Kolej

Pengajian Kejuruteraan

CONCEPT OF STRESS AND STRAIN

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (MEC411)

School of Mechanical Engineering

Outline

Introduction

Stress

Strain

Deformation
Introduction

• Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the external loads on a

body and the intensity of the internal loads within the body.
• This subject also involves the deformations and stability of a body when subjected to
external forces or in other words; the behaviour of materials and structures under
load.
• The way in which they react to applied forces, the deflections resulting and the
stresses and strains set up in the bodies will be the main concern in this scope of
study.

Introduction 3/29
External forces

• Surface forces
direct contact of other body’s
surface
• Body forces
other body exerts a force without
contact

Introduction 4/29
Reactions

Constraint Force Description

The connection point on the bar can not
move downward.
roller-support
Fy

joint can not move in vertical and horizontal

Fx directions.
pin-support
Fy

prevents translation in vertical and horizon-

M tal directions and also rotation, Hence a cou-
Fx
ple moment is developed on the body in that
Fixed support
Fy direction as well.
Table: Description of type of support

Introduction 5/29
Equation of Equilibrium

The conditions for statics are:

• the algebraic sum of all forces (or components of forces) in any direction must equal
to zero or ΣF = 0
• the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about any axis or point must equal
to zero or ΣM = 0.
• These two conditions can be expressed mathematically as:

ΣFx = 0; ΣFy = 0; ΣMany point = 0

Introduction 6/29
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Torsional
Moment T
Free-body diagram (FBD) is to
Normal
determine the resultant force and MR Force

moment acting within a body.

N FR
Types of resultant loading
• Normal force, N
• Shear force, V M V
• Torsional moment or torque, T Bending
Moment
• Bending moment, M
F1 F2

Introduction 7/29
Example 1.1
Determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross section at C of the
beam.
• Solve support reaction at A
ΣFy = 0; V = 540 N
ΣFx = 0; N = 0
ΣMA = 0; −540(2) − MA = 0; MA = −1080 Nm

Solution
• Apply Method of Section at point C

ΣFy = 0; V = 540 − 540 = 0 N

ΣFx = 0; N = 0
ΣMC = 0; 1080 + 540(1) + MC = 0; MC = −1620 Nm

Introduction 8/29
Example 1.2

Determine the resultant internal loading F = 1/2(180)(6) = 540 N, acts 2m from C

acting on the cross section at C of the
beam.

Solution • Applying the equations of equilibrium:

• Distributed loading at C is found by ΣMc = 0; −540(2) − Mc = 0

proportion: Mc = −1080 Nm
w 270 ΣFy = 0; V − 540 = 0; V = 540 N
= = 180 N/m
6 9 ΣFx = 0 : N = 0

Introduction 9/29
Outline

Introduction

Stress

Strain

Deformation
Stress

• Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of materials

• We will consider the material to be continuous.
• This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.

Stress 11/29
Type of Stress

Normal stress, σ
Force per unit area acting normal to ∆A
z
 
∆Fz F
σz = lim ; σ=
∆A→0 ∆A A σz

Area
Shear stress, τ
Force per unit area acting tangent to ∆A
∆Fx 
 τzx τzy
τzx = lim 
∆A→0 ∆A
 V
τ=
∆Fy   A x y
τzy = lim 
∆A→0 ∆A

Stress 12/29
Average Shear Stress

The average shear stress is distributed over each Types of shear

F
sectioned area that develops a shear force. F

V
τave = Single shear
A
τave = average shear stress F V=F

V = internal resultant shear force

A = area at that section
F F
F
F

Double shear
τave

F/2 V = F/2
V V F/2
V = F/2

Stress 13/29
Example 1.3

Each of the four vertical links has an 8 x 36 mm uniform rectangular cross section and each
of the four pins has a 16 mm diameter. Determine the maximum value of the average normal
stress in the links connecting (a) points B and D, (b) points C and E.

0.04 m
Use bar ABC as a free body diagram.

0.025 m
C 0.02 m

20 kN
B

Stress 14/29
Example 1.3 (solution)

Solve for FBD and FCE :

ΣMc = 0;
0.04FBD − (0.065)(20 × 103 ) = 0 Calculation of stress:
3
FBD = 32.5 × 10 N (tension) FBD 32.5 × 103
σBD = =
ΣMB = 0; Anet 320 × 10−6
0.04FCE − (0.025)(20 × 103 ) = 0 = 101.6 MPa
FCE = −12.5 × 103 N (compression)
FCE −12.5 × 103
σCE = =
A 576 × 10−6
Calculation of net area: = −21.7 MPa

ABD = 2 × [0.008(0.036 − 0.016)] = 320 × 10−6 m2

ACE = 2 × [0.008(0.036)] = 576 × 10−6 m2

Stress 15/29
Example 1.4

The inclined member is subjected to a com- Solution

pressive force of 3000 N. Determine the aver- The compressive forces acting on the areas
age compressive stress along the smooth areas of of contact are
contact defined by AB and BC, and the average
shear stress along the horizontal plane defined +
X 3
−
→ Fx = 0; FAB − 3000( ) = 0
by EDB. 5
FAB = 1800 N
X 4
+↑ Fy = 0; FBC − 3000( ) = 0
5
FBC = 2400 N

Stress 16/29
Example 1.4

The shear force acting on the sectioned horizon- Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is
tal plane EDB is
1800
+
X τave = = 0.6 MPa
−→ Fx = 0; V = 1800 N 75(40)

Average compressive stresses along the AB and

BC planes are:
1800
σAB = = 1.8 MPa
25(40)
2400
σBC = = 1.2 MPa
50(40)

Stress 17/29
Outline

Introduction

Stress

Strain

Deformation
Normal Strain

• The elongation / contraction of a line segment per unit of length is referred to as

normal strain.
δ L −L
• Average normal strain is defined as: ave = = f
L L
• If the normal strain is known, then the approximate final length is: Lf ≈ (1 + )L
• Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity since it is a ratio of two lengths.
Lf
L δ

undeformed deformed
body body

Strain 19/29
Shear strain

Change in angle between two line segments that were perpendicular to one another
refers to shear strain.
undeformed
y
π body
γnt = − lim θ0
2 B→A along n V
C →A along t
γ
θ0 < 90 : + shear strain
θ0 > 90 : - shear strain θ'
x
deformed
body

Strain 20/29
Example 1.5

The plate is deformed into the dashed shape. If, Solution

in this deformed shape, horizontal lines on the
a) The average normal strain along the side AB
plate remain horizontal and do not change their
Line AB, coincident with the y axis, becomes
length, determine (a) the average normal strain
line after deformation, thus the length of this
along the side AB, and (b) the average shear line is:
strain in the plate relative to the x and y axes. q
y AB 0 = (250 − 2)2 + 32 = 248.018mm
3 mm
The average normal strain for AB is therefore;
B D
2 mm AB 0 − AB
(AB )ave =
AB
250 mm

248.018 − 250
=
250
x = −7.93 × 10−3
A C
300 mm

Strain 21/29
Example 1.5 (solution)

3 mm y

B 3 mm
2 mm 2 mm
B' B B'

250 mm γxy

250 mm
θ'
x
A A C

b) The average shear strain in the plate relative to the x and y axes. As noted, the
once 90o angle BAC between the sides of the plate, referenced from the x, y axes,
changes to θ0 due to the displacement of B to B’. The average normal strain for AB
is therefore:  
3
γxy = tan−1 = 0.121 rad
250 − 2

Strain 22/29
Outline

Introduction

Stress

Strain

Deformation
Deformation due to Stress & Strain

• When a force is applied to a body, it will change the body’s shape and size. These
changes are deformation.
• Change of length on horizontal and vertical lines as well as change of angle for
inclined line proves that deformation occurs.
P
Load, P P

Movable
cross-head

Before

After
grip gauge
length

Load, P P
P

Schematics arrangement for tensile test Deformation of specimen

Deformation 24/29
Stress-strain Curve (SSC)

Ultimate σ σ
stress σU,

Yield stress,
σy=σe σf
Breaking
Proportional
Fracture point
stress
limit, σp Limit of
E proportionality
1
ε
Linear Perfect Strain Necking
region plasticity or hardening
yielding
Plastic region ε
Ductile material Brittle material

Deformation 25/29
Factor of safety (FS)

• Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member.

• A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load.
FS is a ratio of the failure load divided by the allowable load

Ffail σfail τfail

F .S = ; F .S = ; F .S =
Fallow σallow τallow

• Used to provide a design margin over the theoretical design capacity to allow for
uncertainty in the design process.
• By using the factor of safety, we are actually increasing the safety that even any
accidental impacts on the designed product would not lead to catastrophic failure.

Deformation 26/29
Example 1.6

The two wooden members shown, which support a 20 kN load, are joined by plywood
splices fully glued on the surfaces in contact. The ultimate shearing stress in the glue
is 2.8 MPa and the clearance between the members is 8 mm. Determine the factor of
safety, knowing that the length of each splice is L = 200 mm.

20 kN 120 mm

8 mm

20 kN

Deformation 27/29
Example 1.6 (solution)

• There are 4 separate areas of glue. Each • Allowable shear stress

glue area must transmit 10 kN of shear
load, P = 10 × 103 V P/2 10 × 103
τall = = =
A A 11.52 × 10−3
• Length of splice:
= 0.87 MPa
L = 2l + c
1 1 • Factor of safety
l = (L − c) = (0.2 − 0.008)
2 2
= 0.096 m τU 2.8 × 106
F .S = = = 3.22 Ans.
τall 0.87 × 106
• Area of glue:

A = lw = 0.096 (0.12) = 11.52 × 10−3 m2

Deformation 28/29
The End