Respiration in Plants (d) All are formed inside mitochondria

9. End products of aerobic respiration

are
1. Incomplete oxidation of glucose into
(a) sugar and oxygen
pyruvic acid with several intermediate
(b) water and energy
steps is known as
(c) carbon dioxide, water and energy
(a) TCA-pathway
(d) carbon dioxide and energy
(b) glycolysis
(c) HMS-pathway
10. At a temperature above 35ºC
(d) Krebs cycle
(a) rate of photosynthesis will decline
earlier than that of respiration
2. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH in
(b) rate of respiration will decline earlier
(a) HMP
than that of photosynthesis
(b) Calvin Cycle
(c) there is no fixed pattern
(c) glycolysis
(d) both decline simultaneously
(d) EMP
11. Oxidative phosphorylation is
3. R.Q. is
production of
(a) C/N
(a) ATP in photosynthesis
(b) N/C
(b) NADPH in photosynthesis
(c) CO2/O2
(c) ATP in respiration
(d) O2/CO2
(d) NADH in respiration
4. End product of glycolysis is
12. When one glucose molecule is completely
(a) acetyl CoA
(b) pyruvic Acid oxidised , it changes
(c) glucose 1-phosphate (a) 36 ADP molecules into 36 ATP molecules
(d) fructose 1-phosphate (b) 38 ADP molecules into 38 ATP molecules
(c) 30 ADP molecules into 30 ATP molecules
5. R.Q. is ratio of (d) 32 ADP molecules into 32 ATP molecules
(a) CO2 produced to substrate consumed
(b) CO2 produced to O2 consumed 13. Apparatus to measure rate of
(c) oxygen consumed to water produced respiration and R.Q. is
(d) oxygen consumed to CO2 produced (a) Auxanometer
(b) Potometer
6. EMP can produce a total of (c) Respirometer
(a) 6 ATP (d) Manometer
(b) 8 ATP
(c) 24 ATP 14. Terminal cytochrome of respiratory
(d) 38 ATP chain which donates electrons to oxygen
is
7. Connecting link between glycolysis (a) Cyt. b
and Krebs cycle is/before entering Krebs (b) Cyt. c
cycle pyruvate is changed to (c) Cyt. a1
(a) oxaloacetate (d) Cyt. a3
(b) PEP
(c) pyruvate 15. End product of citric acid/Krebs
(d) acetyl CoA cycle is
(a) citric acid
8. Out of 36 ATP molecules produced per (b) lactic acid
glucose molecule during respiration (c) pyruvic acid
(a) 2 are produced outside glycolysis and 34 (d) CO2 + H2O
during respiratory chain
(b) 2 are produced outside mitochondria 16. Out of 38 ATP molecules produced
and 34 inside mitochondria per glucose, 32 ATP molecules are
(c) 2 during glycolysis and 34 during Krebs formed from NADH/FADH2 in
cycle (a) respiratory chain
(b) Krebs cycle
(c) oxidative decarboxylation
(d) EMP 25. Oxidative phosphorylation involves
simultaneous oxidation and
17. Life without air would be phosphorylation to finally form
(a) reductional (a) pyruvate
(b) free from oxidative damage (b) NADP
(c) impossible (c) DPN
(d) anaerobic (d) ATP

18. Maximum amount of energy/ATP is 26. The enzymes hexokinase which

liberated on oxidation of catalyses glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
(a) fats in glycolysis is inhibited by glucose-6-
(b) proteins phosphate. This is an example of
(c) starch (a) competitive inhibition
(d) vitamins (b) non-competitive inhibition
(c) feedback allosteric inhibition
19. ATP is injected in cyanide poisoning (d) positive feedback.
because it is
(a) necessary for cellular functions 27. Krebs cycle occurs in
(b) necessary for Na+ – K+ pump (a) mitochondria
(c) Na+ – K+ pump operates at the cell (b) cytoplasm
membranes (c) chloroplasts
(d) ATP breaks down cyanide (d) ribosomes

20. Fermentation products of Yeast are 28.Fermentation is anerobic production of

(a) H2O + CO2
(b) methyl alcohol + CO2 (a) protein and acetic acid
(c) methyl alcohol + Water (b) alcohol, lactic acid or similar compounds
(d) ethyl alcohol + CO2 (c) ethers and acetones
(d) alcohol and lipoproteins
21. Respiratory substrate yielding
maximum number of ATP molecule is 29. The mechanism of ATP formation
(a) ketogenic amino acids both in chloroplast and mitochondria is
(b) glucose explained by
(c) amylose (a) relay pump theory of Godlewski
(d) glycogen (b) Munch‘s pressure/ mass flow model
(c) chemiosmotic theory of Mitchell
22. In animal cells, the first stage of (d) Cholondy-Went‘s Model
glucose breakdown is
(a) Krebs cycle 30. In Krebs cycle FAD participates as
(b) glycolysis electron acceptor during the conversion
(c) oxidative phosphorylation of
(d) E.T.C. (a) succinyl CoA to Succinic acid
(b) alfa keto glutarate to Succinyl CoA
23. Which of the following is essential (c) succinic acid to Fumaric acid
for conversion of pyruvic acid into (d) fumaric acid to Malic acid
acetyl Co-A?
(a) LAA 31. Site of respiration in bacteria is
(b) NAD (a) episome
(c) TPP (b) ribosome
(d) All of these (c) mesosome
(d) microsome
24. Respiratory quotient (R.Q.) for fatty
acid is 32. Maximum usable energy per mol of
(a) > 1 glucose metabolised will be generated
(b) < 1 during
(c) 1 (a) aerobic respiration by germinating seeds
(d) 0 (b) production of methanol by enteric
bacteria
(c) fermentation into ethanol by yeast
(d) glycolysis in the skeletal muscle of a
sprinter performing a hundred metre dash
33. Net gain of ATP molecules during
aerobic respiration is
(a) 36 molecules
(b) 38 molecules
(c) 40 molecules
(d) 48 molecules
34. How many ATP molecules are
produced by aerobic oxidation of one
molecule of glucose?
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 38
(d) 34
35. In alcoholic fermentation
(a) oxygen is the electron acceptor
(b) triose phosphate is the electron donor
while acetaldehyde is the electron acceptor
(c) triose phosphate is the electron donor
while pyruvic acid is the electron acceptor
(d) there is no electron donor
36. During anaerobic digestion of
organic waste, such as in producing
biogas, which one of the following is left
undegraded?
(a) Cellulose
(b) Lipids
(c) Lignin
(d) Hemi-cellulose
37. During the stage in the complete
oxidation of glucose are the greatest
number of ATP molecules formed from
ADP
(a) glycolysis
(b) krebs cycle
(c) conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A
(d) electron transport chain
38. In which one of the following do the
two names refer to one and the same
thing?
(a) Tricarboxylic acid cycle and urea cycle
(b) Krebs cycle and Calvin cycle
(c) Tricarboxylic acid cycle and citric acid
cycle
(d) Citric acid cycle and Calvin cycle
39. In glycolysis, during oxidation
electrons are removed by
(a) ATP
(b) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(c) NAD+
(d) molecular oxygen
40. Chemiosmotic theory of ATP
synthesis in the chloroplasts and
mitochondria is based on:
(a) membrane potential
(b) accumulation of Na ions
(c) accumulation of K ions
(d) proton gradient
41. During the stage in the complete
oxidation of glucose are the greatest
number of ATP molecules formed from
ADP
(a) glycolysis
(b) krebs cycle
(c) conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A
(d) electron transport chain
42. How many ATP molecules could
maximally be generated from one
molecule of glucose, if the complete
oxidation of one mole of glucose to CO2
and H2O yields 686 kcal and the useful
chemical energy available in the high
energy phosphate bond of one mole of
ATP is 12 kcal?
(a) Thirty
(b) Fifty -seven
(c) One
(d) Two
43. The bacterium (Clostridium
botulinum) that causes botulism is
(a) an obligate anaerobe
(b) an facultative aerobe
(c) an obligate aerobe
(d) a facultative anaerobe
44. All enzymes of TCA cycle are located
in the mitochondrial matrix except one
which is located in inner mitochondrial
membranes in eukaryotes and in cytosol
in prokaryotes. This enzyme is
(a) isocitratedehydrogenase
(b) malate dehydrogenase
(c) succinate dehydrogenase
(d) lactate dehydrogenase.
45. The overall goal of glycolysis, krebs
cycle and the electron transport system
is the formation of
(a) ATP in one large oxidation reaction
(b) sugars
(c) nucleic acids
(d) ATP in small stepwise units.
46. The energy-releasing process in (c) The cycle starts with condensation of
which the substrate is oxidised without acetyl group (acetyl CoA) with pyruvic acid to
an external electron acceptor is called yield citric acid
(a) fermentation (d) There are three points in the cycle where
(b) photorespiration NAD+ is reduced to NADH+ H+.
(c) aerobic respiration
52. By which of the following complex,
(d) glycolysis
proton is pumped to reach ATP synthase to
participate in ATP synthesis?
47. In germinating seeds fatty acids are (a) Cytochrome b6f
degraded exclusively in the (b) Cytochrome a - a3
(c) Cytochrome c oxidase
(a) proplastids
(d) Cytochrome bc
(b) glyoxysomes
(c) peroxisomes 54. Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid results
(d) mitochondria in the formation of 
(a) Water 
(b) Acetyl CoA 
48. The chemiosmotic coupling
(c) Glucose 
hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation (d) PGA
proposes that adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) is formed because: 55. In which one of the following processes
(a) high energy bonds are formed in CO2 is not released?
mitochondrial proteins (a) Aerobic respiration in plants
(b) ADP is pumped out of the matrix into (b) Aerobic respiration in animals
the intermembrane space (c) Lactate fermentation
(c) a proton gradient forms across the inner (d) Alcoholic fermentation
membrane
(d) there is a change in the permeability of 56. Terminal cytochrome of respiratory chain
the inner mitochondrial membrane toward which donates electrons to oxygen is
(a) Cyt b
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
(b) Cyt a 1
(c) Cyt c
49. Aerobic respiratory pathway is (d) Cyt a 3
appropriately termed:
(a) parabolic 57.Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in
(a) Mitochondria
(b) amphibolic
(b) Chloroplast
(c) anabolic
(c) Cytoplasm
(d) catabolic (d) Golgi bodies

58. Which of the metabolites is common to

50. In which of the following types of
respiration mediated breakdown of fats,
respiration, the amount of energy released is
carbohydrates and proteins?
comparatively more  (a) Acetyl CoA
(a) Aerobic respiration  (b) Pyruvic acid
(b) Anaerobic respiration  (c) Glucose 6 phosphate
(c) Equal energy is released in both A and B  (d) Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate
(d) None of these in correct
59. At a temperature above 35ºC
51. Which statement is wrong for Krebs’ (a) rate of photosynthesis will decline earlier
cycle? than that of respiration
(a) There is one point in the cycle where (b) rate of respiration will decline earlier than
FAD+ is reduced to FADH2 . that of photosynthesis
(b) During conversion of succinyl CoA to (c) there is no fixed pattern
succinic acid, a molecule of GTP is (d) both decline simultaneously.
synthesised.
60. The energy releasing metabolic process 67. The correct sequence of electron acceptor
in which substrate is oxidised without an in ATP synthesis is
external electron acceptor is called (a) Cyt. c, b, a, a 3
(a) glycolysis (b) Cyt. b, c, a 3 , a
(b) aerobic respiration (c) Cyt. a, a, b, c
(c) fermentation (d) Cyt. b, c, a, a 3
(d) photorespiration
68. The 1992 Nobel Prize for medicine was
61. When amount of CO2 taken from awarded to Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin J.
atmosphere (in photosynthesis) becomes Krebs for their work concerning
equal to the amount of CO2 released in (a) isolation of the gene for a human disease
atmosphere (in respiration), this is called  (b) reversible protein phosphorylation as a
(a) Final point  biological regulation mechanism
(b) Compensation point  (c) human genome project
(c) Balance point  (d) drug designing involving inhibition of
(d) Equal distribution DNA synthesis of the pathogen.

62. The overall goal of glycolysis, Krebs’ cycle
and the electron transport system is the
formation of
(a) ATP in one large oxidation reaction
(b) nucleic acids
(c) sugars
(d) ATP in small stepwise units
63. In an organism utilising carbohydrates
as its source of energy anaerobically, the
R.Q. is likely.
(a) 0.7  (d) CO2 and C2H5OH
(b) 0.9 
(c) 1.0 
(d) Infinity
64.Pyruvate kinase enzyme catalyses
(a) second irreversible step of glycolysis
(b) first irreversible step of glycolysis
(c) fourth irreversible step of glycolysis
(d) third irreversible step of glycolysis
65. The correct sequence of the three
processes of aerobic respiration is  (4) There are three points in the cycle where
(a) Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, oxidative
phosphorylation. 
(b) Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and
Kreb’s cycle  (1) Enzymes of TCA cycle are present in
(c) Kreb’s cycle, glycolysis and oxidative
phosphorylation  (2) Glycolysis occurs in cytosol
(d) oxidative phosphorylation, Kreb’s cycle,
glycolysis
66. Net gain of ATP molecules, during
aerobic respiration, is
(a) 36 molecules
(b) 38 molecules
(c) 40 molecules
(d) 48 molecules
69. Apparatus to measure rate of respiration
and R.Q. is
(a) auxanometer
(b) respirometer
(c) manometer
(d) photometer
70. The end product of fermentation are
(a) O2 and C2H5OH
(b) CO2 and acetaldehyde
(c) CO2 and O2
71. Which statement is wrong for Krebs'
cycle ?
(1) There is one point in the cycle where
FAD+ is reduced to FADH2
(2) During conversion of succinyl CoA to
succinic acid, a molecule of GTP is
synthesised
(3) The cycle starts with condensation of
acetyl group (acetyl CoA) with pyruvic acid to
yield citric acid
NAD+ is reduced to NADH+ H+
72. Which of these statements is incorrect?
mitochondrial matrix
(3) Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in
outer mitochondrial membrane
(4) Glycolysis operates as long as it is
supplied with NAD that can pick up
hydrogen atoms
73. What is the role of NAD+ in cellular
respiration?
(1) It functions as an enzyme.
(2) It functions as an electron carrier.
(3) It is the final electron acceptor for
anaerobic respiration.
(4) It is a nucleotide source for ATP synthesis

74. Respiratory Quotient (RQ) value of

tripalmitin is
(1) 0.9
(2) 0.7
(3) 0.07
(4) 0.09

75. Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-

phosphate, the first irreversible reaction of
glycolysis, is catalyzed by
(1) Aldolase
(2) Hexokinase
(3) Enolase
(4) Phosphofructokinase

76. The number of substrate level

phosphorylations in one turn of citric acid
cycle is
(1) Two
(2) Three
(3) Zero
(4) One

77. Which of the following statements of

incorrect?
(1) Oxidation-reducation reactions produce
proton gradient in respiration
(2) During aerobic respiration, role of oxygen
is limited to the terminal stage
(3) In ETC (Electron Transport Chain), one
molecule of NADH + H+ gives rise to 2 ATP
molecules, and one FADH2 gives rise to 3
ATP molecules
(4) ATP is synthesized through complex V

Solutions
1.
Solution: (b)
Glycolysis involves the process of partial
oxidation of glucose or similar hexose sugar
into two molecules of pyruvic acid through
a series of ten enzyme mediated reactions.
It occurs in cytoplasm.
2.
Solution: (a)
Complete degradation of a molecule of
glucose produces 12 molecules of NADPH2
by HMP.
3. Solution: (c)
Respiratory Quotient
4. Solution: (b)
The end product of glycolysis is pyruvic
acid which is a three carbon compound.
5. Solution: (b)
Ratio of the volume of CO2 produced to the
volume of O2 consumed in respiration over
a period of time is known as respiratory
quotient.
6. Solution: (b)
The net gain of energy is equal to 8 ATP in
EMP pathway.
7. Solution: (d)
The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate.
It enters mitochondria and is oxidatively
decarboxylated to acetyl CoA before
entering into Krebs cycle.
8.
Solution: (b)
2 ATP are produced during glycolysis in
cytoplasm. 34 ATP are produced by Krebs
cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, ETC.
9. Solution: (c)
Aerobic respiration is an enzymatically
controlled release of energy in a stepwise
catabolic process of complete oxidation of
organic substrate into CO2 and H2O with O2
acting as terminal oxidant.
10.
Solution: (a)
The optimum temperature of
photosynthesis is 10º–25ºC for C3 plants
and 30º–45ºC for C4 plants.
11. Solution: (b)
Oxidative phosphorylation is the synthesis
of energy rich ATP molecules with the help
of energy liberated during oxidation of
reduced co-enzymes produced in
respiration.
molecules
12.
Solution: (c)
Historically it was believed that 38 ATP is
produced from 38 ADP. But the current
estimate is that about 30 molecules of ATP
are formed when glucose is completely
oxidised to CO2.
13.
Solution: (c)
Respirometer is an instrument for
measuring respiratory quotient as well as
rate of respiration.
14. Solution: (d)
Terminal cytochorome is cyt a3. cyt a3
posseses two copper centers. It helps in
transfer of electrons to oxygen.
15.
Solution: (d)
The two molecules of pyruvate are
completely degraded in Krebs cycle to form
two molecules of ATP, 8 NADH2, 2 FADH2,
CO2 and water.
16. Solution: (a)
Complete degradation of a molecule of
glucose yields 38 ATP molecules.
17. Solution: (d)
In Anaerobic respiration, oxygen is not
used in the breakdown of respiratory
substrate.
18. Solution: (a)
Fats are used as respiratory substrates by
a number of organisms because they
contain more energy as compared to
carbohydrates.
19.
Solution: (a)
ATP is injected in cyanide poisoning
because it is necessary for cellular
functions. ATP makes energy available at a
spot away from the area of release of energy
so it helps in maintaining cellular
functions.
20. Solution: (d)
End products of fermentation are ethyl
alcohol, lactic acid and CO2.
21. Solution: (b)
Firstly, amylose and glycogen are
converted to glucose. Deamination of
ketogenic amino acids occur and these
enter respiratory catabolism as
intermediates.
22. Solution: (b)
Glycolysis is the first step of respiration
which occurs without requirement of O2
and is common to both aerobic and
anaerobic modes of respiration.
23.
Solution: (d)
During aerobic oxidation of pyruvic acid,
first of all there is activation of pyruvic acid
in which NAD and coenzyme react with
pyruvic acid and oxidative decarboxylation
takes place leading to the formation of
acetyl Co-A. In this process, Lipoic acid
amide (LAA), thyamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
and NAD are essential to perform this
reaction.
24.
Solution (d)
Respiratory quotient (R.Q.) is defined as
the ratio of the molecules of carbon dioxide
given out to the number of oxygen
molecules taken in during respiration. Its
value for fatty acids is always less than
unity.
25. Solution: (d)
Oxidative phosphorylation is the synthesis
of energy rich ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate, that is connected to oxidation of
reduced coenzymes produced in cellular
respiration.
26. Solution: (c)
Competitive inhibition is the reversible
inhibition of enzyme activity due to
presence of substrate analogues. Non
competitive inhibition is the reduction of
enzyme activity by a factor that has no real
structural similarity with the substrate.
Allosteric inhibition is reversible
noncompetitive inhibition occurring in case
of allosteric enzymes. Herein the inhibitors
are the products or intermediates of
reactions catalyzed by the enzymes. Hence
it is also called end product inhibition or
feedback inhibition.
27.
Solution: (a)
The enzyme involved in Krebs cycle are
localized in the mitochondrial matrix.
28.
Solution: (b)
Fermentation is referred to as the
decomposition of organic compounds,
anaerobically by enzymes yielding alcohol,
organic acids; gases etc.
29. Solution: (c)
According to the chemiosmotic theory the
energy liberated during electron transport
performs the osmotic work of accumulating
H+ ions, conserving energy in building a
proton gradient, which is used to build ATP
from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
30.
Solution: (c)
In the conversion of succinyl Co A to
succinic acid, energy liberated during
hydrolysis of succinyl CoA is used in
synthesis of GTP. For the conversion of
alfa-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, NAD+
and CoA are required. Conversion of
fumaric acid to malic acid involves simple
hydration. FAD participates in conversion
of succinic acid to fumaric acid.
31.
Solution: (c)
Mesosome. Mesosomes are the
invaginations of the plasma membrane that
can form into vesicles. They are found to be
present in both gram-positive and
gramnegative bacteria. Mesosomes may play
arole in cell wall formation during cell
division and/or chromosome replication
and distribution and/or electron transfer
systems of respiration.
32.
Solution: (a)
The energy yield during aerobic respiration
(36 ATP) is 18 times of that during
anaerobic respiration (2 ATP).
33.
Solution: (a)
38 molecules of ATP produced during
aerobic respiration. Of these 2 ATP are
used in link reaction. Hence net gain is of
36 ATP.
34. Solution: (c)
38 ATP molecules are produced by aerobic
oxidation of glucose.
35. Solution: (b)
In alcohol fermentation triose phosphate is
the electron donor while acetaldehyde is
the electron acceptor.
36.
Solution: (c)
Lignin is a complex polymer of
phenylpropane units, which are crosslinked
to each other with a variety of different
chemical bonds.
37. Solution: (d)
ATP molecules from ADP are generated
maximum in electron transport chain.
38. Solution: (c)
TCA cycle is so called because the first
stable product formed is a tricarboxylic
acid molecule that is citric acid. Hence the
name citric acid cycle. It is also called the
Krebs cycle.
39.
Solution: (c)
ATP is the energy currency in all cells.
Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate is reduced
during glycolysis. Molecular oxygen is the
terminal electron acceptor in ETS.
40. Chemiosmotic theory of ATP
synthesis in the chloroplasts and
mitochondria is based on: [2005]
Solution: (d)
The enzyme responsible for oxidative
phosphorylation is ATP synthase. ATP
synthase is located in the F1 component of
F0 – F1 or elementary particles. ATP
synthase becomes active in ATP formation
only where there is a proton gradient
having higher concentration of H+ or
protons on the F0 side as compared to F1
side. Increased proton concentration is
produced in the outer chamber of outer
surface of inner mitochondrial memberane
by the pushing of protons with the help of
energy liberated by passage of electrons
from one carrier to another.
41. Solution: (d)
ATP molecules from ADP are generated
maximum in electron transport chain.
42.
Solution: (b)
12 kcal of energy present in one molecule
of ATP & on oxidation of one mole of
glucose into CO2 and H2O energy released
in 686 kcal. So no. of ATP which can store
this energy would be = 57.1 = 57 ATPs.
43.
Solution: (a)
Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe i.e.
it normally lives in the absence of oxygen.
Facultative anaerobes are those who
generally live in oxygen but may live without
oxygen in suitable medium. Obligate aerobes
can only live in the presence of oxygen while
facultative aerobes generally live in oxygen
but can also live without oxygen.
44.
Solution: (c)
Succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, also
known in mitochondria as Complex II,
provides a link between the citric acid cycle
and the membrane-bound
electrontransport system. The membrane
extrinsic, water-soluble domain, known as
succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), contains
the fumarate/succinate active site with a
covalently bound FAD group and three
iron-sulfur clusters: [2Fe-2S]2 +/1+, [4Fe-
4S]2+/1+ and [3Fe-4S]1 +/0. The enzyme
catalyzes the interconversion of fumarate
and succinate, and is closely related to
fumarate reductase
45. Solution: (d)
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron
transport system, they all give ATP which is
the main energy currency of our body.
Glycosis takes place in cytoplasm, Krebs
cycle also in cytoplasm and ETS takes
place in the mitochondria.
46.
Solution: (d)
15Glycolysis takes place in all body cells and
is of two types- (a) Anaerobic
glycolysisFromglycogen or glucose to lactic
acid in
muscles. (b) Aerobic glycolysis- From
glycogen or glucose to pyruvic acid (all cells
of body)
47.
Solution: (b)
In germinating seeds, fatty acids are
degraded exclusively in the glyoxysomes.
Glyoxylate cycle occurs in tissues rich in
fats, such as those of germinating seeds;
the enzymes involved in the cycle, which
have not been found in mammals, are
contained in organelles called glyoxysomes.
48.
Solution: (c)
Chemiosmotic theory postulated by the
British biochemist Peter Mitchell (1920- 22)
to explain the formation of ATP in the
mitochondrial electron transport chain. As
electrons are transferred along the electron
carrier system in the inner mitochondrial
membrane, hydrogen ions (protons) are
actively transported into the space between
the inner and outer mitochondrial
membranes, which thus contains a higher
concentration of protons than the matrix.
This creates an electrochemical gradient
across the inner membrane, through which
protons move back into the matrix.
49. Solution: (b)
All energy-releasing pathways whether
aerobic (requiring oxygen) or anaerobic (not
requiring oxygen) begin with a pathway
called glycolysis, which occurs in the
cytoplasm (cytosol). Aerobic respiratory
pathway is appropriately termed
amphibolic. Aerobic respiration is the main
energy-releasing pathway leading to ATP
formation. It occurs in the mitochondria.
Aerobic respiration yields thirty-six ATP.
50.
(a) Aerobic respiration is a chemical reaction
that transfers energy to cells. The waste
products of aerobic respiration are carbon
dioxide and water. A major advantage of
aerobic respiration is the amount of energy it
releases. Without oxygen, organisms can
split glucose into just two molecules of
pyruvate. This releases only enough energy
to make two ATP molecules. With oxygen,
organisms can break down glucose all the
way to carbon dioxide. This releases enough
energy to produce up to 38 ATP molecules.
Thus, aerobic respiration releases much
more energy than anaerobic respiration.
51.
(c) The cycle starts with condensation of
acetyl group (acetyl CoA) with pyruvic acid to
yield citric acid
52.
(a) Cytchrome b6f , proton is pumped to
reach ATPs.
54.
(b) Pyruvate decarboxylation is an
oxidative decarboxylation reaction, or an
oxidation reaction where a carboxylate group
is removed. This reaction converts  pyruvate
which was produced through glycolysis to
acetyl CoA to be used in the Citric Acid
Cycle.
55.
(c) Anaerobic respiration or fermentation can
be of two types, i.e., lactate fermentation and
ethanol fermentation. Lactate fermentation
produces lactic acid only as pyruvic acid
produced in glycolysis is directly reduced by
NADH to form lactic acid and no CO2, is
produced. Alcoholic (ethanol) fermentation
involves conversion of pyruvate to
acetaldehyde, hence, CO2, is released.
56.
(d) The EST system contains various electron
carries such as cytochromes. The correct
sequence of electron carrier/acceptor in ATP
synthesis is cyt-b, cyt-c1, cyt-c(a and cyt-
a3). Cyt-a3 is the terminal cytochrome, it
posses two copper centers, which help in
transfer of electron to oxygen.
57.
(a) In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation
occurs in mitochondria, while
photophosphorylation occurs in chloroplasts
to produce ATP. Oxidative
phosphorylation involves the reduction of
O2 to H2O with electrons donated by NADH
and FADH2 in all aerobic organisms
58.
(a) Carbohydrates are usually first converted
into glucose before they are used for
respiration. Fats are broken down into
glycerol and fatty acids first. If fatty acids
were to be respired they would first be
degraded to acetyl CoA and enter the
pathway. Glycerol would enter the pathway
after being converted to 3-
phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL). The proteins
are degraded by proteases to individual
amino acids (after deamination) and
depending on their structure enter the
pathway within the Krebs’ cycle or as
pyruvate or acetyl CoA. Thus, acetyl CoA is
the common metabolite of all the three
(carbohydrates, proteins and fats).
59.
(b) The plants can perform photosynthesis
on a range of temperature, while some
cryophytes can do photosynthesis at 35°C.
Usually the plants can perform
photosynthesis between 10°C 40° C. The
optimum temperature ranges between 25°C
30° C. At high temperature the enzymes are
denatured and hence the photosynthetic rate
declines
60.
(c) Fermentation is a metabolic process that
produces chemical changes in organic
substrates through the action of enzymes. In
biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the
extraction of energy from carbohydrates in
the absence of oxygen.
61.
(b) The compensation point is where light
intensity is at the point where the rate of
photosynthesis is equal to the rate of
respiration. At light intensities below
this point, more respiration occurs. At
higher light intensities, more photosynthesis
occurs.
62.
(d) Respiration is an energy liberating
enzymatically controlled multistep catabolic
process of step wise breakdown of organic
substances (hexose sugar) inside the living
cells. Aerobic respiration includes the 3
major process, glycolysis, Krebs' cycle and
electrons transport chain. The substrate is
completely broken down to form CO2 and
water. A large amount of energy is released
stepwise in the form of ATP.
63.
 (d) Infinity
64.
(d) Pyruvate kinase is the enzyme involved in
the last step of glycolysis. It catalyzes the
transfer of a phosphate group from
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to adenosine
diphosphate (ADP), yielding one molecule
of pyruvate and one molecule of ATP.
65.
(a) Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, oxidative
phosphorylation.
66.
(a) There is net gain of 38 ATP molecules
during aerobic respiration of one molecule of
glucose. But in most eukaryotic cells, 2
molecules of ATP are required for
transporting the NADH produced in
glycolysis into the mitochondrion for further
oxidation. Hence, net gain of ATP here is 36
molecules.
67.
(d) Last step of aerobic respiration is
oxidation of reduced co-enzymes, i.e.,
NADH2, and FADH2, by molecular oxygen
through FAD, CoQ (ubiquinone), Cyt. b, Cyt.
c,, Cyt. c, Cyt. a and Cyt a. Two hydrogen
atoms or electrons move from NADH2, and
travel through this ETS chain and finally
combine with half molecule of O2, to form
water. During this electron transport FAD
and Fe of different cytochromes are
successively reduced and oxidised and at
certain points, enough energy is released
which is used to bind ADP with Pi to form
ATP.
68.
(b) The 1992 Nobel prize for medicine was
awarded to edmond H. fischer and Edwin J.
Krebs for their work concerning reversible
protein phosphorylation as biological
regulation mechanism. The winners of 1992
Noble prize in Physiology and Medicine
discovered a 'life switch' that turns on and
off a variety of biological functions of the cell,
including the breakdown of fats and the
generation of chemical energy. The prize -
winning discovery is known as 'reversible
protein phosphorylation'.
69.
(b) Respirometer is an  instrument  used
for measuring R.Q and rate of respiration.
The most common respirometer is Ganong's
respirometer.
70.
(d) When oxygen is not available (anaerobic
condition) yeast and some other microbes
convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol. It is a
two step process. In the first step pyruvic
acid is decarboxylated to yield acetaldehyde
and CO2.
71.
(3)
The TCA cycle is a central pathway that
provides a unifying point for many
metabolites, which feed in at various points.
It takes place over eight different steps:
Step 1:  Acetyl CoA (two carbon molecule)
joins with oxaloacetate (4 carbon molecule)
to form citrate (6 carbon molecule).
Step 2: Citrate is converted to isocitrate (an
isomer of citrate)
Step 3: Isocitrate is oxidised to alpha-
ketoglutarate (a five carbon molecule) which
results in the release of carbon dioxide. One
NADH molecule is formed.
The enzyme responsible for catalysing this
step is isocitrate dehydrogenase. This is a
rate limiting step as isocitrate dehydrogenase
is an allosterically controlled enzyme.
Step 4: Alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidised to
form a 4 carbon molecule. This binds to
coenzyme A forming succinyl CoA. A second
molecule of NADH is produced, alongside a
second molecule of carbon dioxide.
Step 5: Succinyl CoA is then converted
to succinate (4 carbon molecule) and
one GTP molecule is produced.
Step 6: Succinate is converted
into fumarate (4 carbon molecule) and a
molecule of FADH₂ is produced.
Step 7: Fumarate is converted
to malate (another 4 carbon molecule).
Step 8: Malate is then converted into
oxaloacetate. The third molecule of NADH is
produced.
72
(3)
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the
inner mitochondrial membrane, in contrast
with most of the reactions of the citric acid
cycle and fatty acid oxidation, which take
place in the matrix.
73
(2)
NAD+ is an electron carrier which will pick
up electrons during the course of cellular
respiration. When NAD+ picks up an
electron, it becomes reduced, and becomes
NADH. NADH carries electrons all the way to
the Electron Transport Chain, where it will
then drop off the electrons.

74
(2)
Amount of released
Respiratory Quotient =
Amount of consumned

2(C15H98O6)+145O2→102CO2+98H2O+
Energy
102CO 2
RQ =
145CO 2
= 0.7

Respiratory quotient, also known as

the respiratory ratio (RQ), is defined as the
volume of carbon dioxide released over the
volume of oxygen absorbed
during respiration. It is a dimensionless
number used in a calculation for basal
metabolic rate when estimated from carbon
dioxide production to oxygen absorption.

75
(2)
Hexokinase catalyse the conversion of
Glucose to Glucose-6 phosphate. It is the
first step of activation phase of glycolysis.
76
(4) One
77 (3) In ETC (Electron Transport Chain),
one molecule of NADH + H+ gives rise to 2
ATP molecules, and one FADH2 gives rise to
3 ATP molecules