CHAPTER ll

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter primarily presents the different researches and other literatures from both local and
international researchers, which have significant bearings on the variables included in the research. It
focuses on several aspects that will help in the development of this study. The study is generally
concentrating on the feasibility of creating tilapia and koi farming business. The literatures of this study
come from books, journals, articles, electronic materials such as PDF or E-book, and other existing thesis
and dissertations. Local and international that are believed to be useful in the advancement of
awareness concerning the study.

Fish as One of the Significant Resources of Water

Fish are aquatic resources. Those obtained from salt water are called marine Fish; those from lakes,
ponds, river and other inland bodies of water are called inland Fish. Most fish are caught in the open
seas and their availability is not dependent on Man’s production efforts. However, man has learned to
culture some marine fish. Live fish has the advantage of being exempted from deteriorative changes
during Handling and marketing, for there is no need of putting them in cold storage to keep Them alive
(de Leon et. Al.,2017). Marcos (2017) cited that many seafood specialty Restaurants maintain aquariums
from where consumers can choose the fish they want To cook.

In the Philippines, bangus and tilapia are the foremost example of fishes raised in Fish ponds. The
limited resources and unlimited wants are the most perennial in society Today that resulted to fish
farming of the above mentioned species. Fishes are highly efficient in converting food into animal
proteins. For every 1.5 Kilograms of food gain 1 kilogram of body weight. This equals poultry in
converting food Into body protein. Generally this conversion rate is higher than in slaughter animals. The
Labor productivity is high since a well managed catfish farm can yield about five tons Of fish per man
year of labor from one acre or earthen ponds. This compares favorably With industrial beef or pork
farming (De Guzman, et. Al., 2016).

The steely Increase of industrial fish farming shows great potentials in some Countries. Catfish, carp,
trout, tuna, and salmon are harvested in aquaculture. Fish Species with fewer bones, white meat, and a
mild flavor are attractive to the consumer (PCAARDD – DOST 2013).

Tilapia can be used as an alternative to other meat products in both quantity and Quality. Tilapia offers
important nutritional properties, as it is a source of essential fatty Acids like Omega 3, and higher quality
protein than chicken, beef or pork (Godoy, 2014).

Because of the abundance of Nile tilapia, it can be developed into various Recipes as ingredient in
selected pastries such as lumpiang tilapia, fishball tilapia, Kropek tilapia and siomai tilapia.
The Economics of Tilapia Being One of Essential Food Source

Tilapia has steadily risen to the top as a seafood staple on American dinner Tables. Based on the data
from the National Fisheries Institute, the mild fish has climbed To become the fourth most eaten
seafood in the U.S., behind only shrimp, salmon and Canned tuna. Chilton (2014) stated that tilapia can
be grilled whole as a low-fat cooking Method that adds extra flavor to the fish. It is a firm-fleshed white
fish that is most Frequently farm-raised. It can be purchased frozen or fresh, and can be cooked in a
Variety of methods. Tilapia is usually not too expensive, and it has a neutral taste, so it Can be paired
with a variety of sauces or marinades. MccCarthy(2014) of Fox News. Com also commented that tilapia
gives a lot of leeway to farm. It’s a very hearty variety that is adaptable to different types of fee and It
tastes pretty good. According to Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch, over 95 percent of tilapia
consumed in the U.S. in 2013 came from overseas, and 73 percent of those imports came from China.
One reason is that the fish thrives in a subtropical climate, making it a difficult fish to farm in most parts
of the United States.

Tilapia Cultivation and Its Beneficial Effect in the Fish Industry

The necessity to come up with alternative sources of nutrition and income exists in many progressive
and developing countries. One alternative which is not fully developed and sufficiently employed is the
inland aquaculture. In the context of the Philippines, tilapia is one of the most cultivated prominent fish.
According to Rafael D. Guerrero Ill of the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and
Development, tilapia is the second most cultured fish next to milkfish or bangus as it is called in the local
dialect. The Philippines has had gained success with different ways and means to effectively utilize
tilapia in both rural and urban communities along with large commercial producers in the field of inland
cultivation of tilapia.

In can be recalled that earlier in 1970s, the Philippine marine fisheries sector was severely damaged due
to fuel crisis. However, the Philippine government decided to develop tilapia because of its high
potential to help the poor rural people and the commercial growers. Researchers developed the
technology to increase tilapia production and rise above marketing constraints. Tilapia technology was
adapted and extended to small-scale farmers and large commercial producers. There has been steady
growth in both foreign and domestic markets then.

After carp, tilapia is said to be the second most cultivated fish in the world. Hence, it is not very
surprising to note that it is one of the most famous and patronized Farmed fish in the world as its
production continues to increase.

The data from the Philippine Fisheries Profile revealed that the total tilapia production from
aquaculture in 2002 was 122, 315 MT where 93% of it came from freshwater ponds and cages while the
remaining 7% is from brackishwater ponds. The contribution of Bicol Region were 183 MT from
freshwater fishpond and 4,366 MT from freshwater fish cages totaling to 4,5459 MT consequently 3.7%
contribution to the

Natural production. (Philippine Fisheries Profile 2002).

The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources said that the local market has already a plethora of high
quality tilapia and with an astounding great potential in foreign markets. It provides a readily available
supply of table fish for both rural and urban families. There are many methods of growing tilapia to
marketable size in our region which includes earthen pond, cage culture, fish pen, tanks, hapas and
raceways. However, the most common method used in the Philippines is earthen pond & cage Culture.

Accessibility and Utilization of Tilapia in the Fish Industry

there are experimentations that bear on the topic, utilization, and acceptability using freshwater fish,
root crops, vegetables, cereals and other indigenous fruits. These are considered nutritious fortifier that
suffice the nutritional needs of man.

Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) is the aftermath of the world’s first selective breeding
program for tropical fish. It has then become a template for genetically improving other aquaculture
species. The GIFT strain of Nile tilapia grows quickly and survives well, dramatically increasing
aquaculture yields. Reports from the bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources disclosed that between
1990 and 2007,

Tilapia production in the Philippines expanded by 186 per cent, while production costs fell by 32-35 per
cent. The Asian Development Bank found in 2003 that GIFT and GIFT derived strains accounted for 68
per cent of tilapia seed produced in the Philippines and, in the same year, President Gloria Macapagal-
Aroyo declared tilapia the up-and- coming “food of the masses”

Before 1995, dried goby locally called as pidjangang buwad, could only be seen in small quantities at
Jabonga, Agusan del Norte and Mainit, Surigao del Norte public market. This was because fish dealers
dry only unsold goby at the end of the day in their desire to recover their capital. Later, they discovered
that they could earn more selling died goby. The proce ss ing was handled mostly by the womenfolk
(http://pidjanga.blogspot.com).

Another small freshwater fish of commercially value in the country named Ayungin (Leiopotherapon
plumbeus), particularly along the shores of Laguna de Bay. It is very popular food fish in most of the
Southerm Tagalog provinces developed into dried fish and fermented Ayungin.

The Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development has reviewed the project
titled “Enhancement and Standardization of Fermentation Process of Rock Oyster ‘Sisi’ for Marginal
Fishers in Samar.” The project was undertaken by the Samar State University in Catbalogan, Samar
(PCAARRD – DOST 2012).

The said study aimed to standardize the fermentation process of rock oyster based on existing
processing technology. To develop the fermentation standards for Sisi, market samples were gathered
from various sources. These were evaluated in terms of color, taste and packaging materials taking into
consideration the processing procedures applied by processors(PCAARRD – DOST 2012).

Preparation of Lamayong Bangus, refers to a method of preparation which oriiginated in Palawan. The
fresh fish are sliced open and deboned, in some cases filleted, then rubbed with chili or plain vinegar
with crushed garlic or ground black pepper. The fish is partially dried, packed in vacuum sealed bags and
then frozen.
While bangus is used in this recipe, other fresh fish of one’s choice can be used in making lamayo. Those
who like fried daing na bangus, tinapa, tuyo, danggit, and other similar food preparation, will surely love
lamayo.

Dr. Carmencita L. Culasing in 2006 of the Cagayan State University, College of Fisheries and Marine
Sciences in Aparri, Cagayan, first initiated the creation of the delectable bagoong (fish paste) in cubes.

The technology eliminates the problem of toxin production by Clostridium Botulinum due to anaerobic
and water content of the traditional bagoong. Furthermore, The absence of anaerobic bacteria makes it
a safe food additive.

Dr. Culasing’s innovation was recognized by the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Reserch and
Development (PCAMRD) through its Aquatic Technology Competition Program (PCAMRD – DOST 2006).

‘Danggit’ is a marine fish common in Philippine coastal waters. Filipinos processed into boneless danggit
which is a high- value food product.

In General Santos City, there are 34 commercial deep sea fishing firms operating in the fishing grounds
of Sarangani Bay, Mindanao Sea, Celebes Sea, Sulu Sea and Moro Gulf. In addition, more than 5,000
motorized and non-motorized bancas engage in municipal fishing. The local fishing industry unloads an
average of 250-300 MT of fish daily. Dominant fish caught are the high valued yellow-fin tuna, marlin,
round scad, Skipjack and others. The GSC Fish Landing will soon be moved to a 12 hectare fish port

Complex designed to handle 300 MT daily with all the needed facilities as cold storage, Ice plant, brine,
blast contact freezers and fish container storage (Banao, 2004).

Five (5) fish canning/processing plants operate in the city. A recent industry is Fish fillet processing by
Yamaoka Nippon Corp., a Japanese-Filipino venture. In 2001, Combined export product totaled 15,865
MT of canned tuna. Based on the studies reviewed, indigenous materials developed and utilized in the
studies have potential in producing excellent results with high nutrient when utilized into food recipes. It
was further shown that the obvious means in combating the number one problem in health malnutrition
is through using indigenous materials readily available to improve dietary intake of Filipinos.

The above mentioned literature and studies provided the researcher with broader insights into the
topic of their study. It is believed that this study does not replicate any other study but an original idea
that served as a beginning for other studies on the development and acceptability of Tilapia as
ingredient in selected recipes.

Tilapia Are Poised to Become the World’s Fish Tilapia aquaculture is the fastest growing fishery in the
world, twice as fast as either salmon or carp. This rapid growth is partly due to high demand in the US,
and because of US support via international aid. Very little is understood, however, about the impact of
tilapia introductions on commercial and recreational fisheries. This could mean the inefficient or
ineffective use of millions in US aid monies in international development and potential losses in fishery
industries in the US.

Capture Fisheries Impoverished

The world’s fisheries have stagnated despite increasing demand to put fish on plates and in other
products. To make up the difference, tilapia have been introduced to more than 90 countries for fish
farming and direct stocking. In most, if not all, of these Countries, feral populations are common.
Assessment of the impacts of tilapia on native fish and recreational and commercial fisheries are lacking
in the US and around the world. Thus, felling the fish demand gap with tilapia on a national and global
scale may only shift losses from one ecosystem-marine fisheries to another -freshwater fisheries.

Putting the Best Fish Forward

We can maximize the value of US and global fishery investments by matching the right species to the
right location and using the right production methods. Using the best science, our understanding of the
ecosystem changes brought by tilapia can guide the policy, natural resource management and
conservation goals of US production and global food security. Legislation like the REFRESH and Global
Food Security Acts should support the ability of research to inform best practices for fish-farming.

Tilapia Controversy

There is intense controversy surrounding the extent of negative impacts on ecosystems relative to the
socio-economic benefits of tilapia aquaculture. Conflicting views exist about the ecological impact of
introduced aquaculture fish. Recently a controversial global analysis by Gozlan (2008) of the reported
ecological impacts freshwater fish introductions for aquaculture identified few negative environmental

consequences to detract from the large societal benefits. That report reflects the findings of Fernando
(1991) and De Silva and others (2009; 2006) but also received intense criticism (Gozlan, 2009; Leprieur
et al., 2009; Vitule et al., 2009), reflecting division within the scientific community on the benefits of
alien species for aquaculture. Considering tilapia in particular, Pullin (1997) used an earlier version of the
same

dataset (Fish Base) as Gozlan (2008) but derived a more cautionary outlook, while Canonico et al (2005)
presented what could be considered the worst case scenarios of tilapia introduction. Common to all of
these reviews, however, is the explicit acknowledgment that critical ecological research is greatly lacking
for all aquaculture species, and that the environmental impacts of these introductions remain virtually
uninvestigated considering the scope of introductions. This project is a comprehensive literature review
to alleviate this situation in regards to tilapia introductions.