MACHINE ELEMENTS IN

MECHANICAL DESIGN

Chapter 8:
Kinematics of Gears

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 Interference

 Interference can be eliminated by using more teeth on the

pinion.
 However, if tooth size (that is diametral pitch P) is to be
maintained, then an increase in teeth means an increase in
diameter, since P = N/d.
 Interference can also be eliminated by using a larger
pressure angle. This results in a smaller base circle, so more
of the tooth profile is involute.
 This is the primary reason for larger pressure angle.
 Interference
 Contact of portions of tooth
profiles that are not
conjugate is called
interference.
 Occurs when contact occurs
below the base circle
 If teeth were produced by
generating process (rather
than stamping), then the
generating process removes
the interfering portion; known
as undercutting.
 Interference
 For 20º pressure angle, the most useful values
are calculated and shown in the table below.

Minimum NP Max NG Integer Max NG Max Gear Ratio

= NG/NP
13 16.45 16 1.23
14 26.12 26 1.86
15 45.49 45 3
16 101.07 101 6.31
17 1309.86 1309 77
 Interference
 Increasing the pressure angle to 25º allows
smaller numbers of teeth
Minimum NP Max NG Integer Max NG Max Gear Ratio
= NG/NP
9 13.33 13 1.44
10 32.39 32 3.2
11 249.23 249 22.64
 Gears used for Speed Reducer
 Recall the main purpose of mating/meshing gears is
to provide speed reduction or torque increase.

Pitch line speed  vt  R  (D / 2)

nP N G N driven
Velocity Ratio  VR   
nG N P N driver

Pinion Gear

nP NP nG NG
 Gear Trains
 One or more pairs of gears operating together to
transmit power.
 Velocity ratio:
 Defined as the ratio of the rotational speed of the input gear
to that of the output gear for a single pair of gears.
 P nP RG DG N G speed P size G
VR       
G nG RP DP N P speed G size P
where subscripts P and G represents the pinion and
the driven gear respectively.

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 Gear Trains
 Train Value = TV = Product of the values for each
gear pair in the train

nin
TV = = (VR1)(VR2). . . .
nout
Velocity ratio:  P nP RG DG N G speed P size G
VR       
G nG RP DP N P speed G size P
 Train value:
 Refers to the ratio of the input speed (for the first gear in
the train) to the output speed (for the last gear in the train).
 It is the product of the values of VR of each gear pair in the
train.

product of driven gear teeth

TV 
product of driving gear teeth

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Factoring Approach for Compound Gear Trains
Residual Ratio