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What is item-orientated programming? OOP defined in depth
Apr 15, 2020 - 15 min read
Erin Doherty
Object-orientated programming (OOP) is a essential programming paradigm utilized
by almost each developer in some unspecified time in the future in their career. OOP is
the maximum famous programming paradigm and is taught as the same old manner to code
for maximum of a programmers educational career.
Today we can spoil down the fundamentals of what makes a application item-orientated so
you can begin to make use of this paradigm on your personal initiatives and interviews.
Here’s what is going to be covered:

 What is Object-orientated programming?
 Building blocks of OOP
 Four concepts of OOP
 What to examine next

What is Object Oriented Programming?

Object Oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that is based at
the idea of lessons and gadgets. It is used to shape a software program application into easy,
reusable portions of code blueprints (normally known as lessons), that are used to
create person times of gadgets. There are many item-orientated programming
languages which includes JavaScript, C++, Java, and Python.
A magnificence is an summary blueprint used to create greater particular, concrete gadgets.
Classes often constitute huge categories, like Car or Dog that share attributes.
These lessons outline what attributes an example of this kind will have,
like color, however now no longer the cost of these attributes for a particular item.
Classes also can include capabilities, known as techniques to be had most
effective to gadgets of that kind. These capabilities are described in
the magnificence and carry out a few movement useful to that particular kind of item.
For instance, our Car magnificence might also additionally have
a technique repaint that adjustments the color characteristic of our automobile.
This feature is most effective useful to gadgets of kind Car, so we claim it in
the Car magnificence hence making it a technique.
Class templates are used as a blueprint to create person gadgets.
These constitute particular examples of the summary magnificence,
like myCar or goldenRetriever. Each item will have specific values to the houses described in
the magnificence.
For instance, say we created a magnificence, Car, to include all of
the houses a automobile must have, color, brand, and model. We then create an example of
a Car kind item, myCar to symbolize my particular automobile.
We should then set the cost of the houses described withinside the magnificence to
explain my automobile, with out affecting different gadgets or the magnificence template.
We can then reuse this magnificence to symbolize any range of cars.
Class blueprint being used to create Car kind gadgets, myCar and helensCar
Benefits of OOP

 OOP fashions complicated matters as reproducible, easy systems
 Reusable, OOP gadgets may be used throughout programs
 Allows for magnificence-particular conduct via polymorphism
 Easier to debug, lessons often include all relevant data to them
 Secure, protects data via encapsulation

How to shape OOP programs

Let’s take a actual international problem, and conceptually layout an OOP software
program application.
Imagine going for walks a canine sitting camp, with masses of pets, and you need
to maintain music of the names, ages, and days attended for every pet.
How might you layout easy, reusable software program to model the puppies?
With masses of puppies, it might be inefficient to write down specific code for every canine.
Below we see what that would appear like with gadgets rufus and fluffy.
//Object of 1 person canine
var rufus = {
    name: "Rufus",
    birthday: "2/1/2017",
    age: feature() {
        go back Date.now() - this.birthday;
    },
    attendance: 0
}
//Object of 2nd person canine
var fluffy = {
    name: "Fluffy",
    birthday: "1/12/2019",
    age: feature() {
        go back Date.now() - this.birthday;
    },
    attendance: 0
}
As you may see above, there is lots of duplicated code among each gadgets.
The age() feature seems in every item. Since we need the equal data for every canine, we are
able to use gadgets and lessons instead.
Grouping associated data collectively to shape a magnificence shape makes the code shorter
and less difficult to maintain.
In the dogsitting instance, here’s how a programmer should reflect onconsideration
on organizing an OOP:

1. Create a figure magnificence for all puppies as a blueprint of data and behaviors

(techniques) that every one puppies will have, irrespective of kind.
2. Create baby lessons to constitute specific subcategories
of canine below the regular figure blueprint.
3. Add specific attributes and behaviors to the kid lessons to symbolize differences
4. Create gadgets from the kid magnificence that constitute puppies inside that
subgroup

The diagram under represents a way to layout an OOP application: grouping

the associated information and behaviors collectively to shape a easy template
then growing subgroups for specialised information and conduct.
The Dog magnificence is a regular template, containing most
effective the shape approximately information and behaviors not unusualplace to all puppies.
We then create baby lessons of Dog, HerdingDog and TrackingDog. These have the inherited
behaviors of Dog (bark()) however additionally conduct specific to puppies of that subtype.
Finally,we create gadgets of the HerdingDog kind to
symbolize the person puppies Fluffy and Maisel.
We also can create gadgets like Rufus that in
shape below the huge magnificence of Dog however do now no longer in
shape below either HerdingDog or TrackingDog.
Building blocks of OOP
Next, we’ll take a deeper examine every of the essential constructing blocks of an
OOP application used above:

 Classes
 Objects
 Methods
 Attributes

Classes
In a nutshell, lessons are essentially user described information sorts. Classes are in
which we create a blueprint for the shape of techniques and attributes. Individual gadgets are
instantiated, or comprised of this blueprint.
Classes include fields for attributes, and techniques for behaviors. In
our Dog magnificence instance, attributes include name & birthday, at the same time
as techniques include bark() and updateAttendance().
Here’s a code snippet demonstrating a way to application a Dog magnificence the usage
of the JavaScript language.
magnificence Dog {
    constructor(name, birthday) {
        this.name = name;
        this.birthday = birthday;
    }
    //Declare non-public variables
    _attendance = 0;
    getAge() {
        //Getter
        go back this.calcAge();
    }
    calcAge() {
        //calculate age the usage of state-of-the-art date and birthday
        go back Date.now() - this.birthday;
    }
    bark() {
        go back console.log("Woof!");
    }
    updateAttendance() {
        //{add|upload} an afternoon to the canine's attendance days on the petsitters
        this._attendance++;
    }
}
Remember the magnificence is a template for modeling a canine, and an item is instantiated
from the magnificence representing an person actual international thing.
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Objects
Of path OOP consists of gadgets! Objects are times of lessons created
with particular information, for instance withinside the code snippet under Rufus is
an example of the Dog magnificence.
magnificence Dog {
    constructor(name, birthday) {
        this.name = name;
        this.birthday = birthday;
    }
    //Declare non-public variables
    _attendance = 0;
    getAge() {
        //Getter
        go back this.calcAge();
    }
    calcAge() {
        //calculate age the usage of state-of-the-art date and birthday
        go back Date.now() - this.birthday;
    }
    bark() {
        go back console.log("Woof!");
    }
    updateAttendance() {
        //{add|upload} an afternoon to the canine's attendance days on the petsitters
        this._attendance++;
    }
}
//instantiate a brand new item of the Dog magnificence, and person canine named Rufus
const rufus = new Dog("Rufus", "2/1/2017");
When the brand new magnificence Dog is known as:

 A new item is created named rufus

 The constructor runs name & birthday arguments, and assigns values

Programming vocabulary:
In JavaScript gadgets are a kind of variable. This might also
additionally reason confusion, due to the fact gadgets also can be declared with
out a magnificence template in JavaScript, as proven at the start.
Objects have states and behaviors. State is described with the aid of
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Encapsulation provides security. Attributes and techniques may be set to non-public, so that
they can’t be accessed out of doors the magnificence. To
get data approximately information in an item, public techniques & houses are used to get
entry to or replace information.
This provides a layer of security, in which the developer chooses what information may
be visible on an item with the aid of using exposing
that information via public techniques withinside the magnificence definition.
Within lessons, maximum programming languages have public, protected, and
personal sections. Public is the restricted choice of techniques to be had to the out of
doors international, or different lessons in the application. Protected is most
effective handy to baby lessons.
Private code can most effective be accessed from inside that magnificence.
To pass returned to our canine/proprietor instance, encapsulation is
right so proprietors can’t get entry to non-
public data approximately different people’s puppies.
Note: JavaScript has non-public and guarded houses and techniques. Protected Fields are
prefixed with a _ ; non-public fields are prefixed with a #. Protected fields are inherited, non-
public ones aren’t.
//Parent magnificence Dog
magnificence Dog{
    //Declare protected (non-public) fields
    _attendance = 0;
    constructor(namee, birthday) {
        this.name = name;
        this.birthday = birthday;
    }
    getAge() {
        //Getter
        go back this.calcAge();
    }
    calcAge() {
        //calculate age the usage of state-of-the-art date and birthday
        go back this.calcAge();
    }
    bark() {
        go back console.log("Woof!");
    }
    updateAttendance() {
        //{add|upload} an afternoon to the canine's attendance days on the petsitters
        this._attendance++;
    }
}
//instantiate a brand new example of Dog magnificence, an person canine named Rufus
const rufus = new Dog("Rufus", "2/1/2017");
//use getter technique to calculate Rufus' age
rufus.getAge();
Consider the getAge() technique in our instance code, the calculation info are
hidden internal the Dog magnificence. The rufus item makes use of the getAge() technique to
calculate Rufus’s age.
Encapsulating & updating
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Abstraction additionally serves an vital security role. By most effective showing decided
on portions of information, and most effective permitting information to
be accessed via lessons and changed via techniques, we guard the information from
exposure. To keep with the automobile instance, you wouldn’t need an open fueloline tank at
the same time as using a automobile.

The advantages of abstraction are summarized under:

 Simple, excessive degree user interfaces
 Complex code is hidden
 Security
 Easier software program maintenance
 Code updates hardly ever change abstraction

Polymorphism

Polymorphism approach designing gadgets to share behaviors. Using

inheritance, gadgets can override shared figure behaviors, with particular baby behaviors.
Polymorphism lets in the equal technique to execute specific behaviors
in ways: technique overriding and technique overloading.

Method Overriding

Runtime polymorphism makes use of technique overriding. In technique overriding,

a baby magnificence can offer a specific implementation than its figure magnificence. In
our canine instance, we might also additionally need to give TrackingDog a particular kind
of bark specific than the regular canine magnificence.

Method overriding should create a bark() technique withinside the baby magnificence that

overrides the bark() technique withinside the figure Dog magnificence.

//Parent magnificence Dog

magnificence Dog{

    //Declare protected (non-public) fields

    _attendance = 0;

    constructor(namee, birthday) {

        this.name = name;

        this.birthday = birthday;

    }
    getAge() {

        //Getter

        go back this.calcAge();

    }

    calcAge() {

        //calculate age the usage of state-of-the-art date and birthday

        go back this.calcAge();

    }

    bark() {

        go back console.log("Woof!");

    }

    updateAttendance() {

        //{add|upload} an afternoon to the canine's attendance days on the petsitters

        this._attendance++;

    }

//Child magnificence TrackingDog, inherits from figure

magnificence TrackingDog extends Dog {

    constructor(name, birthday)

        super(name);

        super(birthday);

    }

    music() {

        //{additional|extra} technique for TrackingDog baby magnificence

        go back console.log("Searching...")

    }

    bark() {
        go back console.log("Found it!");

    }

//instantiate a brand new TrackingDog item

const duke = new TrackingDog("Duke", "1/12/2019");

duke.bark(); //returns "Found it!"

TrackingDog's overriding the bark() technique

Method Overloading

Compile Time polymorphism makes use of technique overloading. Methods

or capabilities might also additionally have the equal name, however a specific range of
parameters exceeded into the technique call. Different effects might also
additionally occur relying at the range of parameters exceeded in.

//Parent magnificence Dog

magnificence Dog{

    //Declare protected (non-public) fields

    _attendance = 0;

    constructor(namee, birthday) {

        this.name = name;

        this.birthday = birthday;

    }

    getAge() {

        //Getter

        go back this.calcAge();

    }

    calcAge() {

        //calculate age the usage of state-of-the-art date and birthday

        go back this.calcAge();

    }

    bark() {
        go back console.log("Woof!");

    }

    updateAttendance() {

        //{add|upload} an afternoon to the canine's attendance days on the petsitters

        this._attendance++;

    }

    updateAttendance(x) {

        //provides a couple of to the canine's attendance days on the petsitters

        this._attendance = this._attendance + x;

    }

//instantiate a brand new example of Dog magnificence, an person canine named Rufus

const rufus = new Dog("Rufus", "2/1/2017");

rufus.updateAttendance(); //attendance = 1

rufus.updateAttendance(four); // attendance = 5

In this code instance, if no parameters are exceeded into the updateAttendance() technique.

One day is delivered to the count. If a parameter is exceeded in updateAttendance(four),
then four is exceeded into the x parameter in updateAttendance(x), and four days
are delivered to the count.

The advantages of Polymorphism are:

 Objects of various sorts can be exceeded via the equal interface

 Method overriding
 Method overloading

Conclusion

Object Oriented programming calls for thinking approximately the shape of this

system and making plans at the start of coding. Looking at how to interrupt up
the necessities into easy, reusable lessons that may be used to blueprint times of gadgets.
Overall, imposing OOP lets in for higher information systems and reusability, saving
time withinside the lengthy run.
If you’d want to take a deep dive into OOP, Educative has publications for OOP in:

 Java
 JavaScript
 Python
 C++
 C#

These publications are text-primarily based totally with in-browser coding environments so

that you can examine even quicker and greater efficiently. No set-up required, simply get
in and begin coding.

Happy learning!

Continue studying approximately Object Oriented Programming

 S.O.L.I.D. Principles of Object-Oriented Programming in C#

 Exploring item-orientated programming standards with Java
 How to Use Object-Oriented Programming in Python

WRITTEN BYErin Doherty

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