3 forms of verb employ:

Infinitive (employ), Past Simple - (employed), Past Participle - (employed).

The first form (V1) - employ. ( used for Present simple, Future Simple)

The second form (V2) – employed. (used for Past simple)

The third form (V3) – employed. (used for Present perfect, Past perfect)

employ in past simple is employed. and past participle is also employed.

Verb Tenses Past simple — employ in past simple employed. (V2)

Present Perfect — employ in present perfect tense employed. (have\has + V3)

Past Perfect — employ in past perfect tense employed. (had + V3)

“In the following, “employed” refers to the number of Dalit individuals who have been employed in
various categories of jobs during all the time frames. “

The word employed is used here as an action verb. As an irregular verb, both its past simple and past
participle forms also have the same form. Hence, when we use ‘employed’ in our definition, we aren’t
using past simple but the past participle verb that forms present perfect tense.

The present perfect tense has two functions.

1. when something started in the past and has continued up until now

2. to refer to a present state arising from an event in the past.

IN OTHER WORDS: The present perfect is defined as a verb form that expresses and emphasizes a
previous action or state that began in the past and continued up to the present and whose
consequences have implications for the present.

The present perfect passive is formed by a present tense form of the verb have plus the past
participle been followed by a past participle.

“Have been” has 3 meanings:

1. It’s only “have been” -> ”I have been to New York twice.” It’s present perfect
simple with the past participle of the verb “be”.
2. Or it’s used as present perfect continuous -> “I have been waiting here for 1
hour.” There is a gerund form of verb “wait”
3. And the third case. “Have been” with past participle form of a verb is used as
passive. “They have been caught by the police.” It means the same as “The
police have caught them.”
e.g. “Dalits who have been employed in various categories of jobs during all the time
frames”

The auxiliary verb have + been + past participle means the sentence is in the
Present Perfect passive tense. In that case, the verb used is the third form, the
past participle form(employed) which is the same as past simple (employed).

For Active voice: have + past participle

For Passive voice: have been + past participle

Both “Has been” AND “Have been” mean something that began in the past and has lasted
into the present time.

 This meaning is known as present perfect continuous.

(Has is used for 3rd person singular pronoun/noun)

(Have is used for 1st and 2nd person pronouns, 3rd person plural pronoun/noun)

The Dhaka City Corporation has employed Dalits. (Active form of present perfect)

The Dalits have been employed by the Dhaka City Corporation. (Passive Form of
present perfect)

We use the present perfect in the passive form for all the same reasons we use it in the active form – to
talk about recent actions, experiences, and ongoing actions/situations.

Let's first see the uses of “been” in English

1. Been is a Perfect State Form Maker.

2. Been is a Perfect Continuous Maker.
3. Been is a Perfect Passive maker.

Examples:

1. I have been busy all day with my project deadline. (State Form)
2. I have been waiting for your reply for a week now, man! (Perfect
Continuous)
 3. Yay! I have been selected for the post! (Perfect Passive)

The present perfect passive expresses and emphasizes a previous action or event that began in the past
and continued up to the present and whose consequences have implications for the present.

for present perfect passive, we use

Has/have been + past participle [ have been employed]

When we use the passive form, we focus attention on what or who receives an action (the object ie,the
Dalits).

Hence, my explanation.

a. It is present perfect but in passive form because I wanted to focus on the object (Dalits individuals
who receive an action) that’s why “been” is needed.

b.     Here “Been” does not explain “employed” as non-action verb. Instead, I am using “been” because
it’s a passive form.

c.     Employed can be used either as adjective or action verb. However, in this sentence “Employed”
itself is an action verb.