POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

POLICE- Agency of a Community or Government that is responsible for Enforcement of Laws,

Maintenance of Public Order, and Prevention and Detection of Crime

ORGANIZATION *Group of individuals with a common goal.

* Structure of individuals that function into a productive relationship

POLICE ORGANIZATION A structured group of trained personnel in the field of public safety
administration engaged in the achievement of goals and objectives.

POLICE ADMINISTRATION An organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives

and plans, and internal operating efficiency of the police organization.

GOALS

1. To protect life and property.

2. To ensure public safety.

3. To maintain peace and order.

OBJECTIVES

1. To attain an acceptable degree of peace and order.

2. To attain effectiveness in the enforcement of law and efficiency of law enforcers.

3. To attain a low crime volume and crime rate.

4. To attain a maximum degree of solution and criminal conviction of law violators.

5. To attain a maximum degree in the protection of life and property.

THE NATURE OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

A complex bureaucracy.

A multi-level organization which is organized in the form of a pyramid like structure PRESIDENT,CHIEF OF
POLICE, OFFICIALS,RANK AND FILES

TYPES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. Line Organization – authority and responsibility extend in a direct line from top to bottom.

2. Functional Organization – functional responsibility is limited to particular activity .

3. Line and Staff organization – a combination of line and functional types. Channels of
responsibility is to “think and provide expertise” for the line units.
Administration

Refers to the processes used in organization. It covers the broad areas of:

Planning - setting performance objectives and identifying the actions needed

Organizing - dividing the work to be done and coordinating results to achieve a desired purpose.

Staffing - Filling the organization with the right people and right position.

Administration

Directing - task of making decisions and embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions
and serving as the leader of the enterprise

Coordinating - the all-important duty of interrelating the various parts of the work.

Reporting - keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as to what is going on, which
thus includes keeping himself and his subordinates informed through records research and inspection.

Budgeting – with all that goes of budgeting in the form of fiscal planning, accounting, and control.

ORGANIZATIONAL TERMINOLOGIES

Functional Units

Bureau – the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of numbers of
divisions.

Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau.

Section – functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.

Unit – functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group within an organization.
 Territorial Units

Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or
office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a spot location for general guard duty.

Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.

Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.

Sector – An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.

District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.

Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.

Principles of Police Organization

1. Unity of Objectives – an organization is effective if it enables the individuals to
contribute to the organization’s objective.
2. Organizational Efficiency – organization is effective if it aids the accomplishment of
objective with minimum cost.
3. Scalar Principle – shows vertical hierarchy which defines an unbroken chain of units
from top to bottom.
1.
a. Line of Authority and Chain of Command - communications should ordinarily go upward
through established channels in the hierarchy.
b. Span of Control - a supervision over personnel or units shall not mean more than what a
supervisor can effectively direct and coordinate.
c. The Delegation of authority - giving of task to a subordinate with commensurate
authority and appropriate responsibility.
d. The Unity of Command - explains that subordinates should only be under the control of
one superior.
4. Functional Principle – refers to the division of work according to type, place, time and
specialization.
5. Line and Staff - a system of varied functions arrange into workable pattern.
6. Principle of Balance – application of principles must be balance to ensure
effectiveness
7. Principle of Delegation by Results – authority delegated should be adequate to
ensure expected results.
8. Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility – responsibility of subordinates to
their superior is absolute and the superior cannot escape responsibility for the
organization on activities performed by subordinates.
9. Principle of Parity and Responsibility– responsibility for action cannot be greater
than that implied by authority.
 10. Authority Level Principle – decisions within the authority of the individual
commander should be made by them and not be returned upward in the organizational
structure.
11. Principle of Flexibility – the more flexible the organization the more it can fulfill its
purpose.
EVOLUTION OF POLICE SYSTEM
The term police came from the Greek word POLITEIA (government of a city), which
was used to describe the group of civil officers governing the city and not necessarily
the armed men guarding or policing the city.
When the Romans conquered the Greeks, they changed the word slightly to POLITIA.
 The French changed the word to POLICE and used it to those authorized people who
actually enforce the law. 
 The English and the Americans borrowed the word from the French and used it to
describe a law enforcement officer.
The creation of police force as a protective and law enforcement organization
developed from the use of military bodies as guardians of the peace, such as the
PRAETORIaieved a high level of law enforcement, which remained in effect until
the decline of the empire and the onset of the Middle Ages.
 
 
 
Anglo-Saxon Period (600-1066 AD)
1. FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM
Male over 12 years old join nine (9) of his neighbors to form a TYTHINGMEN – a group
of men whose duty was to apprehend any person who offends another and deliver that
offender for trial.
2. TUN POLICING
all male residents were required to guard the town to preserve peace and order, protect
the life and properties of the people and other factors that disturbs the peace and order.
3. HUE AND CRY
the complainant or victim goes to the middle of the community and shout to call all male
residents to assemble. The victim reports his complaint to the assembly.  Consequently,
all the male residents will go after the criminal and apprehend him
4. ROYAL JUDGE SYSTEM
The royal judge conducted criminal investigation and gave punishment fitted to the
crime committed.
5. TRIAL BY ORDEAL
A suspect was required to place his hands over boiling water or oil. If he would not get
hurt, he will be acquitted but when hurt, he would be considered guilty.
 Norman Period (1066-1285 AD)
1. SHIRE-REEVE SYSTEM
2. LEGIS HENRIE
3. KEEPERS OF THE PEACE
4. MAGNA CARTA
1.SHIRE-REEVE SYSTEM
 SHIRE means a district while REEVE means the ruler who made laws, pass
judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted by a group of constables,
the forerunner of the constabulary.
 The term Shire-Reeve eventually became Sheriff, the title of the chief of
constables or police officers in a certain town.
 The TRAVELLING JUDGE was held responsible in deciding cases that were
taken from Shire-Reeves due to some abuses.
2. LEGIS HENRIE
 This law was enacted during the time of King Henry I, which imposed the
following features:
 Law violations were classified as offenses against the King
 Policemen became public officials.
 The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest.
 Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
3.KEEPERS OF THE PEACE,
 In 1195, King Richard of England issued a proclamation entitled KEEPERS OF
THE PEACE, requiring the appointment of Knights to keep the King’s peace by
standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and
leaving the cities and towns.

MAGNA CARTA (Great Charter)

On June 15, 1215, MAGNA CARTA (Great Charter) was sealed by King John of England. This became a
law upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table.

The Knights forced King John to sign the document which declared the following:

 No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed, outlawed, or bowed except

by legal judgment of his peers.

 No person should be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the
victim.

 There should be national and local government as well as the national and local
legislation.

WESTMINSTER PERIOD (1285-1500)

 STATUTE OF WINCHESTER (1285) was enacted for law and order.

 This law introduced the system of WATCH AND WARD.

 STATUTE OF 1295 was enacted, which began the closing of the gates of London during
sunset.

 This started the observation of curfew hours.

 JUSTICE OF THE PEACE was a position given to a respected citizen, who has the power
to arrest, pursue and imprison the offenders.

 STAR CHAMBER COURT was established as special court that tried offenders against the
state.

Modern Period in England

 KING CHARLES II of England passed a law in 1663 that provided for the employment of NIGHT
WATCHMEN OR BELLMEN to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

• In 1748, HENRY FIELDING became the Chief Magistrate at Bow Street in London. He organized
a group of men known as BOW STREET RUNNERS (thief catchers). He later formed the BOW
STREET HORSE PATROL whose duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the travelers from
bandits

• The British statesman SIR ROBERT PEEL in 1829 established the LONDON METROPOLITAN
POLICE, which became the world’s first modern organized police force. It was later called
SCOTLAND YARD.

• The development of the British Police System is especially significant because the pattern that
emerged not only became a model for the American police system but also had great influence
on the style of policing in almost all industrial societies. Peel earned the title – THE FATHER OF
MODERN POLICING SYSTEM.

FRENCH POLICE SYSTEM

 • During the 17th century in France, King Louis XIV maintained a small central police organization
consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the
government with details about the conduct of private individuals.

• In Paris, the position OFFICERS DE PAIX was formed in 1791. This was the origin of the term
Peace Officers.

• The French were the first to establish uniformed police officers – they were called SERGENT de
VILLE (servant of the city).

Other contributions of the French in the development of policing system were:

1.Conceiving street signs.

2.Assigning house numbers.

3.INstalling street lighting.

4.Creating emergency and rescue services.

5.Use of police ambulances.

6.Use of “warrant card”, and ID signifying authority to arrest.

AMERICAN POLICE SYSTEM

Followed the model developed in England, New York, Boston and Philadelphia organized their
night watchmen, which was similar to the bellmen created in London during the reign of King
Charles II.

• These night watchmen were known as RATTLEWATCH because they carried rattle while on
duty to inform the public of their watchful presence.

• In 1638, night-watch was initiated in Boston, Massachusetts.

• In 1658, rattle-watch was organized in New York.

• Night watch started in Philadelphia in 1700.

• In 1722, New Haven had a police regulation that “No watchman will have the liberty
to sleep.”

• In 1800, it became a government policy that able-bodied males over 16 years old were
required to serve without pay.

• New York City police began to adopt a full police uniform in 1856.

• 1833 was the advent of daytime police with pay.

Development Of State
Police Force In America

 Texas Rangers were organized in 1835.

 In 1865, Massachusetts organized a force of state constables.

 The Pennsylvania State Police came into existence in 1905.

Development of US Federal
Police Force

 In 1829, Post Office inspection system began.

 Investigation on crimes against the government started in 1861.

 Detective forces were formed sometime in 1868 to investigate problems on revenue

services, immigration and smuggling.

 In 1895, Federal government attention focused on lotteries, drug regulations and

transportation regulations.

 Anti-White Slavery Act and Motor Vehicle Act were enacted in 1910.

 In 1934, National Kidnapping Act, Banking Act, and Racketeering Act were passed by
the United States Congress.