BAHASA INGGRIS PAKET 4

The following text is for questions 1 to 4,

It's a basic principle of fairness: men and women should have the same
economic opportunities in life. But all around the world, there is still a persistent
gap between what men and women are paid. For every dollar a man earns, on
average a woman is paid 54 cents. Based on today's rate of progress, it will take 202
years for this gap to close, according to the World Economic Forum. Besides, this
5 discrepancy plays out all around the world. But what's going on behind those
numbers?
Firstly, women choose different occupations from men. There are large and
persistent differences in the earnings of different occupations. Around the world,
occupations like teachers pay less than occupation like engineers. So gender
differences in occupational choice affect gender differences in earnings. Why do
10 women and men make different occupational choices? Are there not enough role
models for women in higher-paying occupations? Are there barriers to female
advancement in those occupation employed at to the questions is yes. Moreover,
even within high-paying occupations, women tend to be employed at lower levels of
the occupational hierarchy.
Secondly, there's evidence of a wage penalty for motherhood: all else being
15 equal, there is a negative relationship between a woman's wage and the number of
children she has. According to OECD data, it amounts to about a 7% wage reduction
per child. There is also some evidence of a fatherhood premium: a positive
relationship between a man's wage and the number of children he has.
When you compare men and women with comparable educations at the
beginning of their careers, the gender gap in earnings has largely disappeared in
20 many advanced industrial economies. Same education, same work, same wage.
However, five to ten years later, often after the arrival of children, the gender gap in
earnings appears. A non-existent wage gap becomes a significant and growing wage
gap.
Women, furthermore, often choose to move to part-time employment or to
step out out of a career promotion pathway in order to have more time for
motherhood and childcare. If they return to work full time, they are often forced to
accept a lower wage compared to the wage they would have earned had they stayed
25 in their original job.
Discrimination, stereotyping, and implicit biases still play a role. Finally, and
this is significant: even taking out the causes mentioned earlier, the gender gap in
earnings remains. This gap is evidence of persistent discrimination, stereotyping,
and implicit biases in earnings and promotion opportunities for women. Thus,
government policies, legal protections, and changes in business practices, such as
regular pay assessments of earnings by gender and pay transparency, are necessary
to combat these sources of the gender gap in pay.
Adapted from: 8 Mar 2019, by Laura D'Andrea Tyson and Cert Parker https://www.forum.org/agenda/2019/03/in-economist-
exploishy
1. The author would apparently agree that one of the ways to combat the gender
differences in payment is to ....
A. reduce gender differences in employment by occupation and sector
B. appeal employers not to accept women to work part-time
C. impose fatherhood penalty for men having children
D. lower the wage of men working full-time
E. encourage women to work overtime

2. Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage as a whole?
A. The author presents the issue which is then followed by the lists of its causes.
B. The author reports a research about gender gap in pay in a sequential
explanation.
C. The author introduces the issue in the beginning followed by its causes and a
final recommendation.
D. The author states the issue which is followed by the chronological narration
about how gender diferences started in the past.
E. The author starts by inviting readers to un derstand the definition of gender
differences in general, followed by examples of the issue in various life aspects.

3. From the text we can infer that a fatherhood premium is....

A. a rule to appeal working-father to care for their children
B. any wage advantages that a man can get when he becomes a father
C. a penalty given to working-fathers who leave work after having children
D. a chance of promotion for working-fathers after they have their first child
E. some official paid leaves that working fathers can take when they have babies

4. The purpose of the text in lines 2-4 ("For every dollar... World Economic Forum") is
to …
A. persuade readers to believe that gender gap issue is a local issue
B. state the author's stance on the issue about gender gap in pay
C. introduce the issue which will be discussed in the whole text
D. give brief evidence to support the intro duction of the issue.
E. E show the first reason of the cause of gender gap in pay

The following text is for questions 5 to 8.

The preparation of these films, follows a similar process. First comes the story, plot, action, or
situational idea, which may be a written treatment with or without supporting sketches. It describes the
continuity of what it is proposed should take place on the screen, the nature of the cartoon or puppet
characters, the graphic stylization of the film as a whole, and similar considerations. Such a treatment,
perhaps very brief, precedes any fuller scripting or other elaboration that may take place.
5
Since visual emphasis is the key to animation, and sound its close counterpart, the sooner ideas are
translated into pictures the better. The "storyboard" provides the continuity of the action, which is
worked out scene by scene simultaneously with the animation script. In the storyboard the story is told
and to some extent graphically styled in a succession of key sketches with captions and fragments of
 dialogue, much like a cartoon strip but with much fuller treatment.
10 Meanwhile, an animation director is also preparing modeling drawings for the principal characters
and drawings establishing the backgrounds, or settings, for the film. These begin to indicate the general
graphic style and, when colour is involved, the colour scheme and decor to be used. The modeling
drawings must indicate the nature and temperament of the characters as well as their appearance when
seen from a variety of angles and using a number of characteristic gestures. These will act as guides for
the key animators, who with their assistants must bring the figures to dramatic life through the
15
succession of final drawings created on the drawing board.
Animated films are, in effect, choreographed; since mobility involves time, the movements must be
exactly timed and so deployed through the right number of successive drawings, like notes in music 20
deployed through bars in a score. When the characters speak or sing, their lip movements must be
synchronized with the words they appear to utter. When sound tracks, both dialogue and music, are
20 prerecorded, the animators have an exact time scheme to follow, if the tracks are not prerecorded, then
the "scoring" of the action will control the subsequent timing of the speech and music at recording
stage. The timing in either case is predetermined on paper in a workbook, which grades the progression
of the animators' drawings frame by frame with the same precision as a musical score. A similar control
in the form of a time chart may be created by the director as a guide for the composer. A third control,
25 the so called dope sheet or camera exposure chart, guides the rostrum cameraman in the frame-by-
frame setups and sequence of cels or backgrounds.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/mation-picture-technology/Animation

5. The paragraph preceding the passage most likely discusses ....

A. the identification of animated films
B. the process of making animated films
C. the execution of animated films creation
D. a series of tools needed to create animated films
E. the illustration of global interest in animated films

6. Based on the text, the process of animated film's preparation follows which of the
following sequence?
A. Choosing the animation directors, creating an outline of the story, making
storyboard, guiding a team of animators with modeling drawings, recording the
sound for the film, fitting the recording with time charts.
B. Making the outline of the story, translating the outline into storyboard, preparing
the modeling drawings, and making time 'scoring', time chart, and camera
exposure chart.
C. Determining the story and characters, making a picture out of the ideas,
recording the music and dialogue, and preparing the modeling drawings.
D. Determining the character's modeling draw ings, making an outline of the story,
starting to draw all of the scenes, and recording the sound.
E. Making the comic version of the animation, informing animators to follow the
guides in the form of comic, and choreographing the comic.

7. What would probably happen if the animation director did not make modeling
drawings?
A. The outline of the story would not easily be revised.
 B. The sound recording would not be set with time chart accurately.
C. The storyboard would be difficult to translate into detailed pictures.
D. The key animators would find it difficult to determine the key sketches of the
story.
E. The key animators would create different characteristic drawings for the same
character.

8. The word "these" in line 15 refers to …

A. the nature and temperament of the characters
B. guides for key animators and assistants
C. a number of the character's gestures
D. the character's variety of angles
E. the modeling drawings

The following text is for questions 9 to 12.

The great Economic thinker Adam Smith was born in 1723 in the town of Kirkcaldy, County Fife,
Scotland. Kirkcaldy boasted a population of fifteen hundred; at the time of Smith's birth, nails were still
used as money by some of the local townspeople. When he was four years old, a most curious incident
took place. Smith was kidnaped by a band of passing gypsies. Through the efforts of his uncle (his
father had died before his birth), the gypsies were traced and pursued, and in their flight they
abandoned young Adam by the roadside.
From his earliest days, Smith was an apt pupil, although even as a child given to fits of abstraction.
He was obviously destined for teaching, and so at seventeen he went to Oxford on a scholarship-
making the journey on horseback-and there he remained for six years. But Oxford was not then the
citadel of learning which it later became. Smith spent the years largely untutored and untaught,
reading as he saw fit. In fact, he was once nearly expelled from the university because a copy of David
Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature was found in his rooms-Hume was no fit reading matter, even for a
would-be philosopher.
In 1751-he was not yet twenty-eight-Smith was offered the Chair of Logic at the University of
Glasgow, and shortly thereafter he was given the Chair of Moral Philosophy. Unlike Oxford, Glasgow
was a serious center of what has come to be called the Scottish Enlightenment, and it boasted a galaxy
of talent. But it still differed considerably from the modern conception of a university. The prim
professorial group did not entirely appreciate the levity and enthusiasm in Smith's manner. He was
accused of sometimes smiling during religious services, of being a firm friend of that outrageous Hume,
of not holding Sunday classes on Christian evidences, of petitioning the Senatus Academicus for
permission to dispense with prayers on the opening of class, and of delivering prayers that smacked of
a certain "natural religion."
Adopted from: The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives Times and Idens of the Great Economic Thinkers, by Robert L. Heilberner

9. From the passage, we can conclude that the author's primary purpose is to
A. inform about Adam Smith's relationships with family, friends, and colleagues
B. retell the life of Adam Smith as a parentless child but eager to study
C. describe how Adam Smith got the idea of worldly popular theory
D. recount the journey of Adam Smith to become a great thinker
E. recall Adam Smith's success and achieve ments

10. Which information is incorrect about David Hume?

 A. He was Adam Smith's friend.
B. He was one of the professors in Oxford University.
C. He was the author of A Treatise of Human Nature
D. His writing was considered unsuitable to read by college students.
E. His friendship made Adam Smith less appreciated by other professors in
Glasgow University.

11. In which paragraph(s) can we see that Adam Smith was not favoured by his
colleague professors?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 2 and 3
E. 1 and 3

12. As used in Paragraph 2, the word apt most nearly means....

A. attentive to details
B. calm and slow-leaming
C. extremely physically active
D. fond of abstract-painting
E. intelligent and responsive

The following text is for questions 13 to 15.

Pearls develop inside molluscs-including oysters, mussels, and clams-whenever a foreign particle
enters its shell and irritates the soft inner tissues. If the animal can't expel the irritant, it will engage a
unique defence mechanism. To protect itself from the particle, the mollusc produces a substance called
nacre, or mother-of pearl, which also lines the inner surface of the creature's shell. Layer upon layer of
the hard-crystalline nacre is then used to smother the invading object so it cannot harm or contaminate
the mollusc. A pearl's iridescent appearance is due to the many layers of nacre that consist of many
microscopic crystals. The thickness of one layer of calcium carbonate plates is similar to the
wavelength of visible light. Some of the light passing through the top layer of nacre will be reflected,
but some will continue to travel through to the bottom layer where further light is reflected. Multiple
reflections interfere with each other at different wavelengths, causing colours to be reflected and
scattered in all directions, creating an iridescent finish.
Source: 101 Amazing Facts You Need to Knout by Jon White

13. What would be the best title for the passage?

A. How Pearls Form
B. Why Pearls Seems Iridescent
C. How Mollusc Produces Pearls
D. How Oysters Help Form Pearls
E. How Molluscs Defend Itself from Pollutant

14. When a dirt infiltrates a mollusc's shell, the mollusc will ....
A. lines itself with tiny pearls
 B. defend itself with layers of nacre
C. become more shining with different colours
D. harden itself so that the dirt won't enter deeper
E. layer itself with microscopic crystals and eventually turn into a pearl

15. The way molluscs defend themselves from foreign substance entering their shell is
analogous to the way....
A. humans exercise 30 minutes a day to burn their belly-fat
B. humans wash their cuts and rub the dirt out of their wound
C. humans apply some moisturizer to their face to get rid of pimples
D. humans' body generate a type of white blood cell in response to viruses
E. humans wear a helmet to protect their head from any brain injury from a
possible accident
KUNCI JAWABAN
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. E
8. E
9. D
10. B
11. C
12. E
13. A
14. B
15. D