Quantum Computing

ITFM Project report

Submitted by – Group 2, Section B Submitted to;

22622 – Aparna R Warrier Prof. Mohamed Minhaj

22623- Arghya Bose

22624- Arjun D

22625- Avanish S Purohit

22626- B Griheeta

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the members of Group 2, 1st year PGDM “B” section of SDMIMD have worked
diligently to finish our Information Technology for Management project report on the topic
of "QUANTUM COMPUTING". We are grateful for the chance to study this subject, and we
have undoubtedly learned a lot from it. However, without the assistance, backing, direction,
and encouragement of a few people, to whom we would like to express our profound
gratitude, this would not have been possible.
We owe Prof. Mohamed Minhaj, a member of our ITFM faculty, a debt of gratitude for his
generosity, cooperation, and inspiration. His valuable advice and assistance were quite
helpful in finishing this project report.
Second, we want to acknowledge and thank our parents and friends for being our pillars of
support and for being there for us in every way.

Thanking you,
Group 2 (Section B).

Submitted to – prof. Mohamed Minhaj

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 ABSTRACT

We have made an effort to understand the meaning of quantum computing, its business
applications, implementations, potential management obstacles, current developments in
quantum computing, and what the future may hold in this paper. The methodology of the
investigation involved an examination of secondary quantum computing data and academic
articles. We are confident that the readers will be able to comprehend this growing
technology and its significance in the commercial world. In the project, we attempted to
demonstrate how the U.K.-based security firm Kets is applying this new technology to their
operational environment. The study reveals how quantum computing is changing and will
continue to change corporate environments in the future.

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 Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION:..............................................................................................................................1
History of Quantum Computing:...................................................................................................1
Difference between classic and quantum computing:...................................................................2
QUANTUM COMPUTING – TRENDS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS.........................................3
Trends in the industry.....................................................................................................................3
Future Prospects of Quantum Computing.....................................................................................3
Advantages of Quantum Computing..................................................................................................4
Managerial issues with quantum computing.....................................................................................4
Applications Of Quantum Computing...............................................................................................5
COMPANY SPECIFIC IMPLICATION:.........................................................................................7
KETS QUANTUM SECURITY (UK)............................................................................................7
Applications:....................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES:.................................................................................................................................10

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INTRODUCTION:

Quantum Computing in simple term can be defined as calculating an amount without

physical interaction The goal of quantum computing research is to develop computer-based
technologies based on quantum theory. Quantum theory covers the nature and behaviour of
energy and matter at the quantum (atomic and subatomic) level. With the help of a
combination of bits, it performs certain computational processes. They are all far more
effective than their historical counterparts. The creation of quantum computers is a significant
milestone in computing power since they offer considerable performance gains for specific
use cases. For instance, certain simulations are particularly well suited to quantum
computing.
Because bits may exist in numerous states simultaneously, the quantum computer is able to
process data at a high rate. They are able to carry out tasks by combining 1s, 0s, and both 1s.
 MIT, IBM, Oxford University, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory are some of the
current quantum computing research institutions. Additionally, cloud services are also being
used by developers to obtain access to quantum computers.

History of Quantum Computing:

Richard Feynman was the one who lit the fuse for quantum computing. He presented the
conundrum that effective simulation of the development of quantum systems is impossible
with conventional computers in 1981 at MIT. In order to create a quantum computer that

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could do these simulations, he put out a fundamental concept. He thereby shown the potential
to exponentially outperform traditional computers. The Shor algorithm, a unique technique
that changed the way people thought about quantum computing, wasn't developed until after
more than ten years.

Large number factorization on quantum computers has advanced dramatically since the
creation of Peter Shor's algorithm in 1994, outpacing the best classical method on
conventional machines. Calculating 300-digit figures for the latter would need millions of
years. Several of the current cryptosystems might possibly be broken using the Shor
algorithm. The potential to break cryptosystems with quantum computers in a matter of hours
rather than millions of years has sparked interest in quantum computing and its applications.

A quantum database search technique was created in 1996 by Lov Grover and gave some
issues a quadratic speedup. Any issue that required a random search or brute-force technique
in the past may now be solved four times faster.

The first quantum algorithms, including Grover's algorithm, were solved in 1998 using a
working 2-qubit quantum computer. As the race for increased processing power intensified,
more and more applications were created.

The first practical quantum computer was made available by IBM in 2017, raising the bar for
rivalry.
Difference between classic and quantum computing:

Source:
https://research-assets.cbinsights.com/2021/01/25190817/Quantum_computing_classical_computing_
comparison_feature_image.png

Data is stored as binary (i.e., 0, 1) values in traditional computers. While in conventional

computing, only one bit can be input at a time, quantum computing allows for several bits to
be entered simultaneously, it is known as qubits. Due to the utilization of photons and
electrons, quantum computers will operate at a pace that is far faster than a standard computer
and with more precision. For daily operations, classical systems are employed. Because these
systems are complicated, they can only be utilised by scientists or engineers and cannot be
used for everyday tasks.It provides certain degree of data security. Data encryption and
extremely secure data are provided.

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QUANTUM COMPUTING – TRENDS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Trends in the industry

1. Competition:
Through many recent articles it had been conveyed that the race to develop quantum
computers is between China and Unites States of America. But the real story is that
there are many other countries like United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Canada and
many more who are thriving towards the development of the same. The Governments
put together have set aside US$25 Billion to quantum research and development. The
companies like Amazon, Google, IBM, Microsoft etc are trying to make quantum
computing as one of the ordinary tools for business.

2. Quantum Computing as a service (QCaaS)

One drawback of quantum computing right now is its cost. As the company grows,
equipment prices will drop. But there will be a maintenance issue with the apparatus.
To overcome such difficulty, quantum computing as a service can be used. Quantum
speed and security will be within the realm of already available technology once they
are made available through cloud service providers like Amazon Web Service and
Microsoft Azure.

3. Technology catching up the vision of quantum internet

While the small-scale quantum networks are being created, the ideas are growing
greatly due to efforts to create a quantum internet. Research on essential components
for a quantum internet, such as quantum repeaters and memory, has increased. In
quantum computing, where the memory will first be stored in the quantum state of a
qubit and then exchanged for another photon, teleportation will be employed.

4. Limited but important business applications

From the reports it is understood that most of the companies will be taking up
quantum computing by 2030. They will not be a like a regular machine. It will be
having the intelligence to solve some calculations that are not possible by the present
computers and in much faster way, which will speed up the processing for others.
Since most of the things focused by quantum computing is niche problems, they can’t
completely replace the conventional system for the majority of the tasks.

Future Prospects of Quantum Computing

Utilizing data collected from an article written by Forbes, it has been claimed that quantum
computing would play a significant role in the near future. According to five quantum system
developers interviewed by Forbes, fault-tolerant quantum systems will be available by 2030.
Applications in the discovery of new drugs have a certain benefit.

From their interviews to several researches the data collected are as follows:
 According to The Quantum Economic Development Consortium's executive director,
quantum computing will be extensively used in mistake correction (QED-C).

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  The market will witness the launch of Noisy-Intermediate Scale Quantum machines
during the next five years, claims the managing editor of Quantum Computing Report.
The widespread usage of error-corrected fault-tolerant quantum computers should be
seen in five years, even if NISQ devices won't be used at that time.
 The directors of the Chicago Quantum Exchange and Q-NEXT, a Department of
Energy Quantum Information Science Centre, expect a metropolitan-scaled entangled
quantum network to offer secure communication.
 Another study by the co-founder and CEO of Classic Technologies concluded that by
2027, if quantum software and hardware continue to advance together, it would be
useful for material science, carbon capture, supply chain optimization, and
therapeutical research.

Advantages of Quantum Computing

 FAST: Quantum computers are having the ability to give fast and powerful solutions
to the problems. They are having the potential which a traditional computer can never
compete with. For e.g.: When compared to a traditional supercomputer, Google
claimed to have completed the computation in just 200 seconds.
 ABILITY TO SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEM: The larger the complexity it is even
difficult for a classic supercomputer to come up with a solution. A quantum computer
on the other hand is having the ability to overcome all these hurdles and arrive at the
solution.
 ABILITY TO RUN COMPLEX SIMULATIONS: A quantum computer can simulate
many intricate systems, giving the user a better understanding.

Managerial issues with quantum computing

 Security issue: The main disadvantage is the current Internet of things security,
whether it is organizational or government data like banking, defence, etc., or it may
be personal data, undue control over the data is a risk.

 Lack of exposure: Since it is a relatively newer technology and the technology

advancement in this are itself is in its infancy, hence the implications and the
companies taking advantage of this technology is lesser.
 High cost demanding: Quantum computers require constant operations and should
be under the supervision frequently and regularly. Since it's a relatively newer field,
hiring quantum engineers could be expensive, adding to the already expensive
quantum machines and qubits. Overall, it's a costly affair. Cost is also one of the
disadvantages. IBM offered their quantum computing solution as a “subscription”
based on user demand only when they first showcased their first commercial quantum
computing solution.

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  Working environment: Quantum computers need cooler environmental conditions
for regular operations. Engineering and designing of quantum computing is also a
complicated task.

Applications Of Quantum Computing

1. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

 As emerging technologies, machine learning and artificial intelligence have

been used in every aspect of human life.
 It is also emerging technologies that are used in prominent areas. Image,
voice, and handwriting recognition are some of the widespread applications.
 For traditional computers, it became a very challenging task to match up the
speed and accuracy as the application number increased.
 This is where quantum computing comes in place for solving complicated
problems in less time which would have taken traditional computers ages.

2. Computational chemistry

 In the computational chemistry field, IBM said that quantum computing will
be the most promising.

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  For the conventional memory to process the quantum states is difficult.
Because the tiniest molecule of the number of quantum states is extremely
vast.
 Therefore, quantum computing which has the ability to simultaneously process
0 and 1 can give immense power to successfully map the molecules which
gives great advantages to pharmaceutical research.

3. Cryptography and Cybersecurity

 Currently, online security threats have been increasing due to the number of
cyber threats happening around the world.
 And on the other side digitization is also increasing which in turn makes us
even more vulnerable. With the help of machine learning and quantum
computing, there are various methods to counter these cyber-attacks.
 Additionally, quantum cryptography is well known for creating encryption
methods which is done with the help of quantum computing.

4. Financial Modelling

 For investors to survive in the market they need to know the right method for
profitable investments based on their expected returns, and the risk included in
it, and some other factors.
 A simulation technique called Monte Carlo is repeatedly run-on conventional
computers which can take a lot of time.
With the help of quantum computing, the companies can not only reduce the time to
develop them but also, they can increase the quality of the solutions.

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 5. Retail: Due to the large quantity of data that's produced in retail markets, the
calculation and computing could be hard in conventional computers to analyze and
store the data. This problem can be tackled by quantum computing.

6. Data Analysis: As mentioned in the previous point, the storing and analysis of the
data gets relatively harder with large quantities of data and complex relationships
between those data’s, this can be evaded by Quantum computing.
7. Self-driving technology: With self-driving comes numerous different scenarios to
simulate and emulate, the count of these scenarios is only limited by one's
imagination. To tackle the complexities involved in a greater number of scenarios and
simulation, Tesla and few other self-driving automobile industries are rapidly making
use of quantum computing

In general, scientists have been debating quantum technology for decades, and quantum
dynamics is fraught with difficulties. However, quantum technologies are gaining traction,
and they are expected to make the transition from research labs to real-world commercial
settings over the next decade. In terms of potential scope and influence, quantum
technologies are similar to cloud computing.

COMPANY SPECIFIC IMPLICATION:

KETS QUANTUM SECURITY (UK)

KETS Quantum Security was founded in 2016 in Bristol, close to the southwest of England,
and has intriguing intellectual property (IP) in quantum random number generation and
quantum key distribution (QKD) (QRNG). Two years after its creation, the company was
named by Info security Europe as the UK's Most Innovative Small Cyber Security Company.
The fact that the startup's founders, Chris Erven, Jake Kennard, Carolina Clark, and Philip
Gibson, are in the process of creating actual quantum communications systems, in addition to

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being a finalist in the Best Tech Start-up category and the Business Leader Go: Tech Awards,
is sufficient proof. In order to overcome challenging issues with randomness generation, safe
key distribution, and allow ultra-secure communications, KETS Quantum Security makes
advantage of quantum mechanics principles. The emergence of quantum computing, complex
algorithms, and sophisticated models pose a danger to traditional cyber security. A workable
alternative is offered by KETS' on-chip Quantum Key Distribution, which optically
distributes safe cryptographic keys.

In order to develop technology to defend data from a new breed of assaults that would
employ quantum computers to go through all current encryption protections, KETS Quantum
Security has secured £3.1 million in a fundraising round. The extra financing will be used to
hasten the creation, production, and delivery of the first products. It will also enable KETS to
extend significant early testing of the technology in currently under development real-world
contexts and applications. In order to execute on all of this, KETS will continue to assemble a
top-tier staff that is enthusiastic about the products and principles of the business.

Applications:

● The network's future is protected by security that can be updated. secures the integrity
of access, backbone, and connection networks.
● enhances data center efficiency with quantum random numbers, or secures the most
sensitive information with secure emergency data center backup and cloud
accessibility.
● The highest level of security in some of the most challenging situations is offered by
KETS' scalable, light-weight, low-power, and quantum security devices.
● provides the highest level of security for industrial control systems and sensors used
in critical infrastructure, factory automation, and connected cars. This is made
possible by our hardware's small size and low power consumption.

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 CONCLUSION

Quantum computing is no longer a pipe dream; it is already a reality. It has begun to take
shape, and businesses have even begun to invest in it. Even big corporations like Google and
IBM began to invest in it. Which demonstrates that people are beginning to trust this
technology; more people only need to be made aware of it. The superiority of quantum
computers over conventional computers has been demonstrated, and this will be very
beneficial and result in a tremendous deal of change. One shouldn't pass up a chance like this.
All of the aforementioned factors make it ever more crucial for us to invest in it and strive
toward its implementation.

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 References
(2022, September 18). Retrieved from Analytics Insight: https://www.analyticsinsight.net/top-
ten-quantum-computing-trends-to-look-out-for-in-2023/

(2022, September 17). Retrieved from Forbes:

https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2022/04/14/the-state-of-quantum-computing-
future-present-past/?sh=6ffff8cb4f8f

(2022, September 18). Retrieved from Future Learn:

https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/what-is-quantum-
computing#Advantages_of_quantum_computing

(2022, September 18). Retrieved from Techtarget:

https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/feature/Quantum-computing-challenges-and-
opportunities

(2022, September 19). Retrieved from KETS: https://kets-quantum.com/

(2022, September 19). Retrieved from E-spin: https://www.e-spincorp.com/the-advantages-and-

disadvantage-of-quantum-computing/

(2022, September 19). Retrieved from analyticsindiamag: https://analyticsindiamag.com/top-

applications-of-quantum-computing-everyone-should-know-about/

(2022, September 19). Retrieved from SMEBook: https://smebook.eu/knowledge-base/quantum-

computing/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-quantum-computing/

(2022, September 19). Retrieved from Javapoint: https://www.javatpoint.com/

(2022, September 19). Retrieved from medium.com: https://medium.com/@markus.c.braun/a-

brief-history-of-quantum-computing-a5babea5d0bd

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