a structural system that will not collapse, may

prevent loss of life, and will limit economic loss. The designers and contractors

should consider the influence of seismic forces on buildings to be able to set

prevention measures against failures and collapses. A proper understanding of the

seismic effects on a structure is extremely important. 

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Objectives of the study 

The study aims to:

1. To know the material used to create a resistant earthquake design of buildings.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of earthquake resistant design to lessen the

damages of infrastructures

3. To see the cons and pros of the earthquake proof house.

4. To identify the differences of various resistant earthquake designs of buildings in

terms of.

A. Level of resistance

B. Cost

5
Review of Related Literature

The extent of the damage is related to the plant's age, with older plants

suffering more extensive and severe damage than those built more recently to the

current design regulations. The collapse of warehouses, offices, and

manufacturing facilities was the leading cause of worker death and injury. This

concerned mostly concrete structures with insufficient confinement or poor

reinforcement (Krausmann, Cruz & Affeltranger, 2009). Meaning, the safety of

people depends on how sturdy the foundation is. Furthermore, the age of an

infrastructure also affects the foundation and there's a tendency that it will cause

severe damage and falling debris when the earthquake happens.

According to scientists from the Geological Society of America, structural

damage is the major cause of injury and death during earthquakes. Architects,

engineers, and builders must ensure that structures are constructed using the

appropriate materials and designs.

The Materials

Because towering buildings are better at resisting vertical loads than

horizontal ones, earthquakes that generate horizontal shifts are the most

destructive. These earth motions can cause severe injuries and deaths by

damaging building foundations in a matter of minutes. Building an earthquake-

resistant structure begins with the correct materials with the right qualities, and

steel is by far the most extensively utilized material for earthquake-resistant

construction.

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 The World Steel Association claims that ductile buildings are safer because

they diffuse seismic energy. During an earthquake, ductile portions of a building

can suffer plastic deformations without causing complete structural failure. The

most prevalent material for such pieces is steel.

Furthermore, the rule of inertia dictates that the lighter the building, the less

power seismic waves will put on it. That's why, especially for taller structures, it's

critical to use light, flexible materials like steel that can "bend" with seismic

movement. Multi-story steel buildings are 60 to 70 percent lighter and ten times

stronger than comparable concrete-framed structures.

The Design

Builders can use steel to add critical designs and reinforcements that will

keep the structure standing in the event of an earthquake. Here are a few of the

most used metrics. Base isolation entails separating the structure from the

foundation so that the isolators can absorb earthquake impact. Because they

dissolve a substantial portion of the shock, the isolators allow the building to move

at a slower pace. Moment-resisting frames also effectively disperse energy from

the building's floors and roofs to the base, and the rigid yet flexible frames can

change shape during an earthquake. Moment-resisting frames are more

expensive, but they allow buildings to endure earthquakes with considerable

horizontal displacement.

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

In September 2017, a 5.8 magnitude earthquake struck Young Bae Kim's

residence in Gyeongju Province, Korea, just 8.9 kilometers from the epicenter.

Kim's house was surprisingly unharmed. Kim lives in one of the Steel Houses

constructed by POSCO employees who give their time to construct homes and

bridges for underserved communities. POSCO's lightweight structural steel, noted

for its durability, fire resistance, and vibration resistance, is used to construct each

Steel House. PosMAC, a specialty galvanized steel that is 5 to 10 times more

corrosion-resistant than conventional steel and is more durable and inexpensive, is

also used in the residences. Because all the Steel Houses survived the Gyeongju

earthquake while other residences were damaged, an increasing number of

Koreans are opting for steel over traditional building materials like wood and

concrete for their dwellings. In Japan, where earthquakes are far more often, the

similar trend may be seen. Steel is the best option for constructing more

earthquake-resistant structures.

The Advantages of Steel Construction

Steel is one of the most common building materials, but its qualities make it

particularly useful for natural disaster-resistant homes. Steel has a high strength-

to-weight ratio for long-term durability, but it's heavy and expensive to carry. Even

when used as an exterior surface, it requires relatively little upkeep and is resistant

8
to the effects of time. It's also a low-cost, environmentally beneficial building

material. Steel, as an external material, can endure forces of up to 150 mph

without being damaged. When used with concrete, steel provides the rigidity,

strength, and ductility required to enable a structure to withstand damage from

natural disasters such as earthquakes. Steel reinforcements, which are part of a

building's foundation structure, assist anchor the foundation and the entire home,

keeping it where it belongs in the face of wind, waves, earthquakes, and rain.

Natural disasters this year have left a trail of destruction that shows the impacts

linger far beyond the initial occurrence. While there is no such thing as a perfectly

weather-proof structure, steel may provide a great deal of security and help

mitigate Mother Nature's devastating effects.

Throughout history, we built impressive structures and buildings for us to

experience and encounter the forces of nature. Hence, the earthquake destroyed

it. The natural occurrence of earthquakes destroyed buildings and other properties.

They continually ruined structures all over the world.

According to the National Earthquake Information Center, there are an

average of 20, 000 earthquakes each year in different parts of the world. Most of

them are not felt but if it has strong magnitude and intensity expect that your

buildings and properties will be wreck. The damage was not caused by the quake

but by the collapse of buildings with people inside them, making earthquake proof

buildings is must.

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THE POSITIVE ASPECTS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE

When a building collapses, an owner or lessee is left with no operating

business, massive business interruption costs, no cash flow, existing mortgage

payments, the need to pay for or build a new facility, employees out of work, and

investors questioning why executives had no emergency plan. If so, buildings that

are earthquake resistant are necessary and a good investment for businesses and

government agencies, especially those that service or employ a significant number

of people (Sahabi, 2019).

Furthermore, earthquake proof structures ensure the safety of persons

inside the building and lessened the damage and the possible loss of the owner.

The earthquake resistant buildings are built with lateral stiffness, multiple safety

measures, and strong foundations so it can stand still in case an earthquake will

come. It's simple enough to construct a vertically strong structure but ensuring that

the structure moves uniformly side to side during an earthquake is more difficult.

Regularity is an essential feature of an earthquake-resistant structure. When a

structure is rocked from side to side in an earthquake, the energy can disperse

without putting too much strain on one place if it has similar lateral stiffness across

the floor plan. Multiple safety methods are in place in an earthquake-proof building

to ensure it does not collapse. This increases the cost of constructing an

earthquake-resistant structure, but it pays off immediately when you are attacked

10
by an earthquake or storm. Essentially, earthquake-resistant structures will contain

multiple qualities from this list. In general, it refers to the usage of foundations,

cross braces, and materials with evenly distributed strength both laterally and

vertically. Moreover, the strong foundation securing the building beyond the

topsoil, and it also stabilizes a building during an earthquake or cyclone include

damping and trusses (Jones, 2019).

THE NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

The earthquake resistant design protects the building from earthquakes, but

it is not totally resistant to it because no structures are immune to damage from

earthquakes. The goal of earthquake resistant design is to erect structures that

fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts.

Moreover, earthquake resistant or aseismic structures are too expensive. In

the Philippines the cost of earthquake resistant buildings ranges from million to

billion pesos, and it depends on the type of building to be built. Financial as well as

other social resources are needed to set up the earthquake resistant buildings.

Governments at all levels need to be functioning to engage with urban planning or

earthquake resistant constructions. Retrofitting the commercial buildings and

homes of people was very difficult specifically in a developing country (Kelma,

2015).

DIFFERENT METHODS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

1. Base Isolation

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 Engineers developed the so-called base isolation technique to

prevent - or at least reduce - building damage when earthquakes strike.

These systems are used all over the world, with New Zealand, India, Japan,

Italy, and the United States being the most prevalent.

However, when an earthquake strikes, the ground (and any buildings

attached to it) moves with it, causing extensive damage to the structure. To

mitigate this, most earthquake-resistant structures are connected to the

ground in some way. This usually entails the use of base isolators, which

are flexible bearings or pads. During a quake, these systems move, but only

to counterbalance the forces caused by the building's movement. Base

isolators work similarly to automotive suspension systems in that they

isolate the interior and absorb the shock of uneven terrain without flinging

the passengers around.

Moreover, base isolation can save many medium-rise brick or stone

buildings and can reinforce concrete structures, but it is not appropriate for

all structures. The ability of base isolators to deal with tension is usually

limited. This means that taller buildings with base isolators are at a higher

danger of overturning or toppling during earthquakes. Other safeguards are

required for these types of structures. Other geotechnical and geographical

factors make base isolators unsuitable for some sites. It's possible, for

example, that there won't be enough room to install them. They also need

hard soil, not soft soil, to function at their best (Mcfadden 2020).

12
 While in the cost of an isolation system it is more expensive than

conventional engineering methods. The estimated cost base isolation

system ranges $30-50 per square foot, or between $600,000 and

$1,000,000 for a five-story building. That adds about 5% to 10% to a

building's total construction costs. The developers could save 20% in repair

costs if an earthquake were to strike (Hamburger, 2019).

2. Seismic Dampers

The installation of seismic dampers is another approach for limiting

earthquake damage in buildings. The dampening is given in this example by

a lead-based device that resembles a car damper (shock absorber). The

lead is forced to pass through a small gap due to ground movement. The

flow of lead is reversed as the direction of movement changes. The concept

is the same as with the lead rubber bearing kinetic energy is turned into

heat energy, preventing the kinetic energy from being absorbed by the

building (Science Learning Hub,2019).

Dampers are a great way to absorb energy and are simple to install

or replace. They can also be used in conjunction with other seismic

protection technologies, such as base isolation. Engineers typically

construct a structure with dampers at each story level (Chames and Writer,

2019).

Long-term performance and maintenance costs are better with the

damped construction. The traditional building should ensure life safety in the

event of a design earthquake but will be severely damaged and may need

13
 to be replaced. The additional preliminary. The savings in steel tonnage and

foundation concrete covered the cost of the dampers volume (Miyamoto,

2015).

3. Shear Wall System

A shear wall or structural wall system employs cantilever motion to

prevent a building from swaying horizontally, a type of movement known as

"lateral deflection." Because strong winds induce both shear and uplift,

incorrectly constructed structures, particularly those that are taller, may be

prone to blowing over. To strengthen stability against lateral stresses, shear

walls can be constructed into structures during construction or installed as

part of retrofit work. The wall should be sturdy and rigid enough to withstand

earthquake loads and/or lateral winds in either case. To withstand

deformation, shear strength should be sufficient. Moreover, shear walls are

really applicable in regions where high winds or earthquakes are common

because building codes are likely to require a shear wall in the design of a

structure so it can resist a certain level of lateral pressure and motion

(BigRentz, Inc., 2021).

Based on the result of study conducted by Tarigan et al. (2018), it is

found that the use of a shear wall can help to boost the structure's rigidity. It

reduces the structure's natural period, lateral displacement, and story-drift

substantially. The position of the shear wall needs to be considered

carefully because it gives different performance in terms of its capacity to

14
 resist strong seismic waves. However, the best thing that has been

discovered in this study is that the optimum location for the structure is

shear wall at the core symmetrically. In terms of cast, the cost of the shear

wall system depends on what material to be used.

4. Seismic Invisibility Cloak

This method is based on metamaterials, which are man-made

resonator configurations with strange electromagnetic properties. By

diverting light waves, metamaterial 'invisibility cloaks' have already been

utilized to render very small things invisible to the naked sight. Large-scale

equivalents could now be constructed to mimic tree resonance and render

structures 'invisible' to earthquakes (Ghose, 2016).

Seismic Invisibility Cloak is an innovation involving creating a cloak of

100 concentric plastic and concrete rings and burying it at least three feet

beneath the foundation of the building. As seismic waves penetrate the

rings, they are forced to shift to the outer rings, where they may travel more

easily. As a result, they are effectively diverted away from the structure and

dissipated into the ground plates (BigRentz, Inc., 2019).

However, despite its good concept and its future ability to become

invisible in an earthquake this method has not yet been subject to peer

review and the researchers have yet to test it in real-world situations,

against actual seismic waves. There's no way of knowing whether deflecting

these seismic waves may result in dangerous wave reflections in other

regions. Given the amount of space required to produce these seismic

15
 cloaks, he believes they will be useful primarily for sites located distant from

urban centers. Still, he continued, when it comes to $2 billion in

infrastructure, drilling a field of holes at a cost of approximately $100,000

can be a relatively cost-effective way to defend those facilities.

Significance of the Study

This study hopes to establish an understanding on the Structural Analysis

for Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings. Furthermore, the study could be of

importance to the following:

Researchers. The researcher can also gain significance in this study which can

improve their writing and knowledge regarding this research.

Future Researchers. The ideas presented may be used as reference data in

conducting new research or in testing the validity of other related findings.

Engineers. The result of this research can be used as a guide to their potential

projects with any structural designs.

Economy. This study would help people understand the world around them. It

enables people to understand people, businesses, markets and governments.

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Definition of Terms

Hazard- It is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or

environment.

Structures- Something that has been made or built by parts.

Earthquake- A sudden and violent movement or fracture within the earth’s crust

followed by a series of shocks.

Seismic- Caused by an earthquake or vibration of the earth, whether due to

natural or artificial causes.

Durability- Ability to resist damaging effects induced by different mechanical and

environmental loadings during its service life.

Earthquake-Resistant- Building designed to prevent total collapse, preserve life,

and minimize damage in case of an earthquake or tremor.

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 CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the methods used in the current study. It described

the methodology used to fully understand the Structural Analysis of Earthquake

Resistant Design of Building.

Research Design

The research design used in this study is qualitative that aims to identify

and explain the different kinds of earthquake resistant design of buildings,

materials used, level of resistance and cost of every design, suitability,

effectiveness, and cons and pros of the earthquake proof house.

Qualitative research is used to deeply understand and analyze the

existence or occurrence of something. The primary idea behind qualitative

research is to obtain data from different research methods. There are many

research designs of qualitative research, most of them tend to be flexible and

focus on retaining rich meaning when interpreting data. Among the research

18
designs that qualitative offer, is descriptive research whose objectives are to

explain and describe a subject through different methods.

Research Method

In collecting the data, the researchers will be reviewing and reading pieces

of information. The researchers will gather information in different articles and past

studies online. This will be done to answer its objectives.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in the homes of the students’ researchers apart

because of the pandemic.

Types of Data/Sources of Data

The study source of data will be only one. The researchers will be using

secondary sources of information such as related research studies and online

journals and books. Any pieces of information about earthquake proof design that

are reliable online can be used for the study.

Ethical Issues

The data gathered are thoroughly cited with the name of the Author, the

title, and the link to the data. In the event that the name of the Author is not

19
available, the editor or the site would be cited. All data rightfully belongs to the

owner and is not stolen in any way by the researchers. There is no plagiarism

done in the process of doing this research.

Data Collection Procedures

The researchers will make an in-depth study in Earthquake Resistant

Design of Building. The researchers will also read multiple related articles and

other relevant studies that would help for better explanation of this research. The

researchers will be using online journals, books, and past related research studies,

as its main source of information. The gathered data will be carefully collated,

interpreted, and analyzed using the appropriate technique.

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 CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of the structural analysis of earthquake

resistant design and discussion of the gathered data based on the articles,

journals, past research etc. The researchers analyze the collected data through a

descriptive method.

1. To know the material used to create a resistant earthquake design of

buildings

In the study one of the objectives was to determine the materials and

design of constructing earthquake proof design. As a result, according to the

scientists from the Geological Society of America (2018) building an earthquake-

resistant structure begins with the correct materials with the right qualities, and

steel is by far the most extensively utilized material for earthquake-resistant

construction. Its qualities make it particularly useful for natural disaster-resistant

homes. Steel has a high strength-to-weight ratio for long-term durability, but it's

heavy and expensive to carry. It's also a low-cost, environmentally beneficial

21
building material. The design was a base isolation that separates the structure

from the foundation so that the isolators can absorb earthquake impact. It

dissolves a substantial portion of the shock; the isolators allow the building to

move at a slower pace. Moment-resisting frames also effectively disperse energy

from the building's floors and roofs to the base, and the rigid yet flexible frames

can change shape during an earthquake.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of earthquake resistant design to lessen the

damages of infrastructures

The next was to determine the effectiveness of the resistant earthquake

designed to the infrastructures. As the outcome of the study, the scientists from the

Geological Society of America (2017) stated that constructing earthquake proof

design made the structures unharmed after the occurrence of hazard. When used

with concrete, it provides the rigidity, strength, and ductility required to enable a

structure to withstand damage from natural disasters such as earthquakes. Steel

reinforcements, which are part of a building's foundation structure, assist anchor

the foundation and the entire home, keeping it where it belongs in the face of wind,

waves, earthquakes, and rain.

3. To see the cons and pros of the earthquake proof house

The third one was to identify the pros and cons of the earthquake resistant

design. As a result, the earthquake resistant design is good in businesses and

other facilities because they do not need to spend much money in reconstructing

their facility or company, the flow of cash is continuous, and they do not need to

22
compensate their employees who have been affected if ever an earthquake

occurred. If so, earthquake resistant design is a good investment in every business

(Sahabi, 2019). Other than that, it is also effective to build in every home because

it can lessen the damage caused by seismic waves. It helps everyone to be

complacent in their home whenever an earthquake ensues because it is built with

lateral stiffness, multiple safety measures, and strong foundations that can

withstand building and houses (Jones, 2019). On the other hand, it is very costly.

Retrofitting houses and buildings is too expensive. The persons belonging to high

society can only afford to turn their home or workplace into an earthquake resistant

building. Even the government cannot fund the construction of houses in every

community. Furthermore, the ability of an earthquake resistant design to prevent

damage in houses and buildings caused by seismic waves has not been fully

known because the purpose of it is to protect and to lessen the effect and others

say that no structures are immune to any damage like an earthquake (Kelma,

2015).

4. To identify the differences of various resistant earthquake designs of

buildings in terms of Level of Resistance and Cost

The fourth objective is to identify the differences of various earthquake

designs of buildings in terms of their level of resistance and cost. In terms of the

level of resistance, the Base Isolation counterbalances the force and absorbs the

shock caused by the building’s movement from the earthquake (Mcfadden, 2020).

The Seismic Dampers absorb the energy from the building’s movement and limit

earthquake’s damage to the building (Science Learning Hub, 2019). The Shear

23
Wall System prevents buildings from swaying horizontally and strengthens the

stability for lateral stresses in the structure (BigRentz, Inc., 2021). The Seismic

Invisibility Cloak diverts the seismic waves away from the structure and dissipates

it into the ground plates (Ghose, 2016). In terms of the cost of the various

earthquake resistant designs, According to Hamburger (2020) the Base Isolation is

more expensive than conventional engineering methods and can save 20% in

repair costs if an earthquake were to strike. While seismic dampers have better

maintenance costs and long-term performance and are typically used by engineers

in constructing structures (Miyamoto, 2015). The Shear Wall System’s cost

depends on what material is going to be used (Tarigan et al., 2018). And the

Seismic Invisibility Cloak is relatively cost-effective for large and costly

infrastructures like a $2 billion worth infrastructure (BigRentz, Inc., 2019).

24
 CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This chapter presents a concise reinstatement of a problem, resume of

discussion made in the preceding chapters, the summary of findings, and

conclusions of the study.

Summary

The purpose of this research is to qualitatively study the earthquake

resistant design of buildings. It explored the materials used in building earthquake

resistant, its effectiveness, pros and cons, and its different design used around the

world. The objectives of this study are (1) To know the material used to create a

resistant earthquake design of buildings; (2) To evaluate the effectiveness of

earthquake resistant design to lessen the damages of infrastructures; (3) To see

the cons and pros of the earthquake proof house; (4) To identify the differences of

various resistant earthquake designs of buildings in terms of Level of Resistance

and Cost.

25
Based on the findings and results of discussion, the following summarizations are

drawn:

1. To know the material used to create a resistant earthquake design of buildings

According to the scientists from the Geological Society of America (2018)

the earthquake resistant design to lessen the damages of infrastructures and will

minimize disturbance to residents in moderate and minor earthquakes. As a result,

building an earthquake-resistant structure begins with the correct materials with

the right qualities, and steel is by far the most extensively utilized material for

earthquake-resistant construction. The design was a base isolation that separates

the structure from the foundation so that the isolators can absorb earthquake

impact.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of earthquake resistant design to lessen the

damages of infrastructures

The material used to create a resistant earthquake design of buildings must

be a high standard and a well-detailed reinforced concrete building to performed

well. As the outcome of the study the scientists from the Geological Society of

America (2017) stated that constructing earthquake proof design was made the

structures unharmed after the occurrence of hazard. When used with concrete, it

provides the rigidity, strength, and ductility required to enable a structure to

withstand damage from natural disasters such as earthquakes.

26
3. To see the cons and pros of the earthquake proof house

Cons and pros of the earthquake proof house is that it is the best way to

protect lives is to ensure the building does not collapse nevertheless it is very

costly. As a result, the earthquake resistant design is good in businesses and other

facilities because they do not need to spend much money in reconstructing their

facility and also, they do not need to compensate their employees who have been

affected if ever an earthquake occurred. If so, earthquake resistant design is a

good investment in every business (Sahabi, 2019). It helps everyone to be

complacent in their home whenever an earthquake ensues because it is built with

lateral stiffness, multiple safety measures, and strong foundations that can

withstand building and houses (Jones, 2019). On the other hand, it is very costly.

Retrofitting houses and buildings is too expensive. The persons belonging to high

society can only afford to turn their home or workplace into an earthquake resistant

building (Kelma, 2015).

4. To identify the differences of various resistant earthquake designs of buildings in

terms of Level of Resistance and Cost.

The differences of various resistant earthquake designs of buildings in

terms of Level of Resistance and Cost. According to (Mcfadden, 2020) the Base

Isolation counterbalances the force and absorbs the shock caused by the

building’s movement from the earthquake, thus (Hamburger, 2020) said that it is

more expensive than conventional engineering methods and can save 20% in

27
repair costs. The (Science Learning Hub, 2019) stated that the Seismic Dampers

absorb the energy from the building’s movement and limit earthquake’s damage to

the building that have better maintenance costs and long-term performance.

(BigRentz, Inc., 2021) the Shear Wall System prevents buildings from swaying

horizontally and (Tarigan et al., 2018) added that it strengthens the stability that

depends on what material is going to be used. The Seismic Invisibility Cloak

diverts the seismic waves away from the structure and dissipates it into the ground

plates, and is relatively cost-effective for large and costly infrastructures like a $2

billion worth infrastructure (BigRentz, Inc., 2019).

CONCLUSION

In light of the summaries, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Based on the research conducted, the effectiveness of earthquake resistant

design to lessen the damages of infrastructures is proven, and can help a

lot of people. The 100% cannot be attained in saving the lives of people

when the calamity happens due to a lot of circumstances but it will surely

add to the percentage of the people that can be saved when an earthquake

happens.

2. In order for it to be built successfully, the materials that should be used are

approved by the engineers and also proven through several research

conducted. Materials have a very important role in the effectiveness of

earthquake resistant designed infrastructures.

28
 3. The designed Earthquake resistant infrastructures are concluded to be

costly, and are suggested to use by many business owners and companies.

This is believed that it can be counted as investment for them and also it

can save a lot of people which is more important than the money.

4. In terms of identifying the level of resistance and cost, the higher the

standard that has the designed earthquake resistant infrastructure the

higher the resistance it can get. It will be expensive but worth it. If someone

still insists on having earthquake resistant designed infrastructure but

doesn’t have a big budget there are suggested materials that have long-

term performance and budget-friendly.

REFERENCES

Sahabi, A. (2019, December 12). The Economic Benefits of Earthquake-Resistant

Buildings.https://www.optimumseismic.com/earthquake-preparedness/the-

economic-benefits-of-earthquake-resistant-buildings/

Jones, L. (2019, December 16). The 5 features of earthquake-proof buildings.

https://blog.iseekplant.com.au/blog/5-features-earthquake-proof-building

Kelam, I. (2015, April 30). Why do countries struggle to make earthquake proof

buildings? https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/what-does-it-take-to-make-

buildings-earthquake-proof/

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Mcfadden, C. (2020, August 22).Top 5 Earthquake Resistant Structures Around

the World.https://interestingengineering.com/top-5-earthquake-resistant-structures-

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