Caring For Soil Is Caring For life-KI0220463ENN

Caring for soil is caring
for life
Ensure 75% of soils are healthy by 2030
for healthy food, people, nature and
climate
Interim report of the Mission Board for Soil health and food
Caring for soil is caring for life – Ensure 75% of soils are healthy by 2030 for healthy
food, people, nature and climate
European Commission
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation
and
Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development
Directorate B — Quality, Research & Innovation, Outreach
Unit B2 — Research and Innovation
Contact Annette Schneegans
Email AGRI-SOIL-MISSION-BOARD@ec.europa.eu
RTD-PUBLICATIONS@ec.europa.eu
European Commission
B-1049 Brussels
Manuscript completed in May 2020.

First edition.
Authors – Mission board members: Cees Veerman (Chair), Teresa Pinto Correia (Vice-chair), Catia Bastioli,
Borbala Biro, Johan Bouma, Emil Cienciala, Bridget Emmett, Emile Antoine Frison, Alfred Grand, Lachezar
Hristov, Zita Kriaučiūnienė, Marta Pogrzeba, Jean-Francois Soussana, Carmen Vela, Reiner Wittkowski.
This document has been prepared for the European Commission, however it reflects the views only of the
authors, and the European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this
publication.
More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu).
Print ISBN 978-92-76-19953-3 doi: 10.2777/4833 KI-02-20-463-EN-C

PDF ISBN 978-92-76-19954-0 doi: 10.2777/918775 KI-02-20-463-EN-N
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Caring for soil is caring

for life
for healthy food, people, nature and
climate
Mission Board Soil health and food
This document is an interim report of the Mission Board’s progress towards the
definition of a Mission in the area of Soil health and food. The draft Mission outline
presented will be the basis for further discussion and consultation, including with
European citizens, resulting in adjustments and refinements for the Mission Board’s
final advice.
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation

2020 Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development
Table of Contents
CITIZEN SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 3
1 The mission explained .............................................................................. 5
1.1 Our vision – what do we want to achieve? 5
1.2 Why do we need healthy soils? The need for a Mission 6
1.3 A novel approach to soil health 8
1.4 Support to the Sustainable Development Goals and EU policies 11
2 The Mission Portfolio ................................................................................ 13
2.1 Scope and building blocks of the mission 13
2.2 Co-creation of knowledge and innovation in living labs and lighthouses 14
2.3 Research needs for soil health innovation 15
2.4 Monitoring soils and the impacts of measures for soil health 17
2.5 A supportive environment for healthy soils and societal benefits 17
2.6 Timeline of activities 19
2.7 Synergies with other missions and EU programmes 20
3. Communication and citizen engagement..................................................... 21
References .................................................................................................. 23
ANNEXES .................................................................................................... 24
Annex 1 Status of soil health across Europe in 2020 ................................... 24
Annex 2 Indicators for soil health in support of the mission .......................... 33
Annex 3 Match of mission targets with Green Deal Objectives ...................... 35
Annex 4 Soil relevant targets matching the SDG Goals ................................ 38
Annex 5 The mission as a response to the corona pandemic......................... 40
Annex 6 A Manifesto for citizens ............................................................... 43
Annex 7 Activities for Communication and Citizen Engagement .................... 50
2
CITIZEN SUMMARY
Life on Earth depends on healthy soils. The soil under our feet is a living
system – home to many fascinating plants and animals, whose invisible
interactions ensure our well-being and that of the planet. Soils provide us with
nutritious food and other products as well as with clean water and flourishing
habitats for biodiversity. At the same time, soils can help slow the onset of
climate change and make us more resilient to extreme climate events such as
droughts and floods. Soils preserve our cultural heritage and are a key part of
the landscapes that we all cherish. Simply put, healthy living soils keep us,
and the world around us, alive.
However, we tend to take these benefits for granted and as a result have
neglected the health of our soils. The increasing demand for land for urban
development and infrastructures is consuming our most fertile soils. At the
same time, inappropriate or unsustainable use of soil and how we deal with our
waste is affecting soil health, which in turn, disrupts the capacity of soils to
carry out the vital services that they perform. Climate change is putting
further pressure on soil health.
Why do we need to act now? Soils are fragile and they can take thousands of
years to form but can be destroyed in hours! This means that we need to take
care of soils now so that they can be regenerated and safeguarded for future
generations.
Soil degradation is largely driven by how we live. Left unchecked, it will

aggravate many challenges facing the European Union. It is no surprise that
soil condition is at the heart of the new Green Deal for Europe and the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, both of which aim to
reduce biodiversity loss and pollution, reverse climate change while striving for
a healthy environment and sustainable land use. The Mission will also have a
major role in responding to risks from the coronavirus and other
emerging infectious diseases. Some of the microbes which live in the soil
are one of our most promising sources of new therapeutic drugs.
The mission “Caring for Soils is Caring for Life” will raise society’s awareness of
soils and put Europe on a path towards sustainable land and soil management.
The Mission will be a joint endeavour, bringing in people from all walks of life,
be they farmers, scientists, business communities, politicians or citizens
including the consumers, we all are.
Together, all of us will help to design and apply solutions to achieve the main
goal of the Mission which is: By 2030, at least 75% of all soils in each EU
Member State are healthy and are able to provide essential services
that we depend on. Mission activities will combine research and innovation,
training and advice as well as demonstration of good practices for soil
management using “Lighthouses” and “Living labs”. When combined with other
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supporting actions this will ensure widespread uptake of solutions. In addition,
the Mission will develop improved ways for monitoring the status of soils,
mobilise investments, encourage changes in policies and behaviour and ensure
we do not export our soil degradation problems to other countries
around the word.
Through actions that restore degraded land, empower land managers to

sustainably use the soil and create the conditions to reward soil health, the
Mission will have wide-reaching impacts on food, people, planet and
the climate.
While previous Missions brought us to the moon, Caring for Soils is a Mission
that will keep us safely on Earth with healthy soils!
4
1 The mission explained
1.1 Our vision – what do we want to achieve?
In the context of this mission, soil health has been defined by the Board as ”the
continued capacity of soils to provide ecological functions for all forms of life, in
line with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Green Deal”.
Life on Earth depends on healthy soils. Soil provides food, clean water and
habitats for biodiversity while contributing to climate resilience. It supports our
cultural heritage and landscapes. Although as citizens we pay very little
attention to soil, it is a fragile resource that needs to be carefully managed and
safeguarded for future generations.
The proposed Mission will shed light on this vital, almost unrecognised resource
and put Europe on a trajectory towards sustainable land and soil
management as part of a wider, green transition. It will be a joint
endeavour by stakeholders, researchers, policy-makers, industry and citizens to
co-design, co-create and implement solutions for the restoration and
preservation of soils all over Europe.
In terms of policy, the Mission will be a main tool for achieving the objectives of
the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the EU Green Deal. The
Green Deal sets ambitious targets of which the restoration and preservation of
healthy soils are key elements. These targets are crucial to ensure that life on
earth will still be possible in future years, set against global trends of population
growth, climate change, increasing demand for food or loss of biodiversity. The
Mission will also have a major role in the recovery of the European society from
the corona pandemic (Annex 5).
The mission’s main goal: By 2030, at least 75% of all soils in each
EU Member State are healthy, i.e. are able to provide essential
ecosystem services1.
This goal corresponds to a 100% increase in healthy soils against the current
baseline. It is based on an analysis of the state of soil health in Europe (Annex
1) which indicates that 60-70% of our soils are unhealthy as a direct result of
current management practices. A further poorly defined percentage of soils are
also unhealthy due to indirect effects of air pollution and climate change.
1 “By ecosystem services we mean the services provided and the benefits people
derive from these services, both at the ecosystem and at the landscape scale,
including public goods related to the wider ecosystem functioning and society well-
being” (Haines-Young and Potschin 2018; MA 2005).
5
In line with the above goal, the following objectives will be achieved by
20302:
 Land degradation including desertification in drylands is strongly

reduced and 50% of degraded land is restored moving beyond land
degradation neutrality.
 High soil organic carbon stocks (e.g. in forests, permanent pastures,

wetlands) are conserved and current carbon concentration losses on
cultivated land (0.5% per year) are reversed to an increase by 0.1-0.4%
per year. The area of peatlands losing carbon is reduced by 30-50%.
 No net soil sealing and an increased re-use of urban soils for urban
development from the current rate of 13%-50%, to help stop the loss of
productive land to urban development and meet the EU target of no net land
take by 2050.
 Reduced soil pollution, with at least 25% area of EU farmland under

organic agriculture; a further 5-25% of land with reduced risk from
eutrophication, pesticides, anti-microbials and other contaminants,
and a doubling of the rate of restoration of polluted sites.
 Prevention of erosion on 30-50% of land with unsustainable erosion rates.
 Improved soil structure to improve habitat quality for soil biota and
crops including a 30 to 50% reduction in soils with high-density subsoils.
 20-40% reduced global footprint of EU’s food and timber imports on land
degradation.
Through its actions, the mission will have a wide-reaching impact not only on
soil health but also on practices in agriculture, forestry and urban areas as well
as the functioning of food and bio-based value chains. Soil health will clearly be
the starting point for systemic transformations across the whole food chain from
primary production to food industries and consumer behaviour. Foremost, the
mission will result in society rethinking the ways in which it values and
cares about soil.
1.2 Why do we need healthy soils? The need for a Mission
Soils forms the skin of the earth and are essential for all life-sustaining
processes on our planet. Generating three millimetres of top soil takes
one century, so soils are a fragile, key non-renewable resource in our lifetime.
2
EU goal, objectives and targets are feasible. But they will require transformations
that may not be easy to trigger across all EU regions in the given timeframe.
6
If soils are healthy and are managed sustainably, they provide essential
environmental, economic, and social benefits for people. Ecosystem services
provided by soils include amongst others:
 producing adequate quantities of nutritious and safe food, feed, fibre and
other biomass for industries;
 regulating and storing water and recharging aquifers, purifying
polluted water, and reducing the impact of droughts and floods thereby
helping adaptation to climate change;
 capturing carbon from the atmosphere and reducing emission of
greenhouse gases from soils, thereby contributing to climate mitigation;
 nutrient cycling supporting crop productivity and reducing contamination;
 preserving and protecting biodiversity by preserving habitats both above
and within the soil;
 supporting the quality of our landscapes and greening of our towns and
cities.
But soils are threatened all over Europe and globally, mostly as a result of
human activities. Land degradation is caused amongst others by unsustainable
management practices in agriculture and forestry, contamination from
industries and soil sealing through urbanisation and infrastructures. Food
choices, processes in the food chain and food waste are also affecting soil
health. The following examples from the EU reflect the gravity of the problem
(see Annex1):
 2.8 million potential contaminated sites, but only 24% inventoried and
65,500 remediated;
 21% of agricultural soils with cadmium concentrations above the limit for
drinking water; 83% of EU soils with residual pesticides; and 51% of land
with mercury deposition which put soil and ecosystem services at risk
 65-75% of agricultural soils with nutrient inputs at levels risking
eutrophication of soils and water and affecting biodiversity;
 2.4% soil sealed and only 13% urban development on recycled urban land;
 Cropland soils losing carbon at a rate of 0.5% per year and 50% of
peatlands drained and losing carbon;
 24% of land with unsustainable water erosion rates;
 23% of land with high density subsoil indicating compaction;
 25% of land at High or Very High risk to desertification in Southern,
Central and Eastern Europe in 2017 - and an increase of 11% in
desertification in just 10 years;
 the costs associated with soil degradation in the EU exceed 50 billion
€ per yeari.
7
The process of soil degradation can lead to a collapse of landscapes and
ecosystems, making societies more vulnerable to extreme weather events, risks
to food security and even political instability. Land degradation is further
exacerbated by the effects of climate change.
By 2050, 50 - 700 million people worldwide are likely to be forced to migrate

due to a combination of climate change and land degradation ii. Scenarios for the
EU indicate an increasing vulnerability of soils to desertification throughout this
century. Climate change may result in structural food shortages by 2050 as
many areas become too hot and dry to produce food while fertile soils along
rivers and seas may be flooded due to sea level rise. A loss of only 0.1 % of
carbon from degraded soils emitted into the atmosphere is equivalent to carbon
emissions of 100 million extra cars on the road. Healthy soils in contrast are
major carbon “storehouses” and essential for mitigating emissions from climate
greenhouse gases: more carbon resides in soil than in the atmosphere and all
plant life combinediii.
Soil health may be lost quickly but is slow to restore and the time for
action has already been delayed for too long. It is time to act. It is our
responsibility to ensure that future generations inherit clean,
productive and resilient soils.
The Mission will provide the guidance, the means and the critical mass to
direct research, innovation, investments and policies towards the common
goal of restoring soil health in the EU and beyond. It will be the powerful
tool needed to mobilise the whole society in a way that we cannot foresee will
happen otherwise.
1.3 A novel approach to soil health
The Mission’s approach is based on the recognition that:
 It is people and their actions that need to change. Hence the need to focus
on communities (land managers, citizens, consumers, stakeholders,
researchers, policymakers, industrialists) to work together.
 Soils can only be tackled within a systems’ approach, recognizing its

interfaces with land, water and air which form ecosystems and landscapes;
societal needs for food, fibre, nature, industries and the well-being of
people; and the fluxes and flows between rural and urban areas.
 Soils are dynamic, living systems that deliver essential ecosystem

services across farming, forestry, urban and conservation sectors. These
services contribute to the SDGs and the Green Deal. They deliver benefits
from local to landscape, national and global scale.
 The diversity of soils and their services needs to be valued and taken
into account in all actions at different scales. This diversity calls for
8
tools and mechanisms that are adapted to the local context and allow
for wider societal involvement.
 Soil health should be continuously monitored in a harmonised way and the

mission proposes a new short list of six key soil health indicators. Besides
the direct, local management, soil health is affected by processes at the
scale of landscapes. Therefore, the Mission proposes two complementary
indicators related to landscape heterogeneity as well as to forest area and
composition. Finally, it has identified an indicator to track our global
footprint to ensure that we do not export our soil problems (Annex 2).
The proposed Mission is ambitious, bold and urgent and will deliver major
environmental, economic and social impacts. It is relevant for the entire
EU territory in line with the ambition of “leaving no soil behind”! It proposes a
novel approach to solving problems of land degradation and addressing the
societal challenge of ensuring soil health. The EU has committed itself to
preserving soils including through international commitments. The Mission is
therefore timely and essential.
Activities and outcomes of the proposed Mission are measurable and time
bound. Specific land management practices have been defined and more
detailed ones will be developed, tailored to the different contexts and scales of
intervention. These practices need to be implemented now to achieve the
expected outcomes by 2030. Progress on success of the Mission will be
measured by indicators of land management and by soil health targets as
summarised below in Table 1 (see also Annex 3).
In developing the mission, the board has built on evidence from data
analysis and foresight. It has taken into account the views of citizens and
stakeholders, gathered at major events and through a survey with more
than 2.000 participants.
9
Table 1: Targets and Indicators of the Mission Goal and Objectives
Mission Goal:
75% of all soils healthy by 2030 as indicated by no decline in any of
6 soil health indicators
according to benchmarks for healthy soils for each local context
Specific Targets and Indicators
Objectives Land Management Soil Health Targets Six Soil Health

Targets Indicators
Land 50% degraded land Strong reduction in All 6 soil health

degradation restored degradation and indicators
and desertification
desertification
Soil organic Conservation of high A switch from a 0.5 % Soil organic carbon
carbon carbon soils and a loss per year to a 0.1- stock
reverse of carbon loss 0.4% increase in SOC
in croplands. concen-tration in Vegetation cover
cropland soils
30-50% reduced area of
peatland losing carbon
Soil sealing Urban recycling of Switch from 2.4% to no Soil structure

and net land land from 13 to 50% net soil sealing including soil bulk
take density and absence
No net land take by of soil sealing and
2050 erosion
Vegetation cover
Soil pollution 25% of land under 5-25% additional land Presence of soil
organic farming (i.e. over and above the pollutants, excess
25% in full organic) with nutrients and salts
Doubling of rate of reduced risk from a
remediated sites range of pollutants
prioritising brown field
sites
Erosion 50% degraded land Prevention on 30-50% of Soil structure

restored land with unsustainable including soil bulk
erosion risk density and absence
of soil sealing and
erosion.
Vegetation cover
Soil structure 50% degraded land Reduction by 30-50% of Soil bulk density and
restored soil with compaction other measures of soil
structure
While not being a soil indicator in the strict sense, mission activities will be assessed against
their impact on the health of soils outside Europe
Global Strengthened 20-40% reduction of Food, feed and fibre

footprint international current global footprint imports leading to
cooperation; trade land degradation and
regulations, including deforestation
carbon tax
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1.4 Support to the Sustainable Development Goals and EU policies
To be effective, many players, across sectors, and at various scales need to

take action on soil health, from local to European and even global levels. The
Mission will be a main tool to advance in the implementation and reach
the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Critically, the
SDGs which require action on soil are: SDG2 (zero hunger); SDG 6 (clean water
and sanitisation); SDG 13 (climate action) and SDG 15 (life on land). Neither
soil nor soil health are mentioned in the targets and indicators of the SDGs,
except for SDG 15, target 33. The mission board has therefore developed soil
relevant targets matching the SDG goals (shown in Annex 4) to support
monitoring progress towards the SDGs in the EU.
At European level, the Mission will be key for implementing the Green Deal
and meeting its ambitions to increase the EU’s climate performance, achieve
zero-pollution, preserve and restore biodiversity, safeguard our forests
and promote a healthy and environmentally friendly food system (Annex
3). The recently adopted Farm to Fork and the Biodiversity strategies both
mention the mission and its “aim to develop solutions for restoring soil health
and functions”iv v.
The Mission will exploit existing tools and instruments and contribute to the
environmental objectives of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the Water
Framework Directive, the Habitats Directive and the Circular Economy Action
Plan. Moreover, it will support global commitments to achieve land degradation
neutrality in the EU by 2030.
Finally, the Mission will be central to the EU’s post coronavirus recovery
package and investment plan amongst others through its potential to
finance major initiatives for soil decontamination, reducing soil sealing,
reusing organic waste and carbon farming.
The Mission will result in reducing risks from coronavirus and other emerging
infectious diseases and protect the potential of the soil biome to provide
therapeutic solutions to Covid-19 secondary infections. Soil degradation reduces
crop productivity and resilience to climate change, but is also likely to release
infectious organisms that become air-borne on eroded soils, or survive longer in
soils with reduced biodiversity (for more details see Annex 2).
Reaching 75% of healthy soils in the EU by 2030 will ensure that:
 Soil borne infectious diseasesvi (Tetanus, Botulism, Polio virus, etc.) are better
controlled;
3 SDG Target 15.3: By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and
soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to
achieve a land degradation-neutral world.
11
 The potential for the soil biome to provide future therapeutic solutions to
secondary infections from Covid including antibiotic resistance vii and other
biotechnological and medical applications is not lost due to unintended
degradation of soil biodiversity;
 EU agriculture resilience to climate shocks is strengthened, leading to reduced

risks for food security and food sovereignty;
 Dependency on critical imports of feed is reduced by fostering EU-grown plant

proteins on healthy soils, reducing deforestation and hence the risks of
infectious diseases emergence.
At a glance: The Mission’s support to strategic EU targets which

underpin the goal of Healthy Soils for Food, Nature, People and
Climate
Food: 25% of organic farms by 2030 (Farm to Fork; EU Nature

Restoration); Integrated Nutrient Plans (Biodiversity; Farm to Fork); neutral
or positive environmental impact of the food chain (Farm to Fork);
Recycling of organic wastes into renewable fertilisers (Farm to Fork);
People: Urban Greening Plans (EU Nature Restoration); 25% of organic

farms by 2030 (F2F; EU Nature Restoration);
Nature: Protection of land (Biodiversity); Increased circular use of

excavated soils (Biodiversity; EU Nature Restoration; Circular Economy,
updated Bioeconomy Strategy); Biodiversity friendly soil (Biodiversity);
10% high diversity Landscape features (EU Nature Restoration); Improved
protection and targeting for sensitive receptors (EU Nature Restoration;
Zero Pollution; Farm to Fork);
Climate: Certifying carbon removals (Farm to Fork); ensuring the food

chain has neutral or positive environmental impact (Farm to Fork).
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2 The Mission Portfolio
2.1 Scope and building blocks of the mission
Through its portfolio, the Mission will provide the vision, the work plan, the
citizen engagement and the Research and Innovation (R&I) tools to re-
design production systems and transform the ways on which land and soils are
managed.
Figure 1: Soil Health drivers and impacts (centre of

the figure), and the Mission building blocks (in italics)
The Mission will deploy a range of activities and tools for knowledge sharing,
co-creation of knowledge and research and for scaling up innovation to
improve soil management; the so-called building blocks. Furthermore, it will
encourage changes to the various drivers of soil health to reverse the
trends that have led to soil degradation.
13
These drivers include markets and consumer behaviour, policies, incentives and
regulation as well as education and advise. The involvement of stakeholders
and citizen engagement will be key in this process. Figure 1 summarises the
rationale of the mission.
The Mission’s building blocks are based on
1) an ambitious cross-scale, inter and transdisciplinary R&I programme;
2) co-creation and sharing in Living Laboratories and Lighthouses within

and across farms and forest, landscape and urban settings;
3) a robust soil monitoring programme by each MS equivalent to that for

other natural resources (air, water and biodiversity) using agreed
methodologies including selected indicators;
4) communication and citizen engagement embedded into all activities.
The policy framework, consumer attitudes, market mechanisms and

other incentives along with independent advisory services and
information platforms for land managers are fundamental drivers of land
use and soil management. The transition towards healthy soils requires that
these drivers are addressed as part of the necessary changes that will ensure
the success of the Mission activities.
For its implementation, the mission will tap into various sources of funding
at European, national, regional and local levels. An implementation and
investment plan will outline the combination of instruments needed to roll-out
the Mission including: research and innovation, infrastructures and other types
of investment as well as training, education, communication and citizen
engagement. The plan should combine public and private funding,
cooperation between sectors and also provide opportunities for international
cooperation. In carrying out the mission, care will be taken to ensure that all
activities, images and language in communications, are gender inclusive and
that any outreach activities consider a range of accessibility issues.
2.2 Co-creation of knowledge and innovation in living labs and lighthouses
This Mission aims to reverse the traditional linear vision of research and
development, by establishing a dense network of “living laboratories” and
“lighthouses” for various types of land uses (farms, forests, industrial areas
and urban settings).
Living Laboratories (or living labs) are spaces for co-innovation through
participatory, transdisciplinary and systemic research. They allow highly
committed landowners and land managers, stakeholders from various sectors,
public authorities and citizens, including consumers, to work together with
14
researchers from multiple disciplines to develop solutions and identify gaps in
our knowledge. This includes the enhanced use of agroecological principles and
of organic agricultural practices that have shown evidence of notable effects on
soil health. The living labs will also undertake research on land managers’
motivations, socio-economic drivers, incentive mechanisms, business models
and enabling environments for successful transformation towards improved soil
health and improved ecosystem services.
Some of these living labs will be “lighthouses” i.e. places for demonstration of
solutions, training and communication. In the area of agriculture for instance,
lighthouses will showcase practices that are exemplary in terms of providing
sustainably produced, healthy food, feed or fibre as well as ecosystem services
linking rural and urban communities. They will bring together land managers,
advisors and citizens, the latter ones having an important role as consumers
and drivers of practices in agriculture and the food chain.
Depending on the regional situation, lighthouses and living labs will address
specific “needs” for soil health and build the necessary partnerships across
spatial scales and value chains.
Living labs and lighthouses will be grouped within regional clusters of 10-15
units (farms, forests, industrial areas and urban settings) which will allow co-
innovation at landscape and watershed levels viii. Networking between these
clusters will allow sharing and benefiting from experiences all over Europe.
The ambition is to establish in the first years of the Mission at least five,
preferably 10 living labs and/or lighthouses in each of the regions ix of
the EU. This will result in 1000 – 2000 living labs and lighthouses as
incubators and demonstrators of change.
2.3 Research needs for soil health innovation
The magnitude of soil health related problems and the urgency to resolve them
requires transformational changes in policy, management practices and a re-
design of production systems and land management. Research and
innovation must urgently address all these dimensions. Knowledge exists
within individual disciplines but there is hardly any integrated knowledge on soil
health combining insights from various disciplines and sectors. To maximise
impact, research will be tailored to local/regional circumstances and be linked to
living labs while also allowing for more fundamental work. This requires
interdisciplinary teams working in a transdisciplinary mode. The approach
needs to be systemic encompassing biophysical fluxes and their interactions, as
well as human and socio-economic drivers. Integration of natural and social
sciences at an equal level is crucial and a definitive novel step.
Research and innovation activities will take place at a variety of spatial

scales:
15
 At the plot and field scale, some of the areas to be considered include: a
better understanding of soil biological and ecological processes that
contribute to soil health; an exploration of the potential of the soil biome for
crop production and carbon sequestration as well as biotechnological and
medical innovation; remediation of contaminated and other degraded soils,
by approaches including phyto-remediation and conversion of land to non-
food uses.
 At the farm scale, there is a need to better assess how agroecological and
organic farming principles can be applied in a specific context to devise
climate and shock resilient systems. This requires a better understanding of
soil ecology, biology and of carbon, water and nutrients cycles. Similar
principles apply for forestry and other land uses. Other areas for R&I include
the development of the circular economy, the safe reuse of organic wastes,
integration of social components of the farming system, redesign of the
business models and exploitation of information and communication
technologies such as precision farming, artificial intelligence and remote
sensing.
 At the landscape scale, integrated management principles must be devised

to adapt landscapes to climate change. This includes collaborative actions by
land managers to reverse land degradation and preserve water bodies while
increasing soil carbon and biodiversity. Context specific needs for systemic
innovation relating people’s diets, land use practices, landscape level
ecosystem services and soil health need to be addressed as well.
 At the regional and country scales, priorities include: developments in

remote sensing and in big data approaches; foresights on soil health in the
EU addressing the impacts of climate change, the potential for mitigation, for
food production and ecosystem services. Action is also required on
independent advisory mechanisms tailored to the socio-ecological context in
each region so that these services can effectively support adaptive
management practices by land managers.
 At a global scale, understanding and tracking robustly and consistently our

footprint on soils outside Europe (e.g. soil carbon, land degradation,
pollution, water use) and developing cooperation, regulations, capacity
building and investments to reduce it.
 At the food system scale, understanding how to encourage consumers to

follow choices based on a concern for sustainability in production and
increase awareness about the links between soil health, the quality and
safety of food and human health. There is also a need to better define
critical thresholds of chemical pollutants in soils, e.g. from heavy metals,
pesticides, drugs and plastics, some of these compounds originating directly
from food, food packaging (e.g. micro plastics) or food waste.
16
2.4 Monitoring soils and the impacts of measures for soil health
The effectiveness of different forms of soil improvement can only be assessed

by monitoring land use systems at different spatial scales and over time, with
efficient indicators. Modern measuring and monitoring techniques, including
proximal and remote sensing, offer new opportunities to evaluate the effects of
management. Building on closer integration between existing pan-European
monitoring instruments (e.g. the LUCAS Soil Module) and Member State
national programmes, such data will help to populate performance indicators.
The Mission proposes to use six fundamental indicators: 1) Presence of soil

pollutants, excess nutrients and salts 2) Vegetation cover; 3) Soil organic
carbon; 4) Soil structure including soil bulk density and absence of soil sealing
and erosion; 5)Soil biodiversity; 6) Soil nutrients and acidity (pH) which we
have matched to individual issues. Vegetation cover and soil sealing are not
direct indicators of soil health but are included for their direct impact on soil
health in farmland, forestry and urban settings.
The Mission argues against a silo approach where only a single indicator is
tracked, as improvement in one indicator should not come at a cost of
another. Measurements are soil-specific showing characteristically different
ranges of values for different soil types. An unhealthy soil is present if any
indicator is below an agreed threshold defined for that soil type, land use
and climate zone. Two complementary indicators are proposed related to soil
health at the landscape scale, since landscape structure has a crucial effect on
biodiversity, water cycle and soil erosion: 7) landscape heterogeneity
(composition and configuration) and 8) area and composition of forest and
other wooded lands.
The new monitoring system will integrate citizen science and crowd
sourced data, multimedia and other data coming from lighthouses that
open-up the monitoring for the citizens. The means for this exist and can be
used already.
2.5 A supportive environment for healthy soils and societal benefits
Research, innovation and monitoring alone will not be enough to mainstream

improved soil management throughout Europe.
Public policies, incentives, investments, information, advice and society

at large, need to be mobilized to create an enabling environment for
the sustainable management of soils. All of us as consumers will have a
central role to drive for the change needed.
The following list shows main priorities for action which will be pursued as part
of the wider activities of the mission to act on drivers of soil health:
17
(i) Policies and legislation to be harmonized to support regenerative, circular
bio-economy value chains;
(ii) CAP new payment schemes to reward effectively practices that

improve and restore soil health through more diverse, regenerative and
systems-based approaches in agriculture and forestry based on long-term
contracts;
(iii) De-risking and guarantee mechanisms for land managers and

businesses that engage in transformation towards increased soil health,
such as long-term loans guaranteed by a specific financial organisation.
(iv) Regulations and taxes that reward the purchase of goods produced in a
manner that improves soil health;
(v) A new Soils Directive to be developed to provide a regulatory framework

enabling changes as defined by mission roadmap and robust aligned soil
monitoring programmes by each MS;
(vi) Spatial planning to reduce and possibly reverse soil sealing by stopping
urban sprawl and the destruction of soils by transport infrastructures and
enhance mosaic landscapes;
(vii) Context specific Knowledge and Innovation Systems (AKIS), including

specific advisory services which links to individual land managers, to be
designed, tested and validated;
(viii) Online, easy to use, multiple language platforms to access and share
knowledge and experiences;
(ix) Actions across food systems, including at transformation, retail and

consumer level, to provide the necessary ‘market pull’ to drive changes in
production and consumption;
(x) Public and private sector investments in R&D to foster sectoral

innovations for soil health monitoring and improvement, including
regional innovations led by cities and regions for coupled transformation
of soil health and food systems, or waste management systems.
18
2.6 Timeline of activities
Activity Year ‘21 ‘22 ‘23 ‘24 ‘25 ‘26 ‘27 ‘28 ‘29 ‘30
CO-DESIGN PHASE
1. Identifying and mapping in each EU region: (1) “soil

needs”, objectives and priorities for action; (2)
structures for implementing mission activities, (3)
funding & other mechanisms for setting up living labs
(LLs) and lighthouses (LHs)
2. Building communities at different spatial scales and

levels
CO-IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
Setting up and running regional LLs and LHs across

regions in Europe; building clusters and networks
Carry out R&I activities to support objectives of the

mission
Training and access to independent, advisory services

for all land managers
MONITORING AND CO-ASSESSMENT
Support development of monitoring systems in Member

States according to agreed, validated protocols and
identified benchmarks
Mid-term evaluation of activities
Monitor mission activities and outcomes for improved

soil health
CROSS-CUTTING, ENABLING ACTIONS
Communication and citizen engagement
Science-policy dialogue and other activities to address

drivers of soil health: e.g. policies, soil legislation,
regulation and taxes for food, global foot-printing tools
Support to (Agricultural) Knowledge and Innovation

Systems
Data (e.g. freely available data products), information

and support to an EU Soil Observatory
19
2.7 Synergies with other missions and EU programmes
Soils play a central role in addressing major challenges on climate change,

biodiversity, food production, food safety or water management.
This was recognised by the President of the European Commission, Ursula von
der Leyen, when outlining her vision for a greener Europe: “Climate change,
biodiversity, food security, deforestation and land degradation go
together”.
The Soil Health Mission will have important spillovers on other missions and
contribute to
 Healthy Oceans, Seas, coastal and inland waters: by reducing pollution from
fertilisers, pesticides and other contaminants;
 Climate Adaptation and Societal Transformation: by enhancing carbon and

biodiverse rich soils as the basis for climate resilient agriculture and rural
landscapes or by raising citizens and land managers awareness to the need
for a transformative change in land use practices;
 Climate Neutral and Smart Cities: by reducing and progressively stopping

soil sealing and enhancing soil health of city soils, contributing to the
greening of European towns and cities and a better urban environment;
 Cancer: by promoting safe (non-polluted) food and healthy diets as an

important element of cancer prevention.
The Mission will equally benefit from activities carried out by the other missions,
e.g. in the context of regional and urban activities for climate adaptation.
Cooperation between the five missions is therefore required.
As part of the mission’s plan for implementation, synergies will be established

with a number of EU programmes and EU infrastructures including:
 EU Horizon Europe partnerships on (1) agro-ecology and (2) food systems;

Horizon Europe activities under Cluster 6 and other parts of the Horizon
Europe programme under Pillars I and III;
 EU infrastructures;
 H2020 projects : European Joint Programme EJP Soilsx and CIRCASAxi;
 EIT Climate Knowledge and Innovation Communityxii and EIT Foodxiii
 JRC activities, e.g. in the context of the EU Soil Observatory as a repository

of mission outcomes and of LUCAS soilxiv;
 European Space Agency (ESA) for Society - Thematic Exploitation Platforms

on Food Security, Forestry, Coastal, Urbanxv;
 Copernicus programme (Land Monitoring, Climate Change and Emergency

Management Services);
20
 Pro Silva– Integrated forest management for resilience and sustainability xvi.
By connecting activities and seeking for synergies between various

programmes, initiatives and infrastructures, the Mission will enhance the
sharing of knowledge and innovations, speed up the widespread uptake
of solutions and increase impact of actions on soil health.
3. Communication and citizen engagement
Communication and citizen engagement

are key elements of the mission and
crucial for its success. People at large
are not fully aware of the manifold
functions of soils and the relevance of
these functions for humankind. Yet, the
success of the Mission and the
sustainable management of soils will
depend on actions taken not only by land
managers but also by consumers,
industries, spatial planners and society
at large. In developing the Mission, the Board has built on feedback of
stakeholders and citizens at numerous events and through a survey which
received more than 2.000 replies. In responses, people considered the climate
services provided by soils as particularly important.
Communication activities throughout the Mission will bring soils closer to the
attention of citizens and stakeholders while engagement activities will allow
citizens to be a main player in the mission process. Living labs and lighthouses
will be main vehicles for citizen engagement, bringing together researchers,
practitioners, communities and other stakeholders to develop together solutions
with a tangible impact.
They will also contribute within each Member State to the provision of a soil
information hub of the ‘best of’ resources including: soil health data; video and
education tools; family based activities to engage with soil; information to
source accredited approaches for Continuous Professional Development (CPD)
for land managers; information on locations and activities of Living Lighthouse
and Living Laboratories within the MS and across the EU.
The Mission Board has developed a draft communication and citizen

engagement strategy. It is a living document that will be constantly updated
according to mission progress and specific needs arising (see Annex 7).
21
For its outreach activities, the Mission will
make use of a rich landscape of regional,
national and European networks working
in the Mission area.
It will team up with citizen science

initiatives and existing structures of living
labs. The European Innovation
Partnership EIP AGRI will be a main tool
to reach out to the agricultural and
forestry sector. The Mission will feed into
the EU Soil Observatory and reach out to international partners, e.g. through
the Global Soil Partnership and its Healthy Soils Facility.
22
References
i The Implementation of the Soil Thematic Strategy and Ongoing Activities

(EC, 2012): Costs are estimated at €38 billion annually for 25 EU
countries but this figure did not include costs from biodiversity decline,
sealing or compaction.
ii
IPBES (2018): The assessment report on land degradation and restoration
iii
Schwartz J.D., Soil as Carbon Storehouse: New Weapon in Climate Fight?,
in Yale Environment 360,
https://e360.yale.edu/features/soil_as_carbon_storehouse_new_weapon_
in_climate_fight
iv
EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 - Bringing nature back into our lives;
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the
Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and Committee of
the Regions; COM(2020) 380 final
v
A Farm to Fork Strategy for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly
food system; Communication from the Commission to the European
Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee
and Committee of the Regions; COM(2020) 381 final
vi
Jeffery and van der Putten (2011). Soil borne human diseases. JRC.
doi:10.2788/37199
vii
Zhu et al. (2019). Soil biota, antimicrobial resistance and planetary
health. Doi: 10:1
viii
https://www.macs-
g20.org/fileadmin/macs/Annual_Meetings/2019_Japan/ALL_Executive_Re
port.pdf 016/j.envint2019.105059
ix
Regions are defined according to the NUTS 2 classification: https://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02003R1059-
20191113&from=EN
x
EJP Soils: (https://projects.au.dk/ejpsoil/about-ejp-soil/)
xi
CIRCASA: https://www.circasa-project.eu/
xii
KIC CLIMATE: (https://www.climate-kic.org/)
xiii
EIT FOOD: https://www.eitfood.eu/
xiv
ESDAC - https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
xv
European Space Agency (ESA): (https://eo4society.esa.int/thematic-
exploitation-platforms-overview/)
xvi
ProSilva: www.prosilva.org
23
ANNEXES
Annex 1 Status of soil health across Europe in 2020
This document represents an informal review by the Soil Health and Food
Mission Board (MB) and the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre
(JRC) to help define the main goal of the mission: namely, that 75% of the
soils of the European Union (EU) should be healthy by 2030. The review
concludes:
A review of the current evidence of the state of EU soils by the MB and JRC is
that current management practices result in, approximately, 60-70% of EU soils
being unhealthy, with a further, as yet, uncertain percentage of soils unhealthy
due to poorly quantified pollution issues. A 75% goal of healthy soil by 2030
through a radical change in current land management practices is both feasible
and necessary. Soils will also benefit from improvement to indirect drivers of
change such as reductions in air pollution and carbon emissions.
The following sections provides the evidence base for this statement.
Some basic assumptions:
 EU Land area: 4,233,255 km2
 Agricultural area of EU is 42% of land area: 1,760,000 km2
 Croplands occupies 23% of the EU: 1,060,000 km2
 Artificial areas occupy 5% of the EU: 222,592 km2
 ‘Natural’ soils (i.e. without intensive management regimes): 52% of the EU
1. Nutrients
The Gross Nutrient Balance Indicator (EUROSTAT 2020) shows that there is
currently an excess of fertilizer applications in the EU: data show that for
agricultural land there is a surplus of 50 kg N/ha and 2 kg P/ha.
The European Commission (EC 2018) reports that Nitrates Vulnerable Zones
(NVZ) cover 2,175,861 km2 of the EU (latest figures for 2015 and includes MS
that apply a whole-territory approach). NVZ represent approximately 61% of
agricultural land. This means that there are obligations to reach a balanced
fertilisation for 61% of agricultural soils (arable and grasslands).
SOER 2020 (EEA) reports that for 65-75% of agricultural soils, nitrogen values
exceed critical values beyond which eutrophication can be expected (De Vries et
al., in prep).
There are also issues from atmospheric deposition of nutrient nitrogen in non-
agricultural systems. CIAM/IIASA (2018) reported that critical loads for
24
eutrophication were determined for 2.65 million km2 (62%) of European land in
2017. (See also Section 6 on Contamination).
Therefore, area of land with failure of soil health indicator due to direct
inputs nutrient issues in agricultural systems (excluding air pollution
issues) = 27% – 31.5%
2. Organic carbon
LUCAS Soil data show that cultivated and permanent crops have the lowest SOC
levels of all major land cover classes (around 17 g/kg C). By comparison,
average levels for permanent grasslands in the EU are 2.4 times higher
(Hiederer 2018).
Most croplands in EU are most likely to be already at sub-optimal levels – 1.5%

of all land use have SOC levels below 1% C. This rises to 2.6% of arable soils
(JRC LUCAS). This would account for approx. 0.6% of land outside of
agriculture.
LUCAS soil organic carbon concentration change analysis (2009-2015) for

points where land cover was the same in both dates, show a decrease of about
0.5 % per year on croplands which was statistically significant on the most
carbon poor soils (Hiederer 2018). Subsequent estimates of overall SOC stock
changes (all soils) indicate that the total SOC change between LUCAS 2009/12
and 2015 show that about 60 % of EU agricultural areas experienced changes
below 0.2% of the average stock. The trend in in carbon stocks in grassland
was loss of about 0.04 % and in arable land a loss of about 0.06% (Panagos et
al 2020). 10% of the area is predicted to have changes larger than ± 12 g kg–1
over the 6 year interval
Area of land with failure of soil health indicator due to low and
declining carbon stocks = 23% (BUT there will be overlap with (1)).
0.6% falls outside of agricultural areas.
3. Peat
Byrne et al. (2004) reported an area of 340,000 km2 of peat soils in the EU
Member States and Candidate Countries (Tanneberger et al.2017, has updated
figures on extent per country). On this basis, peats cover 8% of EU land area,
of which 50% of peatlands are estimated to be drained which will result in the
oxidising of the peat and loss carbon to the atmosphere (JRC 2016). Results
from hydrological reconstructions indicated 60% of peatlands are drier than
they were 1000 years ago due to these direct human impacts and climatic
drying (Swindleset al. 2019).
Not all peat being degraded is under agriculture. Schils et al., 2008 estimates
about 20,000 km2 of drained peat (ca. 6% of peatland) is not in agricultural
use as cropland or grassland (0.5% of EU).
25
Area of land failing soil health indicator due to peatland degradation =
4.8% under (1) or (2) but 0.5% is outside agricultural areas.
4. Water Erosion
Pangos et al. (2015) reports that 24% of land has unsustainable soil water
erosion rates (>2. t /ha). Mean soil erosion by water for EU is 2.46 t ha-1 yr-1,
resulting in a total annual soil loss of 970 Mt. This covers a wide range of land
use types with around 70% of the land in agricultural systems. This means that
area not overlapping with (1) and (2) could be estimated as 17% (47% of 24%
eroding land).
However, a new report by JRC (Panagos et al. 2020) shows erosion by water on
arable land is 10% greater than the mean for the EU (this means that we can
consider all 23% of cropland as affected). Permanent crops have highest soil
erosion rates. Arable and permanent crops cover 30% of EU land.
In addition, there are notable erosion rates on shrubland and sparse vegetation
with mean soil loss rate of 2.69 t ha–1 yr–1 and 40 t ha–1 yr–1, respectively.
Together, these land cover types occupy 30.8% of the EU (not under
agriculture).
A JRC erosion model (Borelli et al. 2017) shows wind erosion in EU is

0.53 Mg ha−1 y−1. 9·7% of arable land has problems with wind erosion, with
5·3% and 4·4% displaying moderate and high rates of wind erosion,
respectively. However, these will fall in the above estimates of agricultural land.
Area of land failing soil health indicator due to soil erosion = 23%
cropland and 30% non-agricultural areas.
5. Compaction
There are very uncertain numbers for compaction. Based on partial data
coverage for the EU (modelling of representative soil profiles), the best
available estimates suggests that 23% of land assessed had critically high
densities (JRC 2016). JRC 2009 estimated that 33% of soils are susceptible to
compaction, of which 20% moderately so. The issue is more likely in
agricultural soils but it is also found in organic-rich forest soils so some overlap
with (1) and (2). Confirms the multiple pressures on soil.
Area of land failing soil health indicator due to soil compaction = 23-
33%, 7% of which are outside agricultural area.
6. Pollution
There are many unknowns especially in relation to diffuse soil pollution in

natural landscapes (i.e. 52% of EU) and there are more than 700 recognised
soil pollutants (NORMAN, 2014).
In terms of local soil pollution, JRC (Paya Perezet al. 2018) reported 2.8 million
potentially contaminated sites in EEA-39 but the area of land is not known.
26
There is no standardised agreement on a definition of contaminated sites which
can range from petrochemical plants to petrol stations. An indicator on
“Progress on the remediation of contaminated sites” is based on risk
assessment approach where efforts are mainly focused on investigation of sites
where polluting activities took/are taking place. The report noted the
occurrence of 650,000 registered sites where polluting activities took/are taking
place in national and regional inventories. 65,500 sites have been remediated.
The Cocoom InterReg Project estimated that there are more than 500,000
landfills in EU. 90% are in regarded as non-sanitary landfills (i.e. predating the
Landfill Directive (1999)). NASA estimates that the average size of landfills in
US is 200 ha. Even if we take just 10% of that value for EU, it would mean that
landfills occupy 100,000 km2 (2.3%) of EU territory (no actual figures exist).
The situation is more complex for diffuse pollution. Numerous studies show the
impact of pollution on soil but it is difficult to assess area or extent. For
example, there are no data on the extent of pesticide contamination, POPs,
microplastics, veterinary products/pharmaceutical, emerging concerns such as
pFAS. Pimentel & Levitan (1986) reported that 3,000 types of pesticides have
been applied in EU agricultural environment during the past 50 years. They
estimated that less than 0.1% of the pesticide applied to crops actually reaches
the target pest. Of LUCAS soils tested, 83% of soils contained one or more
residue of pesticides and 58% contained mixtures. (Silva et al. 2019).
De Vries et al. (In prep) and cited in EEA (2020) state 21% of agricultural soils
have cadmium concentrations in the topsoils which exceed groundwater limits
used for drinking waters.
There are 2.93 million km2 (69%) of European land where critical loads are
exceeded for acidification and 2.65 million km2 (62%) of semi-natural
ecosystems are subjected to nutrient nitrogen deposition leading to
eutrophication in 2017 (CIAM IIASA 2018). Critical loads are defined where
inputs of a pollutant may impact on ecosystem structure and function. Slootweg
et al. (2007) reported that the EU ecosystem land at risk from deposition of
some heavy metals such as mercury and lead in 2000 were as high as 51% and
29% respectively.
Lema & Martinez (2017) report 10 million tons of sewage sludge production for
EU-27, 37% of the sludge produced in the EU is being utilized in agriculture.
Plastics Europe (2016) reported that 3.3% of total EU plastic demand (49
million tonnes) was used in agriculture. Agriculture produced 5% of plastic
waste of EU (EC, 2018).
Organic farming covered 13.4 million hectares of agricultural land in the EU-28
in 2018. This corresponds to 7.5 % of the total utilised agricultural area of the
EU-28 (EUROSTAT 2020b). We can assume that pesticides are applied in most
27
of the remaining 92.5% of arable area (21% of EU). This overlap again with (1)
and (2).
Area of land failing soil health indicator due to soil contamination =

2.5% (non-agricultural) – 21% (conventional arable) – ca. 40-80% of
land from atmospheric deposition depending on the pollutant.
7. Soil sealing and net land take
Artificial areas cover 4.2% of the EU (EUROSTAT 2017) of which about 50% is
sealed. This would imply that 2.5% of urban land is exposed to pressures (e.g.
low inputs, compaction, pollution)
The rate of net land take was estimated to be around 539 km² per year during
the period 2012-2018, with (EEA 2019). Between 2000 and 2018, 78 % of land
take in the EU-28 affected agricultural areas (EEA 2018). As the rate of
recycling of urban land for development is currently only 13% (EEA 2020), this
effectively means that every ten years an area the size of Cyprus is paved over
(9,300 km2) from agricultural, forestry and conservation land.
Between 2000 and 2006, the average increase in artificial areas in the EU was
3%, however, this masks local issues. Figures exceeding 14% in Cyprus,
Ireland and Spain. However, sealing generally consumes high quality
agricultural soil, so some overlap with (1) and (2).
Area of land failing soil health indicator due to soil sealing = probably
<1% of EU, but can be as high as 2.5%, and can be very important
locally.
8. Salinisation
The extent of salinisation in EU is still uncertain. Ranges estimate 1 to 4 million

hectares (enlarged EU), mainly in the Mediterranean and Central European
countries (JRC 2008). Taking the higher end of the range means that 0.95% of
land is estimated to be affected in the EU. There is an increased risk of
salinisation due to increased temperatures or decreasing precipitation.
In 2016, 10.2 million hectares was actually irrigated (5.9 % of EU). 25% of this
area is at risk of secondary salinization i.e. 1.5% of EU. Spain (15.7 %) and
Italy (32.6 %) had the largest shares of irrigable areas in the agricultural areas
of the EU (JRC 2016).
There again will be an overlap with (1) and (2).
Finally, the area at risk of saline intrusions in coastal areas due to sea-level rise
is unknown.
Area of land failing soil health indicator due to secondary salinisation =

1.5% (greater impact in certain MS)
28
9. Desertification
The most recent estimate of sensitivity to desertification in Southern, Central

and Eastern Europe in 2017 suggested 25% (411 thousand km2) was at High or
Very High Risk. This was an increase from 14% in 2008 (Prăvălie et al. 2017).
10. Soil biodiversity
It is likely that all of the above drivers are probably singly or in combination
resulting in a decline in biodiversity but there are no actual EU data
demonstrating soil biodiversity change.
Summary
Based on the convergence of evidence presented in the previous section, we

can conclude that soil degradation is prevalent and extensive in the
context of the EU territory. One could conclude that all soils are under
pressure, even if just indirect pressure, from air pollution and climate change.
It seems that 25-30% of our EU soils are currently either losing organic carbon,
receiving more nutrients than they need, are eroding or are compacted or suffer
secondary salinization, or have some combination. These are all occurring on
agricultural land.
An additional 30% of non-agricultural soils are eroding at an unsustainable

level.
A minimum of 12.9% of non-agricultural land experiences soil pressures [0.6

(low SOC) + 0.5 (peat) + 7 (compaction) + 2.3 (landfills) + 2.5 (urban)], of
which 50% (i.e. 6-7%) is probably not connected with erosion.
Contamination and waste management are probably the biggest

unknowns. They include local hotspots (e.g. ex-industrial land, landfills, etc.),
widespread air pollution legacy, agricultural land (pesticides, metals, sewage
sludge, plastics) as well as unquantified emerging pollutants.
Conclusion
A review of the current evidence of the state of EU soils by the MB and

JRC is that current management practices result in, approximately, 60-
70% of EU soils being unhealthy with a further as yet uncertain
percentage unhealthy due to poorly quantified pollution issues. A 75%
goal of healthy soil by 2030 through a radical change in current land
management practices is both feasible and necessary. Soils will also
benefit from improvement to indirect drivers of change such as
reductions in air pollution and carbon emissions.
29
Annex I References
Borrelli, P., Lugato, E., Montanarella, L., & Panagos, P. 2017. A new assessment
of soil loss due to wind erosion in European agricultural soils using a
quantitative spatially distributed modelling approach. Land Degradation &
Development, 28: 335-344, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2588
Byrne, K.A., Chojnicki, B., Christensen, T.R., Drösler, M., Freibauer, A., Friborg,
T., Frolking, S., Lindroth, A., Mailhammer, J., Malmer, N., Selin, P., Turunen, J.,
Valentini, R. & Zetterberg, L. 2004. EU Peatlands: Current Carbon Stocks and
Trace Gas Fluxes. Discussion paper produced as part of the EU-funded
Concerted Action CarboEurope-GHG. 58 pp.
CCE 2007. Heavy metals emissions, depositions, critical loads and exceedances
in Europe. Report No. 91974;
https://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/Heavy_metals_emissions_depositions_critic
al_loads_and_exceedances_in_Europe
CIAM/IIASA 2018. The 2017 critical loads data: Differences to earlier estimates
and implications for current and future ecosystems protections. CIAM Report
1/2018;
https://iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/air/policy/CIAM-
2018_report.pdf
Cocoon project: https://rwsenvironment.eu/subjects/from-waste-
resources/projects/europe-cocoon/
Colon et al, 2017. Producing sludge for agricultural applications. In Lema &
Martinez (eds) Innovative Wastewater Treatment & Resource Recovery. IWA
Publishing: London.
EC 2018a. Report on the implementation of Council Directive 91/676/EEC

concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from
agricultural sources based on Member State reports for the period 2012–2015.
COM. 2018. 257 final
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-
nitrates/pdf/nitrates_directive_implementation_report.pdf
EC 2018b. A European strategy for plastics in a circular economy.

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/plastics-strategy-
brochure.pdf
EEA 2018 Urban land take.

https://www.eea.europa.eu/airs/2018/natural-capital/urban-land-expansion
EEA 2019. Land take in Europe.

https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-3/assessment
EEA 2020. State and Outlook for Europe's Environment Report 2020. European
Environment Agency
30
EUROSTAT 2017. Land cover statistics.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Land_cover_statistics
EUROSTAT 2020a. Gross nutrient balance on agricultural land.

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/t2020_rn310/default/table?lan
g=en
EUROSTAT 2020b. Organic farming statistics.

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Organic_farming_statistics
Hiederer, R., 2018, Data evaluation of LUCAS soil component laboratory data
for soil organic carbon, JRC Technical report. No. JRC1 12711, Publications
Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
(https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/public_path/shared_folder/JRC112711_lucas_oc
_data_evaluation_final.pdf)
JRC 2008. Saline and sodic soils of the EU.

https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/themes/soil-salinization#tabs-0-
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ecosystem services. A review report.(Editors) Jannes Stolte, Mehreteab Tesfai,
Lillian Øygarden, Sigrun Kværnø, Jacob Keizer, Frank Verheijen, Panos
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32
Annex 2 Indicators for soil health in support of the mission
Soil health depends on an active and biodiverse vegetation cover that support
carbon inputs, supports soil biota and creates good structure, and appropriate
management regimes ensuring no compaction or salinisation and protection
from contaminants.
Soils, that are low in organic matter for their type, compacted or contaminated
by chemicals such as nutrients, heavy metals, remnants of biocides, hormones
and drugs at higher concentrations than allowed by health regulations or plant
requirements are considered to be unhealthy.
The following indicators are well tested. The list is modest relative to those
already in place for water and air quality. If sampled correctly (e.g. not after a
fertiliser application) they provide stable indicators for soil health at a given
time and repeat location. Also, when repeated over time they can provide stable
indicators of ongoing change:
1. Presence of soil pollutants, excess nutrients and salts. When present

in higher concentrations than allowed by health regulations or plant
requirements: soils are unhealthy. A reduction in levels below recognized
threshold values indicates an improvement in soil health.
2. Vegetation cover. The annual duration and diversity of the vegetation

cover and its net primary productivity is essential for soil health, providing
nutrients for soil biodiversity and carbon inputs to soil organic matter, also
reducing erosion and surface runoff. A more diverse and long duration cover
indicates conditions favourable to soil biodiversity and health and increasing
vegetation cover is also valuable for urban settings.
3. Soil organic carbon. Organic matter is important for adsorbing nutrients,

retaining water and for improving soil structure and workability of soils as
well as plant productivity. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major constituent
(56%) of soil organic matter and the global soil organic carbon reservoir of
soils is two to three times bigger than the carbon as atmospheric CO2.
Therefore, an increase in SOC concentration and stock allows drawing down
CO2 from the atmosphere and an improvement in soil health.
4. Soil structure including bulk density and the absence of soil sealing
and erosion. Good soil structure as indicated by reduced bulk density, the
absence of soil sealing and erosion allows for healthy root growth, reaching
all parts of the soil and allowing infiltration of rainwater to prevent runoff and
soil loss.
5. Soil biodiversity. Presence of functional diversity of appropriate bacteria

and fungi and of soil animal communities that are important for soil functions
and services, such as soil structure, litter decomposition, organic carbon
storage and nutrients cycling promotes all soil functions. Currently,
33
nematodes and earthworms are well tested. Ongoing research will soon
deliver indicators for soil microbial parameters.
6. Soil nutrients and pH. Essential nutrients for plant growth in part at least,
derived from soils include N, P, K, S, Ca. A range of plant micro-nutrients
usually found at very low concentrations (parts per million) in soils may limit
plant growth, such as boron (B), chlorine (Cl), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron
(Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn). Soil pH affects
many chemical and biological processes, including plant nutrients availability
and the balance and functions of soil microbial communities. In farmland and
forestry soils, an optimal balance is required for growth. In supporting
biodiversity-rich ecosystems, nutrient limitations provide an essential set of
sub-optimal conditions to support a diversity of biota above and below-
ground.
Note that measurements are soil-specific showing characteristically

different ranges of values for different soil types, land uses and
climate zones. Methods for capturing information, which can be
combined in different ways, include: visual assessments in field; soil
sampling with profession laboratory analysis; remote sensing;
modelling, crowed sourcing and citizen science.
The two complementary, landscape scale indicators are:
7. Landscape heterogeneity, including farmland (field size, fragmentation,

presence of natural green elements), forestry (types of forest, monocultures,
clear-cuts with bare land) and urban green infrastructures (adequate presence).
The diversity of landscape elements (composition) and the way these elements
are distributed, including their relative size and their location in relation to the
morphology (configuration) strongly influence biodiversity, the water cycle and
soil erosion.
8. Area of forest and other wooded lands, classified by the number of

species, the share of non-native tree species, and the proportion of natural and
artificial regeneration. In forests, soil health is influenced by the naturalness in
terms of species composition and the management practices, including
disturbance by clear cuts.
Methods for capturing information include remote sensing

complemented by field survey, crowd sourcing and citizen science.
34
Annex 3 Match of mission targets with Green Deal Objectives
This table shows how specific Targets of the Mission directly match (X) or ‘Supports’ or ‘is Supported by’ targets from other
EU Strategies.
EU Nature Farm to Zero Circular Climat

Target Biodiversity CAP Mission
restoration Fork Pollution Economy e Law
30% land protected X Supports
Within this, 10% of EU land X X Supports

should be strictly protected (incl.
significant areas of carbon-rich
ecosystems, such as peatlands,
grasslands, wetlands) (BDS)
Limited soil sealing and urban X X X

sprawl promoting initiatives to
reduce soil sealing (CEAP)
Restore degraded ecosystems X X X
25% of EU land organically X X X

farmers by 2030
Protect soil fertility, reduce soil X X X X X

erosion and increase soil organic
matter
Identify contaminated soil sites, X X X X

restore degraded soils;
rehabilitate abandoned or
contaminated brownfields(CEAP)
35
Improving monitoring of soil X X X X
quality
Soil sealing and contaminated X X X X

brownfields increase the safe,
sustainable and circular use of
excavated soils (CEAP)
Biodiversity-friendly soil cover X X Supports
Reduction in use of fertilisers by X X Supports

at least 20%; Integrated Nutrient
Management Plan to ensuring
more sustainable application of
nutrients and stimulating the
markets for recovered nutrients;
Reviewing directives on and

sewage sludge (CEAP).
Degraded and carbon-rich rich X X X

ecosystems are restored
Pesticides reduced by 50% X X X Supports
At least 10% of high diversity X Supports

landscape features
Urban greening plan X Supports
No use of chemical pesticide in X X Supports

sensitive areas
EU carbon initiative an certifying X X X

carbon removals
36
Reduce dependency on pesticides X X X X
and anti-microbials; reduce
excess fertilisation and increase
organic farming
Neutral or positive environmental X X Supports

impact of the food chain
Sustainable agricultural practices X Supports

in hotspots of livestock farming
Recycling of organic waste into X X Supports

renewable fertilisers
Dedicated partnership on agro- X X

ecology living laboratories
Use of AI and satellite technology X X X
The natural sink soils, agricultural X X X

lands and wetlands should be
maintained and further increased
Continuous progress in enhancing X X Supports

adaptive capacity, strengthening
resilience and reducing
vulnerability to climate change
Develop and implement X Supports

adaptation strategies and plans
that include comprehensive risk
management frameworks, based
on robust climate and
vulnerability baselines and
progress assessments.
37
Annex 4 Soil relevant targets matching the SDG Goals
SDG’s Mission Targets; proposed soil health indicator for

corresponding SDG
SDG 1: No Poverty Soil health to fight rural poverty
Proposed SDG Indicator:
% degraded land in a given country or region
SDG2: Zero Hunger Soil health for sustainable agriculture and forestry
Proposed SDG Indicator:
% of land area in a given country/region with healthy soils

SDG3: Good health Soil health for healthy and sustainable diets and urban
and well-being environments
Proposed SDG Indicators:
% of land area with contaminated soils

% of food supply from a given region that is healthy in terms of
nutrient content
% of food supply from a given region that is safe in terms of

chemical contamination.
SDG4: Quality Soil health for education

education
% of primary and secondary schools that present

environmental courses including the role of soils.
% of land managers with Continuing Professional Development
SDG 6: Clean water Soil health and landscapes for water.

and sanitation
% of land area that has ground- and surface water of good

ecological quality
% of area where soil conservation practices are implemented
SDG7: Affordable and Soil health supporting sustainable bioenergy production

clean energy
% of area used for energy crops
SDG11: Sustainable Soil health for supporting city greening and urban
cities and communities agriculture
% of non-residential areas of cities with healthy soils
% of green infrastructure in urban settings
38
Soil health supporting a circular bioeconomy
SDG 12: Sustainable Proposed SDG Indicators:

production and
Global ecological footprint of soil use and management
consumption patterns
% of schools with education at an early stage to enable
changes in consumption
SDG 13: Climate Soil health for climate change mitigation and adaptation
action
Net mitigation (in tons CO2eq per km2) achieved through soil
carbon sequestration and associated options in land fit for this
purpose.
% change in healthy soils by 2050 under current land use and

management , as explored by applying simulation models
coupled to IPCC scenarios.
% of land where greenhouse gas emissions have significantly

been reduced
SDG15: Life on Land To enhance soils as a habitat for a diverse range of life
Soils for supporting biodiversity
% land with healthy soils
% of land where soils have stable or improving levels of soil

biodiversity
% of a landscape with vegetation biodiversity
% of land protected for nature conservation purposes to protect

unusual soil biological assemblages
SDG16: Peace, justice Soil health supported by an enabling environment

and strong institutions
Better governance through holistic policy making to ensure

environmental quality, including soils.
Protecting of soils and landscapes that carry our cultural
heritage
These soil health indicators should be seen in the context of the existing SDG
indicators included by EUROSTAT and also with indicators for drivers of soil
health throughout the food chain, from production to consumption. Proposed
examples include: % of pre- and postharvest losses of agricultural food and
feed production; amount of food waste from production, trade and consumption
and sustainable and traceable food and feed chains (for SDG 2) or % of
exploitation (recycling) of by-products, wastes, and package materials in a
cycling system (for SDG 3).
39
Annex 5 The mission as a response to the corona pandemic
In their May 9, 2020 issue, the ECONOMIST included a three-page briefing on:
The tables not yet turned”, discussing the major implications of the corona
pandemic on food security in the world. Four-fifth of the planet’s 8 billion
inhabitants are fed in part by imports. The $1.5 trn spent last year on food
imports was three times that spent in the 2000’s so our reliance on
globalisation of the food chain is increasing rapidly. This means that as more
countries depend on imports of food, the disruption of the chain caused by
coronavirus could trigger a repeat of the food crisis of 2007-2008 that sparked
riots from Bangladesh and Burkina Faso to Mauritania and Mexico, and
contributed to the conditions that fostered Syria’s civil war.
Independent from the corona crisis, the Mission Board of Soil Health and Food
(hereafter call the Mission) proposes that these globalised food chains are not
only resulting in insecure food supply, as mentioned above, but also by
supporting highly industrialized forms of agriculture they may adversely affect
environmental- and food quality and, as a result, human health. For example,
growing soya for feeding cattle in Europe has resulted in deforestation in the
Amazon. In addition, infectious diseases may spread more easily. The Mission
advocates this situation is reversed with a reduction of the global footprint of
European agriculture and, wider application of ecological management
procedures for food production where not only production levels are
emphasized but also the quality of food, water, air and nature. Soil health and
circularity emphasizing local food chains play a key role in such production
systems that can be studied in “Lighthouses” and “Living Labs” in close
cooperation with land users. A good example is the Market Gardening system
where high-quality food is locally produced in a short chain between producer
and consumer. Scientific evidence shows that such locally produced food
strengthens the immune system making people less susceptible to infections,
not only by the corona virus but by many other viruses and bacteria as well.
More sustainable management practices will also protect the soil biome which is
a reservoir of future potential therapeutic compounds including new antibiotics
and antibiotic-resistance genes. Evidence is also just emerging about additional
potential for soil bacteria to be used therapeutically to reduce stress and
improve quality of life. Damaging management practices currently contributing
to soil degradation has an unknown impact on this untapped potential. Some
practices even have the potential to cause direct damage to health of people
through increasing risk of pathogen transfers and increasing antimicrobial
resistance through the soil matrix into the water and food production system.
Soils should be at the heart of rebuilding a sustainable green future.
As described above, the corona crisis demonstrates the vulnerability of the

global food system but we have to realize that this all occurs in a condition
where worldwide there is enough food being produced. Still, more than 800
million world citizens are hungry but that is due to war, poor distribution
40
systems from farm to fork or poor governance and corruption. We must realize
that we live a world where up to 30% of food is wasted and where more than a
billion people are obese.
When considering the upheaval caused by the corona pandemic in a world of

plenty, imagine what may happen if there is no food surplus in future? The
MBSHF has emphasized that climate change will most likely have a dramatic
effect on the amount of food that can be produced by, say, 2050. Future
exploratory climate scenarios by the International Panel for Climate Change
(IPCC) show that conditions in many countries may become too dry and hot to
allow productive agriculture and may even make human life very difficult, if not
impossible. Fresh water is in short supply in many areas of the world, limiting
the potential for irrigation. Also, the projected sea level rise may flood poorly
protected but productive areas of land near seas and rivers. Many of our
productive lands are also increasingly covered by roads and buildings, sealing
the soil forever and strongly reducing the available area of productive
agricultural soils. This needs to be stopped.
Drier and hotter conditions are likely to occur in Southern Europe but also in the
Middle East, the Western US and large parts of Asia, South America and Africa,
the latter continent having the highest projected population growth. Large areas
at high Northern latitudes, like Northern Canada or Siberia may, in theory,
become more suitable for agriculture, but soil conditions are generally poor in
these areas and there is no agricultural infrastructure. What is left are areas
with currently moderate climates. Globally, little research has been done to
properly assess the effects of climate change on future agricultural production,
emphasizing the role of soils. Pioneering studies by Italian scientists predict
alarming drops of productivity of up to 40% by 2070 and this is particularly
evident in soils with poor health, due to various degradation processes like
compaction, loss of organic matter or pollution. Of course, genetic improvement
of crops can help to make crops less sensitive to extreme weather conditions
but this will not be adequate to face predicted climate conditions. Market
Gardening, ecological farming and vertical farming in city settings may produce
significant quantities of vegetables, herbs and fruits in future but this may not
be enough and does not cover crops like wheat, rice, sorghum and others that
are grown at scale in the field and are the main food staple.
The Mission proposes new, operational methods to assess soil health and to
apply simulation models for the soil-water-atmosphere-plant system to explore
future effects of climate change on crop production. This way, areas can be
identified where soils are likely to remain healthy enough and where climate
conditions still may allow adequate production levels in future, considering
climate change scenarios. And most importantly and urgent: this should lead to
immediate efforts to protect these soils for future generations. The EU can play
a leading role here initiating a global effort.
41
We now witness the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on food security due to
breakdown of the international food chain but this occurs in a world where
enough food is produced. One can only imagine “dark scenarios” for a world
where not enough food would be available because too many soils cannot
produce enough food as a result of climate change and soil degradation. This
would most likely lead to the need of massive flows of food from North to South.
The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates
that the 10 billion people that will inhabit the earth by 2050 will require a 50%
increase in food production compared with current levels. The FAO also shows
that more than 25% of our global soils are degraded now and this affects
production levels significantly. This can be improved by corrective forms of soil
management, as defined by the Mission. This will represent a contribution to
increase the food production potential. In addition, and more importantly,
proposals by Mission to define areas with healthy soils by 2050 and proposals to
preserve them are more than ever a crucial contribution to food security in
future. The indicators and technology to define such areas are available so there
is no excuse for delay. Remember that soils are and always will be the basis for
food production. Losing their productive potential by degradation and preserving
soils immediately that can still be healthy and productive by 2050, present a
deadly recipe for our future world. Soil health and food is more relevant than
ever.
Considering the above, the following research priorities can be envisioned to link
the Mission to future food security and human health by exploring the:
 soil-health potential of major European soil, including the effects of soil

degradation, by considering IPCC climate-change scenarios up to the year
2100
 role of major European soils on global food security, considering IPCC

climate-change scenarios up to the year 2100
 effects of the global food chain on soil- and human health in both importing
and exporting countries with the goal to reduce the global EU footprint.
 therapeutic potential of the EU soil biome to support the mental and physical
health of citizens post Covid and management practices to minimise risk of
pathogen and AMR transfer through the soil matrix.
 possibility to create a financial intermediary that explicitly concentrates on

facilitating the transition to organic farming by supplying or guaranteeing
long-term loans.
42
Annex 6 A Manifesto for citizens
CARING FOR SOILS IS CARING FOR LIFE
for healthy food, people, nature and climate
Why are healthy soils important?
Soils forms the skin of the earth and are essential for all life-sustaining
processes on our planet. If soils are healthy and are managed sustainably, they
provide many benefits to people, nature and climate. Healthy soils are essential
in delivering healthy food and other essential ecosystem services to humankind,
such as the production of biomass, the purification of percolating water and
avoiding surface water pollution, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, carbon
capture for climate mitigation and last but not least preservation of biodiversity.
But soil health is threatened all over Europe and globally. Mostly through
chemical pollution, biocide residues, plastics or excess tillage and loss of organic
matter. This can strongly affect the level of food production and its quality.
Moreover, climate change exacerbates these threats. Scenarios for the EU
indicate an increasing vulnerability of the soil’s natural capital to desertification
throughout this century. Even though there is enough food at present, globally
climate change may result in structural shortages by 2050 as many areas
become too hot and dry for plant growth while fertile soils along rivers and seas
may flood due to sea level rise.
In the EU, soil sealing, loss of soil organic carbon and biodiversity, compaction,
erosion by both water and wind, salinization and soil contamination lead to
annual costs that may exceed4 50 billion €. So preserving and restoring soil
health is a pressing need even for the near future.
The EU has committed itself to preserve soils and its manifold ecosystems
services, amongst others by accepting the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals and recently the EU Green Deal.
In view of these facts, the Mission on Soil, Health and Food is timely, logical
and essential.
Five underlying principles have guided the efforts of the members of the Mission
Board ”Soil, Health and Food”:
4 Costs were estimated at €38 billion annually for 25 EU countries (The

Implementation of the Soil Thematic Strategy and Ongoing Activities EC, 2012)
but this figure did not include costs from biodiversity decline, sealing or
compaction.
43
1. Missions should be instrumental to the Green Deal and the Sustainable
Development Goals. That means that scientific projects and applications will
be assessed against their practical contributions to solutions for societal
needs and problems and to new approaches to reach the Mission Goals.
2. Soil should not be considered solely from an economic point of view as a

usable stock of wealth that can be exploited (like a mine or a well). Soils are
a complex organism that act as a fund that continuously delivers ecosystem
services. Therefore, soil should be preserved and taken care of. Soil also
has a value in itself, with its use subject to ethical standards that yield for
every living organism.
3. Scientific contributions and technical solutions alone will not be sufficient to

realize the ‘Great Transformation’ as is incorporated in the Green Deal.
Changes in existing support systems and soil management, dissemination of
objective information and monitoring of outcomes are indispensable
elements to support the necessary restoration of soil health for people and
planet as a whole.
4. Interdisciplinary scientific methods based on a system approach - firmly

embedding human and social sciences - are of vital importance in developing
a broad holistic view in order to prevent ‘path dependent‘ solutions and
facilitate a break trough of new ideas and unusual but effective
implementations.
5. Citizen engagement is vital not only for acceptance but to ensure ownership
of citizens for measures to be taken, to stimulate a change in the mindset of
consumers and producers, and also to tap and create new ideas, from ‘the
wisdom of the crowd’. This should be organized and facilitated in a bottom-
up manner and not top-down. It is crucial to let the movements of change
gradually grow as a true and strong performance of civil society to secure a
sustainable future by itself and for itself and future generations.
The Mission Board Soil, Health and Food proposes to engage into a process of
change to realize the following ambitions about making soils healthy again.
CARING FOR SOILS IS CARING FOR LIFE
The mission’s main goal: By 2030, at least 75% of all soils in each EU
Member States are healthy, i.e. are able to provide essential ecosystem
services5.
This goal corresponds to a 100% increase in healthy soils. In line with the
above goal, the following objectives will be achieved by 20306:
5 “By ecosystem services we mean the services provided and the benefits people derive from these
services, both at the ecosystem and at the landscape scale, including public goods related to the wider
ecosystem functioning and society well-being” (Haines-Young and Potschin 2018; MA 2005)
44
 Land degradation including desertification in drylands is strongly
reduced and 50% of degraded land is restored moving beyond land
degradation neutrality.
 High soil organic carbon stocks (e.g. in forests, permanent pastures,

wetlands) are conserved and current carbon concentration losses on
cultivated land (0.5% per year) are reversed to an increase by 0.1-0.4%
per year. The area of peatlands losing carbon is reduced by 30-50%.
 No net soil sealing and an increased re-use of urban soils for urban
development from the current rate of 13% to 50%, to help stop the loss of
productive land to urban development and meet the EU target of no net land
take by 2050.
 Reduced soil pollution, with at least 25% area of EU farmland under

organic agriculture, a further 5-25% of land with reduced risk from
eutrophication, pesticides, anti-microbials and other contaminants, and a
doubling of the rate of restoration of polluted sites prioritising brown field
sites.
 Prevention of erosion on 30 to 50% of land with unsustainable erosion

rates.
 Improved soil structure to improve habitat quality for soil biota and
crops including a 30 to 50% reduction in soils with high density subsoils.
 20-40% reduced global footprint of EU’s food and timber imports on land
degradation, through strengthened international cooperation and trade
regulations and carbon tax.
How can we support soil health through research and innovation? The
Board strongly advises the following approaches:
Much expertise in the area of Soil Health and Food is already available after
many years of research and experiences obtained in practice. Limitations of
approaches that were primarily focused on production and consumption from
an economic point of view have increasingly become evident in terms of
negative environmental side effects on water, nature and biodiversity. To face
the formidable challenges ahead of us on soil, health and food (as for instance
mentioned in UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Green Deal) we
6
Goal, objectives and targets are at the EU scale and feasible. However, they will
require a large transformation that will not be easy to trigger across all EU regions
in the given timeframe.
45
propose a paradigm shift, a fundamental change in the way we approach the
problems the Mission is about. This implies, in summary, that:
(i) rather than being considered as a stock to be exploited, soils are considered
as a precious living organism and an indispensable resource to be cared for; (ii)
soils not only produce marketable products as food, fibers, etc., but also public
goods, like beauty of the landscapes, biodiversity, or recreation services. These
values without a market price deserve more emphasis; (iii) the highly adaptive
character of land use is acknowledged by engaging experienced practitioners in
a joint learning approach with researchers; (iv) emphasis is placed on inter-
and transdisciplinary research with a strong social component; (v) system
approaches should replace reductionist, traditional approaches; (vi) in order to
facilitate changes in behavior of land managers and owners, mandatory
prescriptive environmental rules and regulations leading to passive
management behavior and exploration of loopholes should be reconsidered. The
stimulus should be to challenge actors in the field by defining clear targets and
indicators and time frames intended to be reached. These should be formulated
in interaction with land users and based on a system of bonus/malus
accountability.
In more detail, the following statements elaborate on our recommendations and

specifically illustrate areas where new approaches are proposed.
How can the ambitions of the Mission be made more concrete and be
quantified?
We propose seven focal areas of necessary innovation:
1. Change the traditional more static soil paradigm to: Living soils form
the vulnerable skin of the earth, contributing to essential ecosystem
services for mankind
We emphasize the role of soil health in terms of contributing to ecosystem

services that, in turn, contribute to SDGs and the Green Deal.
Live on earth is governed by nature and by the ecosystem services provided by

soils. Modern agriculture and forestry should not be focused only on the
ecosystem service biomass production, but should satisfy the other ecosystem
demands as well. Different scientific disciplines have to combine forces to
assess and improve such services at different spatial levels and realizing soil
health is the best contribution that the soil science discipline can make. Though
important, soils cannot by themselves determine the quality of ecosystem
services. Interdisciplinary research approaches are therefore essential, where
soil scientists are active members of interdisciplinary teams. We advocate a
systems analysis of the entire production system by contributing soil data to
and applying available soil-water-atmosphere-plant simulation models that are
already widely used in agronomy, hydrology, climatology and ecology. We
define ecosystem services as a bundle of performances that support, facilitate
46
and secure all life on our planet. Soil health we define along this line as: The
continued capacity of a certain type of soil to contribute in providing
ecosystem services for all forms of life, in accordance with the goals of
the SDGs and the Green Deal.
For many years soils have clinically been considered as porous media
conducting water and adsorbing and releasing nutrients. But soils, unseen
below the surface of the earth and therefore unknown to many, are biologically
active parts of dynamic landscapes supporting life in many forms. Soil use is
subject to ethical standards that apply to every living organism. These ideas are
not new, but need increased emphasis and articulation in times of major
environmental challenges. We advocate emphasis on studying the soil biome
and applying modern communication techniques that will offer new, unexplored
opportunities for effective communication and engagement.
2. We advocate a model that starts with an interactive, joint-learning

approach by stakeholders and researchers focusing on “lighthouses”
and “Living Labs” as seeds for replication
Much research is available covering numerous aspects of land use systems but
we face the problem that too often such research is not implemented because
of socio-economic reasons or because the overwhelming complexity of real-
world adaptive management is too difficult to be expressed in general decision
rules.
We therefore suggest to turn the traditional research-chain around and start

with identifying innovative and successful case studies of circular value chains
for soil regeneration that can act as “lighthouses” (‘showcases’) of what is
developed and successfully in practice. Many examples do exist at this point in
time! They are an opportunity to experiment how to produce more with less: a
key future societal challenge. Another instrument are ”living Labs” (or try outs)
endeavours on field experiments. They should be executed in close cooperation
with stakeholders to assess and improve the results that correspond with the
ambitions of the Mission. This joint-learning approach of all stakeholders, best
practices need to be documented and disseminated since they can act as
“seeds” to accelerate their scale-up and replication through adaptation to the
specific local contexts.
The concepts of ”Lighthouses” and ”Living Labs” are not new but our explicit
recommendation above, applying sets of modern sensing and monitoring
methods will deliver the quantitative documentation of ecosystem services as
concrete results. These will be essential to improve communication and
engagement with other land users, the public at large and the political arena.
In order to support land users in their transition towards more sustainable land
use and making soils healthier, it is recommended that a financial mechanism is
in place providing farmers and other land managers with access to long term
loans.
47
3. We present operational targets and indicators for soil health
We define, in contrast to the state-of-the-art, a simple set of indicators for soil

health and also indicators for a series of ecosystem services mentioned under
point 1.
So far, targets and indicators for the SDG’s as an objective point of reference
and that are largely adopted by EUROSTAT and also by the Green Deal. So far,
these did not mention soils and soil health at all. We therefore propose six soil-
related indicators plus two at the landscape scale (Annex 2). We also list
twenty three indicators which link the mission with the SDG targets (in
accordance with eleven SDG’s, Annex 5) and provide convincing reasons why
soil health is important in this context. We also define operational procedures to
quantify the various indicators.
4. We suggest to define new research by filling gaps in knowledge

perceived when applying existing expertise
Much useful data and information on soils and their functioning has been
accumulated in more than hundred years of research. The urgency to face up to
the enormous challenges implies that no time can be lost. When studying soil
contributions to ecosystem services, existing expertise and methodology should
be applied first before new research is initiated. The latter should be focused
on filling gaps in knowledge appearing when applying existing expertise.
“Curiosity driven” interdisciplinary research is needed to fill such gaps.
5. We advise to better link food quality and safety to chemical and

biological soil conditions and processes
A large body of literature has been published on the relation between food
quality and human health. However, much less is known about the relation
between food quality and soil health. It is important to identify suitable and
unsuitable soils for growing various crops or vegetables and to define critical
thresholds of chemical pollutants in soil, such as heavy metals, remnants of
pesticides, medicines, drugs and plastics. Soils are not only the positive source
of new antibiotics but also a negative source of organisms that threaten human
health. Their occurrence and development in different types of soil is still largely
unknown and needs more attention. And also pay much more attention to the
effects of methods of conservation, packaging, storage and transportation in
the food chain, in relation to soil health in order to prevent ongoing
contamination and waste.
6. We propose to apply systems analysis to explore whether there will

be enough healthy soils in the world by 2050
Currently, there is enough food in the world. Widespread hunger is the result of
war, poor distribution or inappropriate governance. But what will be conditions
in 2050 as many soils will become too dry and hot while fertile areas near rivers
and seas may flood due to climate change and sea level rise? How to feed 10
48
billion demanding people by 2050? This question remains unanswered at this
time. An exploratory cross-sectorial systems analysis, applying soil-water-
atmosphere-plant simulation models, can indicate which soils are likely to be
still healthy in 2050.
7. Ensure the EU global soil footprint is reduced
Any action in the EU has a positive or negative impact in non-EU countries due
to complex supply chains. We must avoid outcomes which could imply exporting
our problems associated with poor soil health or importing products produced
on unhealthy soils. This observation is particularly relevant in the current health
crisis where international food supply chains are being challenged.
49
Annex 7 Activities for Communication and Citizen Engagement
Communication and citizen engagement are key elements for the success of the
mission Care for soil is care for life, and in general to bring research and
innovation closer to societal needs.
Towards a communication strategy
The mission board, supported by Commission services has prepared a

communication strategy as a basis for comprehensive actions in this field
according to the following goals:
INFORM: raise awareness of the importance of soil health and food and the
challenges they faces.
ENTHUSE: use emotive language and strong visual content to convince that we
need to act together to achieve the mission
ENGAGE: offer meaningful opportunities for citizens and stakeholders to engage

in the co-design/co-creation, co-implementation and co-assessment.
Tools and materials
The web presence of the mission area soil health and food is guaranteed
though its webpage. Documents of Mission Board meetings are uploaded in the
EC expert group registry.
DG AGRI and DG Research and Innovation social media channels are used for
widespread communication of messages and activities with the hastaghs
#MissionSoil #EUmissions #HorizonEurope.
At the occasion of the World Soil Day 2019 a video (Soil matter, below), an
article (Soil matters for our future, below), a EUSurvey, and the #EIPagriSoil
campaign were launched.
Articles
 Soil matters for our future
 Healthy Agricultural Soils: 24 European countries coordinate unprecedented

research programme
 Citizen Dialogue in Sofia with Commissioner Gabriel on missions
Videos
 Soil matters
 Horizon Europe Missions
 Salon de l’Agriculture – Plateau télé - AGRI Director Nathalie Sauze

Vandevyver and Board member Jean-Francois Sousanna
50
Online material to get involved
 Quiz, apple soil game
 What do you know about soils?
https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-
framework-programme/mission-area-soil-health-and-food_en#get-involved
Events
Members of the Mission Board have promoted the mission area Soil Health and
Food at more than 20 events all around Europe, reaching more than 1000
people. They also participated in citizen engagement activities (see below) and
published articles for their national audiences. AGRI Director Nathalie Sauze
Vandevyver and Board member Jean-Francois Sousanna appeared at the French
Plateau télé to share the work on the mission area Soil Health and Food with a
wider public.
Citizen engagement
The Horizon Europe provisional agreement specifies that missions are:
“intended to … have impact on society and policy-making through science and

technology; and be relevant for a significant part of the European population
and a wide range of European citizens” (Art. 2). They shall “encourage broad
engagement and active participation of … citizens and end-users … and … be
open to multiple, bottom-up approaches and solutions taking into account
human and societal needs and benefits and recognizing the importance of
diverse contributions to achieve these missions” (Art. 7.3).
Why is citizen engagement important?
 To inspire society at large, missions need to have widespread legitimacy

and acceptance
 Balancing top-down and bottom-up perspectives can make innovation

processes richer, better informed, and more likely to be adopted;
 Public value represents not just what citizens demand today, but what they
may need or desire in the future;
 Co-design gives societal ownership of the missions’ goals and objectives,

ensuring that missions have longevity;
 Citizen scientists and innovators can have added value and complement
the implementation of missions;
 Co-assessment can ensure that mission’s outcomes are aligned with the
needs, values and expectations of society.
51
Past citizen engagement events
 World Soil Day – launch of EUSurvey, communication campaign, 5 Dec.

2019
 Workshop at the COP25 – Madrid, 12 Dec. 2019
 Mission Café – Vienna, 16 Jan. 2020
 International Green Week – Berlin, 17-26 Jan. 2020
 Citizen dialogue – Sofia, 31 Jan. 2020
 Public hearing at European Parliament, 18 Feb 2020
 Salon de l’Agriculture – Paris, 22-29 March 2020
Future citizen engagement events (tbc do to covid-19)
 Two online citizen engagement events in the Czech Republic and

Portugal
 European Youth Forum – online event on 10/06/2020
 European Youth Parliament – possible citizen engagement event in

Poland in August
 R&I days – Brussels and online, 22-24 September 2020
 EIP-AGRI seminar – Setubal (Portugal), 7-8 October 2020
 Q&A session at the European Week of Regions and Cities (tbc) –

Brussels, 12-15 October 2020
Other online activities to get involved
52
Getting in touch with the EU
IN PERSON
All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct information centres.
You can find the address of the centre nearest you at: https://europa.eu/european-union/contact_en
ON THE PHONE OR BY EMAIL

Europe Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union.
You can contact this service:
– by freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (certain operators may charge for these calls),
– at the following standard number: +32 22999696, or
– by email via: https://europa.eu/european-union/contact_en
Finding information about the EU

ONLINE
Information about the European Union in all the official languages of the EU is available on the Europa
website at: https://europa.eu/european-union/index_en
EU PUBLICATIONS
You can download or order free and priced EU publications from:
https://op.europa.eu/en/publications. Multiple copies of free publications may be obtained by
contacting Europe Direct or your local information centre (see https://europa.eu/european-
union/contact_en)
EU LAW AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

For access to legal information from the EU, including all EU law since 1952 in all the official language
versions, go to EUR-Lex at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu
OPEN DATA FROM THE EU

The EU Open Data Portal (http://data.europa.eu/euodp/en) provides access to datasets from the EU.
Data can be downloaded and reused for free, for both commercial and non-commercial purposes.
Caring for Soil is Caring for Life” is the title of
the mission proposed by the Soil Health and Food
Mission Board.
The mission’s goal is to “ensure that 75% of soils are

healthy by 2030 and are able to provide essential
ecosystem services”, such as the provision of food and
other biomass, supporting biodiversity, storing and
regulating the flow of water, or mitigating the effects of
climate change. The target corresponds to a 100%
increase of healthy soils against the current baseline.
This interim report sets out the vision and the blueprint
to reach this ambition through a combination of
research and innovation, training and advice, as well as
the demonstration of good practices for soil
management using “Living labs” and “Lighthouses”. To
be successful, the mission will also improve the
monitoring of soil health and the pressures acting on
them, mobilise investments, and encourage changes in
policies.
The mission will be a joint endeavour by stakeholders,

researchers, policy-makers and citizens alike that will
put Europe on a path towards sustainable land and soil
management as part of a wider, green societal
transition.
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Caring for soil is caring

Manuscript completed in May 2020.

More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu).

Print ISBN 978-92-76-19953-3 doi: 10.2777/4833 KI-02-20-463-EN-C

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020

© European Union, 2020

Caring for soil is caring

Mission Board Soil health and food

Directorate-General for Research and Innovation

Soil degradation is largely driven by how we live. Left unchecked, it will

Through actions that restore degraded land, empower land managers to

1.1 Our vision – what do we want to achieve?

 Land degradation including desertification in drylands is strongly

 High soil organic carbon stocks (e.g. in forests, permanent pastures,

 Reduced soil pollution, with at least 25% area of EU farmland under

 Prevention of erosion on 30-50% of land with unsustainable erosion rates.

1.2 Why do we need healthy soils? The need for a Mission

By 2050, 50 - 700 million people worldwide are likely to be forced to migrate

1.3 A novel approach to soil health

The Mission’s approach is based on the recognition that:

 Soils can only be tackled within a systems’ approach, recognizing its

 Soils are dynamic, living systems that deliver essential ecosystem

 Soil health should be continuously monitored in a harmonised way and the

Objectives Land Management Soil Health Targets Six Soil Health

Land 50% degraded land Strong reduction in All 6 soil health

Soil sealing Urban recycling of Switch from 2.4% to no Soil structure

Erosion 50% degraded land Prevention on 30-50% of Soil structure

Global Strengthened 20-40% reduction of Food, feed and fibre

To be effective, many players, across sectors, and at various scales need to

Reaching 75% of healthy soils in the EU by 2030 will ensure that:

 EU agriculture resilience to climate shocks is strengthened, leading to reduced

 Dependency on critical imports of feed is reduced by fostering EU-grown plant

At a glance: The Mission’s support to strategic EU targets which

Food: 25% of organic farms by 2030 (Farm to Fork; EU Nature

People: Urban Greening Plans (EU Nature Restoration); 25% of organic

Nature: Protection of land (Biodiversity); Increased circular use of

Climate: Certifying carbon removals (Farm to Fork); ensuring the food

2.1 Scope and building blocks of the mission

Figure 1: Soil Health drivers and impacts (centre of

The Mission’s building blocks are based on

1) an ambitious cross-scale, inter and transdisciplinary R&I programme;

2) co-creation and sharing in Living Laboratories and Lighthouses within

3) a robust soil monitoring programme by each MS equivalent to that for

4) communication and citizen engagement embedded into all activities.

The policy framework, consumer attitudes, market mechanisms and

2.2 Co-creation of knowledge and innovation in living labs and lighthouses

2.3 Research needs for soil health innovation

Research and innovation activities will take place at a variety of spatial

 At the landscape scale, integrated management principles must be devised

 At the regional and country scales, priorities include: developments in

 At a global scale, understanding and tracking robustly and consistently our

 At the food system scale, understanding how to encourage consumers to

The effectiveness of different forms of soil improvement can only be assessed

The Mission proposes to use six fundamental indicators: 1) Presence of soil

2.5 A supportive environment for healthy soils and societal benefits

Research, innovation and monitoring alone will not be enough to mainstream

Public policies, incentives, investments, information, advice and society

(ii) CAP new payment schemes to reward effectively practices that